Investigate the TRNC Water Resources Management Strategies Using Possible Options

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 09 Issue: 03 | Mar 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2022, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 250
Investigate the TRNC Water Resources Management Strategies Using
Possible Options
Hüseyin Gökçekuş1, Youssef Kassem2, Ömer Tokdemir3
1Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Near East University,
99138, Nicosia/TRNC, Mersin 10-Turkey
2Assoc. Prof. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Near East University,
3Mater student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Near East University,
---------------------------------------------------------------------***----------------------------------------------------------------------
Abstract - Very good research has been done on the
management of the TRNC's water resources, but none of them
has compared all the options together. Therefore, theresearch
of this study is done with a library study along with field
research and finally it is concluded which strategies are most
recommended. As mentioned, this research, unlike previous
research, will not be on a specific management project. All
possible options will consider formanaging waterresourcesin
the TRNC, and all of these options will be collected, and a very
important conclusion will be made. All possible options
consider for managing water resources in the TRNC, andall of
these options was with their recommendations and the most
important was about: There is a needtoperiodicallyassessthe
water budget on a regional basis, for example, every 5 or 10
years, to provide a periodic update on demand and supply for
proper water management in the domestic and agricultural
sectors. There is a need to provide a periodic update on the
groundwater extraction and yield capacity of all available
aquifers including the extent of contamination or
replenishment. There is a need to provide a periodic update on
streamflow and dam storage including the extent to which
these resources are affected by drought.
Key Words: Water Resources, WaterResourcesManagement,
Climate Change, Strategies, TRNC.
1.INTRODUCTION
Among natural factors, climate playsa veryimportant rolein
human activities. The assistance or non-assistance of the
climate is more effective than other natural factors in the
development of urban and rural areas. Indicates a lack of
assistance from climatic factors; And the compactness of
human communities in specific geographical areasindicates
its moderation and assistance (1-3).
Types of climate and its annual or seasonal changes,inorder
to build and create their own types of living space, have
required the creation of habitats in relation to the type of
climate in which they live. The length and width of the doors
and windows, the thickness of the walls, the shape and form
of the building, the type of roof, the material, the height of
the building and all, are in harmony with the natural
environment and especially climatic factors (4-6).
The role of temperature in the sustainability and
development of cities and residential areas has a significant
effect. High temperatures require a special type of cities,
villages and residential areas. The dispersion and extent of
residential areas and even the area of such units is based on
the type of temperature.Existenceofwindbreaksorporches,
opposite windows, material type, which connects different
elements of residential units, is due to the need for heat
exchange between different components of the building. In
contrast, homes that need more heat storage throughout the
year require a different type of building, building coverage,
and density (7-10).
Rainfall in different seasons of the year has different effects
on the dispersal of human communities and their
livelihoods. In areas with rainy and dry summers, groups of
people circle around permanent water sources such as
springs, rivers, or wells; And in other areas where there is
rainfall throughout the year, such densities are more
widespread and more diffuse. The type of housing in humid
and dry climates is fundamentally different. The amount of
rainfall has a direct relationship with the type of roof and
their material in the building and the length and width of
alleys and the natural slope of urban neighborhoods and
even the formation of buildings. From another pointofview,
the amount of temperatureandprecipitationisrelatedtothe
quality of asphalt and surface coverage of streets and alleys,
and the amount of water penetration in the soil in terms of
surface water disposal and the type of surface cover in
relation to temperature should be studied take (11-13).
The water management problems are increased in recent
century. For example, about Surface Flow, there are
problems. About Turkey, it has a relatively high topography
(about 1,000 m) and the altitude increases as you go to
eastern Anatolia. In winter; Especially the eastern parts of
Turkey receive the majority of precipitation in the form of
snowfall; therefore, the principal rivers arising from these
regions are classified as snow fed rivers. The peak flow in
these rivers occurs in the spring. As snow cover is sensitive
to temperature increases, the predicted temperature

increases are expected to shift the peak flow towardswinter
(14). The changes in flows in the 21st century according to
scenario A2 of the ECHAM5 model simulation. For the first
30-year period, the ECHAM5 A2 simulation predicts an
increase in runoff for almost every region of Turkey in both
winter and spring seasons. Thisflowpatternstartstochange
in the second period. During this period, it is estimated that
the runoff in Eastern Anatolia will increase in winter and
decrease in spring. This is most likely an indication of early
melting due to increased surface temperatures. In the same
period; It is estimated that the surface runoff will increasein
both seasons in the Western Black Sea Region, and increase
in the Aegean and Southeastern Anatolia in the spring. It is
expected that there will be less runoff in the Mediterranean
Region in the 2041-2070 period compared to the current
period. The change pattern in the last period is largely
similar to the changes in the second period (15- 19).
All simulations indicate significant reductions in winter and
spring runoff in western Turkey. In addition, according to
these simulations, there is a significant decrease in spring
runoff in eastern Turkey. ECHAM5 and HadCM3 A2
simulations for the same region show greater increases in
winter runoff; in contrast, CCSM3 simulations do not show
large changes in winter runoff. The reason for the large
changes in the surface runoff during the summer months is
the very low flow rates in the summer months. Even small
changes result in large percentages (20,21).
As mentioned, this research, unlike previous research, will
not be on a specific managementproject.All possibleoptions
will consider for managing water resourcesintheTRNC,and
all of these options will be collected, and a very important
conclusion will be made.
3. Methodology
As mentioned, this research will use library studies as well
as field research to extract existing options for water
resources management in the TRNC, and then a total
strategies with their recommendations will be prepared.
3.1 Study Area
Northern Cyprus (Turkish: Kuzey Kıbrıs), officially the
TurkishRepublic of NorthernCyprus (TRNC; Turkish:Kuzey
Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti, KKTC), is a de facto state that
comprises the northeastern portion of the island of Cyprus.
Northern Cyprus extends from the tip of the Karpass
Peninsula in the northeast to Morphou Bay, Cape Kormakitis
and its westernmost point, the Kokkina exclave in the west.
Its southernmost point is the village of Louroujina. A buffer
zone under the control of the United Nations stretches
between Northern Cyprus and the rest of the island and
divides Nicosia, the island's largest city and capital of both
sides. Figure 1 shows Northern Cyprus and its water
transferring.
Fig -1: Northern Cyprus and its water transferring
3.2. Methodology and Data
All the information used in this article is obtained from
library articlesand studies, which are about 50 articles.Also,
all strategies are extracted from these articles and the
emphasis on them is determined.

4. Results
Infrastructure helps to solve thewatercrisisinvariousways,
some of which are mentioned below.
Water shortage solutions
There are many ways to help reduce water scarcity,
including increasing agricultural productivity, investing in
green and gray infrastructure, and reusing wastewater [22-
24].
Increase agricultural efficiency
Previously, a lot of water was wasted during the agricultural
process, but with changes including the use of seeds that
require less irrigation and an improved and accurate
irrigation system, water consumption can be reduced [25-
28].
Green and gray infrastructure investment
The results of research and the World Bank show that gray
infrastructure such as pipes and treatment plants and green
infrastructure, wetlands and healthy watersheds can work
together to provide water quality. Investing in new
technologycanbroadlyimprovetheday-to-daymanagement
of water needs in communities and businesses [29-31].
Solutions to the water crisis with the help of technology
Steam density
Researchers in the Americas used solar distillates to purify
water. Water is evaporated using solar energy and steam
condenses on a surface to collect clean water. Current
technology is providing solutions to this old method that
improves its performance and efficiency [32].
Water from the desert air
In large parts of the world, the problem is not water
pollution, but its absence. According to the United Nations,
more than 2.1 billion people live in arid areas, which make
up 41.3% of the total land area, and this figure is expected to
increase with desertification due to climate change. To
reduce water scarcity in these areas, systems such as fog
condensers have been developed, but require large
reservoirs, energy sources, or complex installations[33-36].
Fresh water from the sea
Despite living by the great oceans, a large part of the world's
population does not have accesstodrinkingwater.However,
desalination of seawater is still a limited option. Large
factories that use polymer membrane filtration systems are
expensive and inefficient due to their high energy
consumption. New materials science can also provide an
alternative solution to existing sweeteners [37, 38].
Water purifier with straw
The United Nations estimates that of the 2.2 billion people
who do not have access to safe water in their homes, more
than 1.6 billion will have to travel long distances to collect
water. Nearly 600 million people also drink from wells,
streams, lakes or other sources that are a source of
dangerous microbes. Every year, 829,000 people die from
diarrhea caused by microbiological contamination of water
[39-42].
In 2005, the Swiss company introduced a simple but
innovative system (plastic pipe 22 cm long and 3 cm in
diameter) that was used as a soft drink and was effective in
eliminating water pollution. Each sample could purify up to
4,000 liters of water for one person in three years [43].
Water Purifier Book
Undoubtedly one of the most important, simplest and most
practical systems for water purification is provided by Folia
Water; A book whose pages kill water microbes. This design
is also known as a "drinkable book". Each book provides
aseptic water for four years. The company aims to provide
access to clean water for one billion people at a cost of less
than a cent a day [44].
Wastewater recycling
Wastewater treatment plants, homes, and industrial
wastewater can effectively reduce our dependence on
freshwater resources. At present, treatment and reuse
leaders are emerging. Oman is one of the countries with the
highest water pressure, treating 100% of its collected
wastewater and reusing 78%. In the GCC countries, 84% of
wastewater is collected and treated at safe levels, but only
44% is reused [45].
On the other hand, the sunlight source can also be used to
remove microbiological contamination from dirty water
using ultraviolet (UV) rays. Disinfection of solar water using
sun exposure in suitable containers is a popular method
recommended by the World Health Organization. However,
UV makes up only 4% of the energy in sunlight, and Stanford
University researchers did this using visible light [46].
The United Nations estimates that half of the world's
population will live in areas of high water stress by 2030,
and the effects of water scarcity could include increasing
global tensions, reduced access to clean water, food
shortages, energy and slowing economic growth.
"Over the next 30 years, more than one billion people will be
displaced by water scarcity," said Steve Kililla, an Australian
entrepreneur and founder of the InstituteforEconomicsand
Peace [47-50].
It is clear that water scarcity is on the verge of becoming a
global water crisis, and if we do not continue to do so, our
lives will be affected. Now is the time for countries,
businesses and communities to pay attention to their water
needs and use and to plan for the future.
the most important The TRNC’s water management
principles was about: There is a need to periodically assess
the water budget on a regional basis, for example, every 5 or
10 years, to provide a periodic update on demand and
supply for proper water management in the domestic and
agricultural sectors. There is a need to provide a periodic
update on the groundwater extraction and yield capacity of
all available aquifers including the extent of contamination
or replenishment. There is a need to provide a periodic
update on streamflow and dam storage including the extent
to which these resources are affected by drought.
5.Discussion
As mentioned, this research, unlike previous research,isnot
be on a specific management project. All possible options

consider for managing water resources in the TRNC, and all
of these options was with their recommendations and the
most important was about: • There is a need to periodically
assess the water budget on a regional basis, for example,
every 5 or 10 years, to provide a periodic update on demand
and supply for proper water management in the domestic
and agricultural sectors.
• There is a need to provide a periodic update on the
groundwater extraction and yield capacity of all available
aquifers including the extent of contamination or
replenishment.
• There is a need to provide a periodic update onstreamflow
and dam storage including the extent to which these
resources are affected by drought.
It is suggested that in future research, a questionnaire be
prepared and from these cases, from experts.
REFERENCES
[1] Dong, X., Jiang, L., Zeng, S., Guo, R., & Zeng, Y. (2020).
Vulnerability of urban water infrastructures to climate
change at city level. Resources, Conservation and
Recycling, 161, 104918.
[2] Ananda, J. (2014). Institutional reforms to enhance
urban water infrastructure with climate change
uncertainty. Economic Papers: A journal of applied
economics and policy, 33(2), 123-136.
[3] Ruth, M., Bernier, C., Jollands, N., & Golubiewski, N.
(2007). Adaptation of urbanwatersupplyinfrastructure
to impacts from climate and socioeconomic changes:the
case of Hamilton, New Zealand. Water Resources
Management, 21(6), 1031-1045.
[4] Sahin, O., Siems, R., Richards, R. G., Helfer, F., & Stewart,
R. A. (2017). Examining thepotential forenergy-positive
bulk-water infrastructure to provide long-term urban
water security: A systems approach. Journal of Cleaner
Production, 143, 557-566.
[5] Mikovits, C., Rauch, W., & Kleidorfer, M. (2014).
Dynamics in urbandevelopment,populationgrowthand
their influences on urban waterinfrastructure. Procedia
Engineering, 70, 1147-1156.
[6] De Graaf, R., & Van Der Brugge, R. (2010). Transforming
water infrastructure by linking water management and
urban renewal in Rotterdam. Technological Forecasting
and Social Change, 77(8), 1282-1291.
[7] Hailegeorgis, T. T., & Alfredsen, K. (2017). Analyses of
extreme precipitation and runoff events including
uncertainties and reliability in design and management
of urbanwaterinfrastructure. Journal ofHydrology, 544,
290-305.
[8] Noi, L. V. T., & Nitivattananon, V. (2015). Assessment of
vulnerabilities to climate change for urban water and
wastewater infrastructure management: Case study in
Dong Nai river basin, Vietnam. Environmental
Development, 16, 119-137.
[9] Savic, D., Bicik, J., Morley, M. S., Duncan, A., Kapelan, Z.,
Djordjevic, S., & Keedwell, E. (2013). Intelligent urban
water infrastructure management.
[10] McDonald, R. I., Weber, K., Padowski, J., Flörke, M.,
Schneider, C., Green, P. A., ... & Montgomery, M. (2014).
Water on an urban planet: Urbanizationandthe reachof
urban water infrastructure. Global environmental
change, 27, 96-105.
[11] Flörke, M., Schneider, C., & McDonald,R.I.(2018).Water
competition between cities and agriculture driven by
climate change and urban growth. Nature
Sustainability, 1(1), 51-58.
[12] Hughes, G., Chinowsky, P., & Strzepek, K. (2010). The
costs of adaptation to climate change for water
infrastructure in OECD countries. Utilities Policy, 18(3),
142-153.
[13] Harris-Lovett, S., Lienert, J., & Sedlak, D. L. (2018).
Towards a new paradigm of urban waterinfrastructure:
identifying goals and strategies to supportmulti-benefit
municipal wastewater treatment. Water, 10(9), 1127.
[14] Yilmaz, K. K., & Yazicigil, H. (2011). Potential impacts of
climate change on Turkish water resources: a
review. Climate change and its effects on water
resources, 105-114.
[15] Fujihara, Y., Tanaka, K., Watanabe, T., Nagano, T., &
Kojiri, T. (2008). Assessing the impacts of climate
change on the water resourcesoftheSeyhanRiverBasin
in Turkey: Use of dynamically downscaled data for
hydrologic simulations. Journal of Hydrology, 353(1-2),
33-48.
[16] Şen, Z. (2019). Climate change expectationsintheupper
Tigris River basin, Turkey. Theoretical and Applied
Climatology, 137(1), 1569-1585.
[17] Aktaş, Ö. (2014). Impacts of climate change on water
resources in Turkey. Environmental Engineering &
Management Journal (EEMJ), 13(4).
[18] Aras, E. (2018). Effects of multiple dam projectsonriver
ecology and climate change: Çoruh River Basin,
Turkey. Advances in environmental research, 7(2),121-
138.
[19] Gorguner, M., Kavvas, M. L., & Ishida, K. (2019).
Assessing the impacts of future climate change on the
hydroclimatology of the Gediz Basin in Turkey by using
dynamically downscaled CMIP5 projections. Science of
the Total Environment, 648, 481-499.
[20] Baloch, M. A., Ames, D. P., & Tanik, A. (2015). Hydrologic
impacts of climate and land-use change on Namnam
Stream in Koycegiz Watershed, Turkey. International
Journal of Environmental Science and
Technology, 12(5), 1481-1494.
[21] Selek, B., & Tuncok, I. K. (2014). Effects of climate
change on surface water management of Seyhan basin,
Turkey. Environmental and Ecological Statistics, 21(3),
391-409.
[22] Bryant, R. E., & Mason, M. (2017). Water technologyand
sustainability in north Cyprus: Climate change the
Turkey-north Cyprus water pipeline. Peace Research
Institute Oslo Cyprus Centre.
[23] Gökcekuș, H., Iravanian, A., Türker, U., Oğuz,G.,Sözen,S.,
& Orhon, D. (2018).Massivefreshwatertransport:a new
dimension for integrated water-wastewater
management in North Cyprus. Desalination and Water
Treatment, 132, 215-225.
[24] Park, E. J. (2020). Strategy of Water Distribution for
Sustainable Community: Who Owns Water in Divided
Cyprus?. Sustainability, 12(21), 8978.

[25] ASCE/UNESCO Task Committee. (1998). Sustainability
Criteria for Water Resource Systems. American Society
of Civil Engineers, Reston, Virginia.
[26] Beek, E. V., & Arriens, W. L. (2014). Water security:
putting the concept into practice (No. 20). Global Water
Partnership.
[27] Elkiran, G., & Ergil, M. (2006). The assessmentofa water
budget of North Cyprus. Building and
Environment, 41(12), 1671-1677.
[28] Elkirana, G., Dahirub, A., & Gokcekusa, H. (2019). Water
resources management and trend of water use in North
Cyprus. Desalination and Water Treatment, 177, 264-
274.
[29] Lee, H. (2007). Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change.
[30] National Research Council. (2001). Compensating for
wetland losses under the Clean Water Act. National
Academies Press.
[31] Orr, S., Pittock, J., Chapagain, A., & Dumaresq, D. (2012).
Dams on the Mekong River: Lost fish protein and the
implications for land and water resources. Global
Environmental Change, 22(4), 925-932.
[32] Strazzabosco, A. (2020). Asian Water Development
Outlook 2020:: Advancing Water Security across Asia
and the Pacific.
[33] TAC, G. (2000). Integrated Water Resources
Management., TAC Background Paper No. 4. Global
Water Partnership Technical Advisory Committee,
Stockholm.
[34] Winemiller, K. O., McIntyre, P. B., Castello, L., Fluet-
Chouinard, E., Giarrizzo, T., Nam, S., & Sáenz, L. (2016).
Balancing hydropower and biodiversity in the Amazon,
Congo, and Mekong. Science, 351(6269), 128-129.
[35] Bayazıt, Y. (2021). The effect of hydroelectric power
plants on the carbon emission:AnexampleofGokcekaya
dam, Turkey. Renewable Energy, 170, 181-187.
[36] Aras, E. (2018). Effects of multiple dam projectsonriver
ecology and climate change: Çoruh River Basin,
Turkey. Advances in environmental research, 7(2),121-
138.
[37] Bilgili, M., Bilirgen, H., Ozbek, A., Ekinci, F., &
Demirdelen, T. (2018). The role of hydropower
installations for sustainable energy development in
Turkey and theworld. RenewableEnergy, 126,755-764.
[38] Kaygusuz, K., Guney, M. S., & Kaygusuz, O. (2019).
Renewable energy for rural development in
Turkey. Journal of Engineering Research and Applied
Science, 8(1), 1109-1118.
[39] Zhang, X., Li, H. Y., Deng, Z. D., Ringler, C., Gao, Y., Hejazi,
M. I., & Leung, L. R. (2018). Impacts of climate change,
policy and Water-Energy-Food nexus on hydropower
development. Renewable Energy, 116, 827-834.
[40] Bulut, U., & Sakalli, A. (2021). Impacts of climate change
and distribution of precipitationonhydroelectricpower
generation in Turkey. In IOP Conference Series:
Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 1032, No. 1, p.
012043). IOP Publishing.
[41] Sayan, R. C. (2019). Exploring place-based approaches
and energy justice: Ecology, social movements, and
hydropower in Turkey. Energy Research & Social
Science, 57, 101234.
[42] Koç, C. (2018). A study on operation problems of
hydropower plants integrated with irrigation schemes
operated in Turkey. International Journal of Green
Energy, 15(2), 129-135.
[43] Yilan, G., Kadirgan, M. N., & Çiftçioğlu, G. A. (2020).
Analysis of electricity generationoptionsforsustainable
energy decision making: The case of Turkey. Renewable
Energy, 146, 519-529.
[44] Bayram, H., & Öztürk, A. B. (2021). Global climate
change, desertification, and its consequences in Turkey
and the Middle East. In Climate Change and Global
Public Health (pp. 445-458). Humana, Cham.
[45] Ozcan, M. (2018). The role of renewables in increasing
Turkey's self-sufficiency in electrical energy. Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 82, 2629-2639.
[46] Adamo, N., Al-Ansari, N., Sissakian, V., Laue, J., &
Knutsson, S. (2018). The future of the Tigris and
Euphrates water resources in view of climate
change. Journal of Earth Sciences and Geotechnical
Engineering, 8(3), 59-74.
[47] Kılıç, E., Puig, R., Zengin, G., Zengin, C. A., & Fullana-i-
Palmer, P. (2018). Corporate carbon footprint for
country Climate Change mitigation: A case study of a
tannery in Turkey. Science of the total
environment, 635, 60-69.
[48] Erat, S., Telli, A., Ozkendir, O. M., & Demir, B. (2021).
Turkey’s energy transition from fossil-based to
renewable up to 2030: milestones, challenges and
opportunities. Clean Technologies and Environmental
Policy, 23(2), 401-412.
[49] Kucukali, S., Al Bayatı, O., & Maraş, H. H. (2021). Finding
the most suitable existing irrigation dams for small
hydropower development in Turkey: A GIS-Fuzzy logic
tool. Renewable Energy, 172, 633-650.
[50] Ergüner, Y., Kumar, J., Hoffman, F. M., Dalfes, H. N., &
Hargrove, W. W. (2019). Mapping ecoregions under
climate change: a case study from the biological
‘crossroads’ of three continents, Turkey. Landscape
Ecology, 34(1), 35-50.

Investigate the TRNC Water Resources Management Strategies Using Possible Options

More Related Content

Similar to Investigate the TRNC Water Resources Management Strategies Using Possible Options (20)

More from IRJET Journal (20)

Recently uploaded (20)

Investigate the TRNC Water Resources Management Strategies Using Possible Options