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IPv6 Address Planning

Deploy360 Programme (Internet Society), profile picture
Deploy360 Programme (Internet Society)

The document discusses IPv6 address planning and subnetting. It explains that creating an IPv6 address plan helps with routing, security policies, network management and troubleshooting. Unlike IPv4, the focus for IPv6 subnetting is on network planning and optimization rather than conserving addresses. The document provides examples of how to plan and assign subnets using different factors like location, business units, applications and regions. It also discusses calculating the number of required subnets and choosing a subnet prefix length.

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www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ IPv6 Address Planning Dan York Deploy360 Programme www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/
www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ Objectives After this section, you should be able to: •  Understand the value of an IPv6 address plan •  Plan how you will assign IPv6 subnets •  Estimate the IPv6 addressing needs of your network •  Subnet an IPv6 prefix
www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ Why Create An IPv6 Address Plan? •  Routing tables can be smaller and more efficient •  Security policies can be easier to implement •  Application policies can be implemented •  Network management/provisioning can be easier •  Troubleshooting can be easier, particularly with visual identification •  Easier scaling as more devices or locations are added
www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ IPv4 Subnetting Concepts To Forget! Why do we do subnetting? •  IPv4: Conserve address space •  IPv6: planning and optimization for routing and security Subnets vs hosts – number of hosts irrelevant in IPv6 •  There will rarely be a need to expand a /64 subnet (264 hosts) •  264 = 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 hosts
www.internetsociety.org IPv6 Address Planning Basics 9/25/13
www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ A Typical IPv6 Address For A Device (Host) 2001:db8:1234:152c:12b4:5678:d334:9af Host (/64) Prefix (/64)
www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ Network Prefixes 2001:db8:1234:152c:12b4:5678:d334:9af Host (/64) /16 /32 /48
www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ Address Block Assignments 9/23/13 Prefix Assignment Number of Addresses /32 LIR (Local Internet Registry) – often an ISP 296 /48 Organization 280 /64 Organization network 264 /128 Individual host (PC, server, router, etc.) 1
www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ /32 Prefix 2001:db8:1234:152c:12b4:5678:d334:9af Host (/64) Prefix (/32) Subnet (/32)
www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ /48 Prefix 2001:db8:1234:152c:12b4:5678:d334:9af Host (/64) Prefix (/48) Subnet (/16)
www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ Common Prefixes - /48, /52, /56, /60 2001:db8:1234:152c:12b4:5678:d334:9af Prefix (/48) Subnet (/16) 2001:db8:1234:152c:12b4:5678:d334:9af Prefix (/52) Subnet (/12) 2001:db8:1234:152c:12b4:5678:d334:9af Prefix (/56) Subnet (/8) 2001:db8:1234:152c:12b4:5678:d334:9af Prefix (/60) Subnet (/4)
www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ Common Subnet Prefixes 9/23/13 Prefix Number of /64 Subnets /48 65,536 /52 4,096 /56 256 /60 16 /64 1
www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ Common Subnet Prefixes - # of Subnets 9/23/13 Prefix /52 Subnets /56 Subnets /60 Subnets /64 Subnets /48 16 256 4,096 65,536 /52 16 256 4,096 /56 16 256 /60 16 /64 1 Ex. a /52 prefix could have: •  16 /56 subnets •  256 /60 subnets •  4,096 /64 subnets
www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ Example Allocation 9/24/13 Core Region 1 Site 1 Site 2 Region 2 Site 3 Site 4 Site 5 Region 3 Site 6 Site 7 Internet LANLANLANLAN LAN LAN LAN /48 /52 /64/64 /64 /64 /64 /64 /64 /52 /52
www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ Using "Nibbles" as boundaries •  A "nibble" is one hexadecimal digit (or 4 bits) •  You don't have to subnet based on nibbles. You can use other prefixes, ex. /49, /51, /54 •  But it is MUCH easier to identify addresses if you do. hex 1234 binary 0001:0010:0011:0100
www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ Example: Very Simple Subnets 2001:db8:1234:1000::/64 Prefix (/48) Subnet (/16) 2001:db8:1234:2000::/64 2001:db8:1234:3000::/64 2001:db8:1234:4000::/64 2001:db8:1234:f000::/64 …
www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ Example: Very Simple Subnets 2001:db8:1234:1::/64 Prefix (/48) Subnet (/16) 2001:db8:1234:2::/64 2001:db8:1234:3::/64 2001:db8:1234:4::/64 2001:db8:1234:f::/64 …
www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ Key Point: Focus on the 16 bits (and 4 nibbles) 2001:db8:1234:152c:12b4:5678:d334:9af Host (/64) Prefix (/48) Subnet (/16)
www.internetsociety.org Subnet Planning 9/25/13
www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ Next Step: Plan Your Subnet Scheme •  Multiple ways to use the 4 nibbles (assuming a /48) •  Plan nibbles by: •  Region and site •  Location •  Use type (ex. employees, students, guests) •  Business units •  Applications (ex. data, voice, video) •  Combinations of some of the above •  THERE IS NO ONE RIGHT ANSWER! •  Will depend upon your site and your objectives 9/24/13
www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ Example Planning Considerations •  Do you want to optimize for your security policies? •  Do you want to make it easy for firewalls to filter based on… location? user type? applications? •  Do you want to optimize for router policies and performance? •  Do you want to have the smallest and most efficient routing table possible? •  Do you have a higher or lower quantity of certain types of objects? •  For example, do you only have 2 locations but 20 types of applications?
www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ Example #1: Location and Use Type 2001:db8:1234:152c:12b4:5678:d334:9af Prefix (/48) Subnet (/16) Location (16): •  Building 1 •  Building 2 •  Building 3 Use Type (16): •  Employees •  Servers •  Infrastructure Individual networks (256)
www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ Example #2: Locations (many) and Use Type 2001:db8:1234:152c:12b4:5678:d334:9af Prefix (/48) Subnet (/16) Location (256): •  Building 1 •  Building 2 •  Building 3 Use Type (16): •  Employees •  Servers •  Infrastructure Individual networks (16)
www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ Example #3 – business units first Start by allocating based on business units: •  Corporate: 2001:db8:1a:0000::/52 •  Finance: 2001:db8:1a:1000::/52 •  Marketing: 2001:db8:1a:2000::/52 •  Engineering: 2001:db8:1a:3000::/52 •  Customer Support: 2001:db8:1a:4000::/52 Then allocate on applications (here for one unit): •  Engineering - Data: 2001:db8:1a:3000::/56 •  Engineering - Voice: 2001:db8:1a:3200::/56 •  Engineering - Video: 2001:db8:1a:3400::/56 •  Engineering - Wireless: 2001:db8:1a:3800::/56 •  Engineering - Management:2001:db8:1a:3c00::/56 9/24/13
www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ Example #3, continued Next allocate based on region (here for "Data"): •  Engineering - Data – Eastern region: 2001:db8:1a:3000::/60 •  Engineering - Data – Northern region: 2001:db8:1a:3080::/60 •  Engineering - Data – Western region: 2001:db8:1a:3040::/60 •  Engineering - Data – Southern region: 2001:db8:1a:30c0::/60 Then allocate on individual sites: •  Engineering - Data - Northern region - Site 0: 2001:db8:1a:3080::/64 •  Engineering - Data - Northern region - Site 1: 2001:db8:1a:3081::/64 •  Engineering - Data - Northern region - Site 2: 2001:db8:1a:3082::/64 9/24/13
www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ Example #4 – applications first Start by allocating based on applications: •  Data: 2001:db8:1a:0000::/52 •  Voice: 2001:db8:1a:8000::/52 •  Video: 2001:db8:1a:4000::/52 •  Wireless: 2001:db8:1a:c000::/52 •  Management: 2001:db8:1a:2000::/52 Then allocate on regions (here for one unit): •  Voice – Eastern region: 2001:db8:1a:8000::/56 •  Voice – Northern region: 2001:db8:1a:8800::/56 •  Voice – Western region: 2001:db8:1a:8400::/56 •  Voice – Southern region: 2001:db8:1a:8c00::/56 9/24/13
www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ Example #4, continued Next allocate based on business unit: •  Voice – Southern region – Corporate: 2001:db8:1a:8c00::/60 •  Voice – Southern region – Finance: 2001:db8:1a:8c10::/60 •  Voice – Southern region – Marketing: 2001:db8:1a:8c20::/60 •  Voice – Southern region – Engineering: 2001:db8:1a:8c30::/60 •  Voice – Southern region – Cust Support: 2001:db8:1a:8c40::/60 Then finally on individual sites: •  Voice – Southern– Marketing – Site 1: 2001:db8:1a:8c2a::/64 •  Voice – Southern– Marketing – Site 2: 2001:db8:1a:8c29::/64 •  Voice – Southern– Marketing – Site 3: 2001:db8:1a:8c2e::/64 9/24/13
www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ Again: focus on the 16 bits (and 4 nibbles) 2001:db8:1234:152c:12b4:5678:d334:9af Host (/64) Prefix (/48) Subnet (/16)
www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ Subnet Numbering: Planning For Growth Multiple ways for numbering individual subnets: •  Numerical (monotonic) – just increment by 1: •  2001:db8:1234:0000::/64 •  2001:db8:1234:1000::/64 •  2001:db3:1234:2000::/64 •  Sparse allocation (RFC 3531) •  2001:db8:1234:0000::/64 •  2001:db8:1234:8000::/64 •  2001:db3:1234:4000::/64 •  Random allocation •  Randomly choose numbers 9/24/13
www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ Calculating The # Of Required Subnets •  Determine primary factor you want to use •  Ex. location •  Determine number of needed groups •  Ex. 15 locations, 2 administrative groups, 5 future = 22 total •  Round up to nearest nibble •  Ex. 22 would fit within 2 nibbles (256 values) •  Decide what to do with remaining nibbles (if any) •  Continue subnetting with a secondary factor •  Don't subdivide and just have large subnets 9/24/13
www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ How Many Nibbles? 9/24/13 # of nibbles Number of subnets 1 16 2 256 3 4,096 4 65,536 2001:db8:1234:152c:12b4:5678:d334:9af
www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ Other Subnet Schemes •  VLAN Numbers •  Organization may already have location/type planned into VLANs •  Mirroring IPv4 Networks •  Point-to-point / inter-router links •  RFC 6164 suggests use of /127 prefixes •  You may want to reserve a /64 and then assign a /127 9/24/13
www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ Subnetting on non-nibble boundaries •  Again, you can subnet on non-nibble boundaries •  Can make more efficient use of space, just may be harder to use •  Calculate # of bits necessary by finding the nearest power of 2 greater than or equal to value •  If 6 locations, 8 (23) is closest so 3 bits would be needed. •  If 20 locations, 32 (25) is closest so 5 bits would be needed. •  Example of subnet boundaries using 3 bits (/51): •  Subnet 1 – 2001:db8:1a:0::/51 •  Values – 2001:db8:1a:0:0:0:0:0 – 2001:db8:1a:1fff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff •  Subnet 2 – 2001:db8:1a:2000::/51 •  Values – 2001:db8:1a:2000:0:0:0:0 – 2001:db8:1a:3fff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff •  Subnet 3 – 2001:db8:1a:4000::/51 9/24/13
www.internetsociety.org Subnets at an Internet Service Provider (ISP) or Local Internet Registry (LIR) 9/25/13
www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ ISP/LIR Customers Typically Receive A /48 Prefix 2001:db8:1234:152c:12b4:5678:d334:9af Host (/64) Prefix (/48) Subnet (/16)
www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ ISPs/LIRs Typically Receive A /32 Prefix 2001:db8:1234:152c:12b4:5678:d334:9af Host (/64) Prefix (/32) Subnet (/32)
www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ Allocating a /32 at the LIR Level 2001:db8:1234:152c:12b4:5678:d334:9af Host (/64) Prefix (/32) Subnet (/16) Subnet (/16) Prefix (/48)
www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ Again a focus on 16 bits (4 nibbles) 2001:db8:1234:152c:12b4:5678:d334:9af Host (/64) Prefix (/32) Subnet (/16) Subnet (/16) Prefix (/48)
www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ Using Nibbles: # of /48 Subnets In a /32 9/23/13 Prefix /36 Subnets /40 Subnets /44 Subnets /48 Subnets /32 16 256 4,096 65,536 /36 16 256 4,096 /40 16 256 /44 16 /48 1 2001:db8:1234:152c:12b4:5678:d334:9af 2001:db8::/32 2001:db8:1000:/36 2001:db8:1200:/40 2001:db8:1230:/44 2001:db8:1234:/48
www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ Subnetting At A Bit Level 2001:db8:1234:152c:12b4:5678:d334:9af 0001001000110100
www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ Bits And Subnets •  Helpful to think of number of possible subnets for each bit used: •  Using 1 bit gets you 2 subnets, 2 bits gets you 4 … •  May be more helpful to view it in this form: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512 1024 2048 4096 8192 16384 32768 65536 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 65536 32768 16384 8192 4096 2048 1024 512 256 128 64 32 16 8 4 2
www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ Subnetting At A Bit Level •  If you use __ bits, you will have __ subnets and use a __ prefix •  Ex: 2001:db8:1230::/44 – 16 subnets - entire last nibble 2001:db8:1230::/47 – 2 subnets •  2001:db8:1230:: - 2001:db8:1237:: •  2001:db8:1238:: - 2001:db8:123f:: 2001:db8:1234:152c:12b4:5678:d334:9af 0001001000110100 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 65536 32768 16384 8192 4096 2048 1024 512 256 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 /32 /33 /34 /35 /36 /37 /38 /39 /40 /41 /42 /43 /44 /45 /46 /47 /48 Prefix (/32) Subnet (/16)
www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ Assigning Individual Subnets •  2001:db8:1230::/44 – 16 subnets – entire nibble (increment by 1) •  2001:db8:1230::/47 – 2 subnets •  2001:db8:1230::/47 - 2001:db8:1230:: - 2001:db8:1237:: •  2001:db8:1238::/47 - 2001:db8:1238:: - 2001:db8:123f:: •  2001:db8:1230::/46 – 4 subnets •  2001:db8:1230::/46 - 2001:db8:1230:: - 2001:db8:1233:: •  2001:db8:1234::/46 - 2001:db8:1234:: - 2001:db8:1237:: •  2001:db8:1238::/46 - 2001:db8:1238:: - 2001:db8:123b:: •  2001:db8:123c::/46 - 2001:db8:123c:: - 2001:db8:123f:: 2001:db8:1234:152c:12b4:5678:d334:9af Bits 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Subnets 65536 32768 16384 8192 4096 2048 1024 512 256 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 Prefix /32 /33 /34 /35 /36 /37 /38 /39 /40 /41 /42 /43 /44 /45 /46 /47 Nibble Hex Increment 1 2 4 8 1 2 4 8 1 2 4 8 1 2 4 8 Prefix (/32) Subnet (/16)
www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ Requesting IPv6 Addresses •  Many ISPs/LIRs simply request a /32 •  2001:db8::/32 •  You can request larger address space •  How many /32s do you want to have? •  See: •  http://www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/resources/how-to-get-ipv6-addresses/
www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ Requesting Greater Than A /32 •  If you use __ bits, you will have __ subnets and use a __ prefix •  If you want 2 /32's, request a /31 •  RIRs may have different policies about what size address blocks you can obtain 2001:0db8:1234:152c:12b4:5678:d334:9af 0000110110111000 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 65536 32768 16384 8192 4096 2048 1024 512 256 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 /16 /17 /18 /19 /20 /21 /22 /23 /24 /25 /26 /27 /28 /29 /30 /31 /32
www.internetsociety.org Recommendations and Resources 9/25/13
www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ Closing Recommendations •  Ensure that all prefixes fall on nibble boundaries •  Plan a hierarchical scheme for easy aggregation or enforcement of policies •  Allocate /64 prefixes for all end subnets •  Consider scalability and future potential growth •  Think about how well your plan might handle renumbering •  Document your planning thoroughly
www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ Resources AFRINIC IPv6 Foundations •  http://learn.afrinic.net/index.php/en/resources/ipv6 SURFnet / RIPE NCC "Preparing an IPv6 Address Plan" •  http://www.surfnet.nl/Documents/rapport_201309_IPv6_numplan_EN.pdf Internet Society Deploy360 Programme •  http://www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ipv6/basics/ •  http://www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/resources/ipv6-address-planning/ 9/25/13
www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ york@isoc.org http://www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ Dan York Senior Content Strategist Internet Society Thank You!

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IPv6 Address Planning

  • 1. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ IPv6 Address Planning Dan York Deploy360 Programme www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/
  • 2. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ Objectives After this section, you should be able to: •  Understand the value of an IPv6 address plan •  Plan how you will assign IPv6 subnets •  Estimate the IPv6 addressing needs of your network •  Subnet an IPv6 prefix
  • 3. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ Why Create An IPv6 Address Plan? •  Routing tables can be smaller and more efficient •  Security policies can be easier to implement •  Application policies can be implemented •  Network management/provisioning can be easier •  Troubleshooting can be easier, particularly with visual identification •  Easier scaling as more devices or locations are added
  • 4. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ IPv4 Subnetting Concepts To Forget! Why do we do subnetting? •  IPv4: Conserve address space •  IPv6: planning and optimization for routing and security Subnets vs hosts – number of hosts irrelevant in IPv6 •  There will rarely be a need to expand a /64 subnet (264 hosts) •  264 = 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 hosts
  • 6. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ A Typical IPv6 Address For A Device (Host) 2001:db8:1234:152c:12b4:5678:d334:9af Host (/64) Prefix (/64)
  • 8. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ Address Block Assignments 9/23/13 Prefix Assignment Number of Addresses /32 LIR (Local Internet Registry) – often an ISP 296 /48 Organization 280 /64 Organization network 264 /128 Individual host (PC, server, router, etc.) 1
  • 11. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ Common Prefixes - /48, /52, /56, /60 2001:db8:1234:152c:12b4:5678:d334:9af Prefix (/48) Subnet (/16) 2001:db8:1234:152c:12b4:5678:d334:9af Prefix (/52) Subnet (/12) 2001:db8:1234:152c:12b4:5678:d334:9af Prefix (/56) Subnet (/8) 2001:db8:1234:152c:12b4:5678:d334:9af Prefix (/60) Subnet (/4)
  • 12. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ Common Subnet Prefixes 9/23/13 Prefix Number of /64 Subnets /48 65,536 /52 4,096 /56 256 /60 16 /64 1
  • 13. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ Common Subnet Prefixes - # of Subnets 9/23/13 Prefix /52 Subnets /56 Subnets /60 Subnets /64 Subnets /48 16 256 4,096 65,536 /52 16 256 4,096 /56 16 256 /60 16 /64 1 Ex. a /52 prefix could have: •  16 /56 subnets •  256 /60 subnets •  4,096 /64 subnets
  • 14. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ Example Allocation 9/24/13 Core Region 1 Site 1 Site 2 Region 2 Site 3 Site 4 Site 5 Region 3 Site 6 Site 7 Internet LANLANLANLAN LAN LAN LAN /48 /52 /64/64 /64 /64 /64 /64 /64 /52 /52
  • 15. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ Using "Nibbles" as boundaries •  A "nibble" is one hexadecimal digit (or 4 bits) •  You don't have to subnet based on nibbles. You can use other prefixes, ex. /49, /51, /54 •  But it is MUCH easier to identify addresses if you do. hex 1234 binary 0001:0010:0011:0100
  • 16. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ Example: Very Simple Subnets 2001:db8:1234:1000::/64 Prefix (/48) Subnet (/16) 2001:db8:1234:2000::/64 2001:db8:1234:3000::/64 2001:db8:1234:4000::/64 2001:db8:1234:f000::/64 …
  • 17. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ Example: Very Simple Subnets 2001:db8:1234:1::/64 Prefix (/48) Subnet (/16) 2001:db8:1234:2::/64 2001:db8:1234:3::/64 2001:db8:1234:4::/64 2001:db8:1234:f::/64 …
  • 18. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ Key Point: Focus on the 16 bits (and 4 nibbles) 2001:db8:1234:152c:12b4:5678:d334:9af Host (/64) Prefix (/48) Subnet (/16)
  • 20. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ Next Step: Plan Your Subnet Scheme •  Multiple ways to use the 4 nibbles (assuming a /48) •  Plan nibbles by: •  Region and site •  Location •  Use type (ex. employees, students, guests) •  Business units •  Applications (ex. data, voice, video) •  Combinations of some of the above •  THERE IS NO ONE RIGHT ANSWER! •  Will depend upon your site and your objectives 9/24/13
  • 21. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ Example Planning Considerations •  Do you want to optimize for your security policies? •  Do you want to make it easy for firewalls to filter based on… location? user type? applications? •  Do you want to optimize for router policies and performance? •  Do you want to have the smallest and most efficient routing table possible? •  Do you have a higher or lower quantity of certain types of objects? •  For example, do you only have 2 locations but 20 types of applications?
  • 22. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ Example #1: Location and Use Type 2001:db8:1234:152c:12b4:5678:d334:9af Prefix (/48) Subnet (/16) Location (16): •  Building 1 •  Building 2 •  Building 3 Use Type (16): •  Employees •  Servers •  Infrastructure Individual networks (256)
  • 23. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ Example #2: Locations (many) and Use Type 2001:db8:1234:152c:12b4:5678:d334:9af Prefix (/48) Subnet (/16) Location (256): •  Building 1 •  Building 2 •  Building 3 Use Type (16): •  Employees •  Servers •  Infrastructure Individual networks (16)
  • 24. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ Example #3 – business units first Start by allocating based on business units: •  Corporate: 2001:db8:1a:0000::/52 •  Finance: 2001:db8:1a:1000::/52 •  Marketing: 2001:db8:1a:2000::/52 •  Engineering: 2001:db8:1a:3000::/52 •  Customer Support: 2001:db8:1a:4000::/52 Then allocate on applications (here for one unit): •  Engineering - Data: 2001:db8:1a:3000::/56 •  Engineering - Voice: 2001:db8:1a:3200::/56 •  Engineering - Video: 2001:db8:1a:3400::/56 •  Engineering - Wireless: 2001:db8:1a:3800::/56 •  Engineering - Management:2001:db8:1a:3c00::/56 9/24/13
  • 25. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ Example #3, continued Next allocate based on region (here for "Data"): •  Engineering - Data – Eastern region: 2001:db8:1a:3000::/60 •  Engineering - Data – Northern region: 2001:db8:1a:3080::/60 •  Engineering - Data – Western region: 2001:db8:1a:3040::/60 •  Engineering - Data – Southern region: 2001:db8:1a:30c0::/60 Then allocate on individual sites: •  Engineering - Data - Northern region - Site 0: 2001:db8:1a:3080::/64 •  Engineering - Data - Northern region - Site 1: 2001:db8:1a:3081::/64 •  Engineering - Data - Northern region - Site 2: 2001:db8:1a:3082::/64 9/24/13
  • 26. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ Example #4 – applications first Start by allocating based on applications: •  Data: 2001:db8:1a:0000::/52 •  Voice: 2001:db8:1a:8000::/52 •  Video: 2001:db8:1a:4000::/52 •  Wireless: 2001:db8:1a:c000::/52 •  Management: 2001:db8:1a:2000::/52 Then allocate on regions (here for one unit): •  Voice – Eastern region: 2001:db8:1a:8000::/56 •  Voice – Northern region: 2001:db8:1a:8800::/56 •  Voice – Western region: 2001:db8:1a:8400::/56 •  Voice – Southern region: 2001:db8:1a:8c00::/56 9/24/13
  • 27. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ Example #4, continued Next allocate based on business unit: •  Voice – Southern region – Corporate: 2001:db8:1a:8c00::/60 •  Voice – Southern region – Finance: 2001:db8:1a:8c10::/60 •  Voice – Southern region – Marketing: 2001:db8:1a:8c20::/60 •  Voice – Southern region – Engineering: 2001:db8:1a:8c30::/60 •  Voice – Southern region – Cust Support: 2001:db8:1a:8c40::/60 Then finally on individual sites: •  Voice – Southern– Marketing – Site 1: 2001:db8:1a:8c2a::/64 •  Voice – Southern– Marketing – Site 2: 2001:db8:1a:8c29::/64 •  Voice – Southern– Marketing – Site 3: 2001:db8:1a:8c2e::/64 9/24/13
  • 28. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ Again: focus on the 16 bits (and 4 nibbles) 2001:db8:1234:152c:12b4:5678:d334:9af Host (/64) Prefix (/48) Subnet (/16)
  • 29. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ Subnet Numbering: Planning For Growth Multiple ways for numbering individual subnets: •  Numerical (monotonic) – just increment by 1: •  2001:db8:1234:0000::/64 •  2001:db8:1234:1000::/64 •  2001:db3:1234:2000::/64 •  Sparse allocation (RFC 3531) •  2001:db8:1234:0000::/64 •  2001:db8:1234:8000::/64 •  2001:db3:1234:4000::/64 •  Random allocation •  Randomly choose numbers 9/24/13
  • 30. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ Calculating The # Of Required Subnets •  Determine primary factor you want to use •  Ex. location •  Determine number of needed groups •  Ex. 15 locations, 2 administrative groups, 5 future = 22 total •  Round up to nearest nibble •  Ex. 22 would fit within 2 nibbles (256 values) •  Decide what to do with remaining nibbles (if any) •  Continue subnetting with a secondary factor •  Don't subdivide and just have large subnets 9/24/13
  • 31. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ How Many Nibbles? 9/24/13 # of nibbles Number of subnets 1 16 2 256 3 4,096 4 65,536 2001:db8:1234:152c:12b4:5678:d334:9af
  • 32. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ Other Subnet Schemes •  VLAN Numbers •  Organization may already have location/type planned into VLANs •  Mirroring IPv4 Networks •  Point-to-point / inter-router links •  RFC 6164 suggests use of /127 prefixes •  You may want to reserve a /64 and then assign a /127 9/24/13
  • 33. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ Subnetting on non-nibble boundaries •  Again, you can subnet on non-nibble boundaries •  Can make more efficient use of space, just may be harder to use •  Calculate # of bits necessary by finding the nearest power of 2 greater than or equal to value •  If 6 locations, 8 (23) is closest so 3 bits would be needed. •  If 20 locations, 32 (25) is closest so 5 bits would be needed. •  Example of subnet boundaries using 3 bits (/51): •  Subnet 1 – 2001:db8:1a:0::/51 •  Values – 2001:db8:1a:0:0:0:0:0 – 2001:db8:1a:1fff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff •  Subnet 2 – 2001:db8:1a:2000::/51 •  Values – 2001:db8:1a:2000:0:0:0:0 – 2001:db8:1a:3fff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff •  Subnet 3 – 2001:db8:1a:4000::/51 9/24/13
  • 34. www.internetsociety.org Subnets at an Internet Service Provider (ISP) or Local Internet Registry (LIR) 9/25/13
  • 35. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ ISP/LIR Customers Typically Receive A /48 Prefix 2001:db8:1234:152c:12b4:5678:d334:9af Host (/64) Prefix (/48) Subnet (/16)
  • 36. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ ISPs/LIRs Typically Receive A /32 Prefix 2001:db8:1234:152c:12b4:5678:d334:9af Host (/64) Prefix (/32) Subnet (/32)
  • 37. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ Allocating a /32 at the LIR Level 2001:db8:1234:152c:12b4:5678:d334:9af Host (/64) Prefix (/32) Subnet (/16) Subnet (/16) Prefix (/48)
  • 38. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ Again a focus on 16 bits (4 nibbles) 2001:db8:1234:152c:12b4:5678:d334:9af Host (/64) Prefix (/32) Subnet (/16) Subnet (/16) Prefix (/48)
  • 39. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ Using Nibbles: # of /48 Subnets In a /32 9/23/13 Prefix /36 Subnets /40 Subnets /44 Subnets /48 Subnets /32 16 256 4,096 65,536 /36 16 256 4,096 /40 16 256 /44 16 /48 1 2001:db8:1234:152c:12b4:5678:d334:9af 2001:db8::/32 2001:db8:1000:/36 2001:db8:1200:/40 2001:db8:1230:/44 2001:db8:1234:/48
  • 40. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ Subnetting At A Bit Level 2001:db8:1234:152c:12b4:5678:d334:9af 0001001000110100
  • 41. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ Bits And Subnets •  Helpful to think of number of possible subnets for each bit used: •  Using 1 bit gets you 2 subnets, 2 bits gets you 4 … •  May be more helpful to view it in this form: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512 1024 2048 4096 8192 16384 32768 65536 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 65536 32768 16384 8192 4096 2048 1024 512 256 128 64 32 16 8 4 2
  • 42. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ Subnetting At A Bit Level •  If you use __ bits, you will have __ subnets and use a __ prefix •  Ex: 2001:db8:1230::/44 – 16 subnets - entire last nibble 2001:db8:1230::/47 – 2 subnets •  2001:db8:1230:: - 2001:db8:1237:: •  2001:db8:1238:: - 2001:db8:123f:: 2001:db8:1234:152c:12b4:5678:d334:9af 0001001000110100 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 65536 32768 16384 8192 4096 2048 1024 512 256 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 /32 /33 /34 /35 /36 /37 /38 /39 /40 /41 /42 /43 /44 /45 /46 /47 /48 Prefix (/32) Subnet (/16)
  • 43. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ Assigning Individual Subnets •  2001:db8:1230::/44 – 16 subnets – entire nibble (increment by 1) •  2001:db8:1230::/47 – 2 subnets •  2001:db8:1230::/47 - 2001:db8:1230:: - 2001:db8:1237:: •  2001:db8:1238::/47 - 2001:db8:1238:: - 2001:db8:123f:: •  2001:db8:1230::/46 – 4 subnets •  2001:db8:1230::/46 - 2001:db8:1230:: - 2001:db8:1233:: •  2001:db8:1234::/46 - 2001:db8:1234:: - 2001:db8:1237:: •  2001:db8:1238::/46 - 2001:db8:1238:: - 2001:db8:123b:: •  2001:db8:123c::/46 - 2001:db8:123c:: - 2001:db8:123f:: 2001:db8:1234:152c:12b4:5678:d334:9af Bits 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Subnets 65536 32768 16384 8192 4096 2048 1024 512 256 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 Prefix /32 /33 /34 /35 /36 /37 /38 /39 /40 /41 /42 /43 /44 /45 /46 /47 Nibble Hex Increment 1 2 4 8 1 2 4 8 1 2 4 8 1 2 4 8 Prefix (/32) Subnet (/16)
  • 44. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ Requesting IPv6 Addresses •  Many ISPs/LIRs simply request a /32 •  2001:db8::/32 •  You can request larger address space •  How many /32s do you want to have? •  See: •  http://www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/resources/how-to-get-ipv6-addresses/
  • 45. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ Requesting Greater Than A /32 •  If you use __ bits, you will have __ subnets and use a __ prefix •  If you want 2 /32's, request a /31 •  RIRs may have different policies about what size address blocks you can obtain 2001:0db8:1234:152c:12b4:5678:d334:9af 0000110110111000 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 65536 32768 16384 8192 4096 2048 1024 512 256 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 /16 /17 /18 /19 /20 /21 /22 /23 /24 /25 /26 /27 /28 /29 /30 /31 /32
  • 47. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ Closing Recommendations •  Ensure that all prefixes fall on nibble boundaries •  Plan a hierarchical scheme for easy aggregation or enforcement of policies •  Allocate /64 prefixes for all end subnets •  Consider scalability and future potential growth •  Think about how well your plan might handle renumbering •  Document your planning thoroughly
  • 48. www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ Resources AFRINIC IPv6 Foundations •  http://learn.afrinic.net/index.php/en/resources/ipv6 SURFnet / RIPE NCC "Preparing an IPv6 Address Plan" •  http://www.surfnet.nl/Documents/rapport_201309_IPv6_numplan_EN.pdf Internet Society Deploy360 Programme •  http://www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ipv6/basics/ •  http://www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/resources/ipv6-address-planning/ 9/25/13