The Fibonacci sequence is a mathematical pattern where each number is the sum of the two preceding ones, starting with 0 and 1, and has significant applications in nature, art, and various fields such as finance and computer science. Its historical roots trace back to the 13th century and it is closely linked to the golden ratio, inspiring aesthetically pleasing designs in architecture and art. The sequence can be visualized through simple algorithms and has profound implications for understanding natural patterns and structures.