IQ_Partial_Discharge_Presentation_complete.ppt
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Partial discharge occurs when high voltage insulation breaks down, and can be detected and measured in units of charge. Partial discharge testing allows detection of insulation problems in energized electrical equipment without requiring an outage. This document discusses how partial discharge occurs due to flaws in insulation, how it can be detected using various sensors, examples of where partial discharge commonly occurs, and how partial discharge surveys are performed to inspect equipment and prioritize maintenance.
IQ_Partial_Discharge_Presentation_complete.ppt
- 1. I Q S e r vic e s An Introduction to On-line Partial Discharge Surveys
- 2. I Q S e r vic e s PARTIAL DISCHARGE When high voltage insulating material breaks down Partial Discharges are created, measured in units of charge known as pico-Coulombs or millivolts.
- 3. I Q S e r vic e s WHAT IS PARTIAL DISCHARGE? • Electrical discharges occurring inside medium and high voltage insulation (flaws, cracks, voids, irregularities). • These imperfections create voltage stresses and cause eventual failure of the insulation. • Insulation failures begin with and are characterized by small but detectable releases of energy or Partial Discharge.
- 4. I Q S e r vic e s • For many years partial discharge testing has been an IEEE/ANSI standard to identify insulation problems in electrical apparatus before it leaves the factory floor. • Many U.S. and International standards have been developed for partial discharge testing. • Until recently Partial Discharge testing was limited to testing at manufacturer’s laboratories. • Now computers and sophisticated equipment can isolate and detect Partial Discharge occurrences in the field. PARTIAL DISCHARGE TESTING USED FOR QUALITY ASSURANCE
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- 6. I Q S e r vic e s NO OUTAGE EVALUATION These proven technologies exist today to evaluate medium or high voltage systems while the system is energized. 1. Oil testing/DGA – limited to oil transformers 2. Infrared testing – visible loose connections only 3. Visual inspections – problems may not be visible 4. Power Quality – cannot detect insulation failures 5. Vibration – limited to motors and transformers 6. Partial Discharge Testing – single best all-around test
- 7. I Q S e r vic e s PARTIAL DISCHARGE VS. INFRARED How are Partial Discharge Inspections different from Infrared Inspections? • Infrared identifies electrical current problems (loose connections) that result in heat. The specimen must be visible to the naked eye for the infrared camera to detect a problem. • Partial Discharge identifies voltage problems that result in insulation breakdown and generation of Partial Discharges. The specimen does not need to be visible for Partial Discharges to be detected.
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- 12. I Q S e r vic e s INSULATION BREAKDOWN Why should we be concerned with insulation breakdown and Partial Discharges?
- 13. I Q S e r vic e s • NFPA 70B states that insulation breakdown is the number one cause of electrical failures. • In medium and high voltage equipment, partial discharges are the first indication of insulation breakdown. INSULATION BREAKDOWN
- 14. I Q S e r vic e s Component Percentage of insulation failure Transformers 84% Circuit Breakers 21% Disconnect Switches 15% Insulated Switchgear Bus 95% Bus duct 90% Cable 89% Cable Joints (splices) 91% Cable Terminations 87% Based on IEEE Gold Book Table 36 Total Failures due to Insulation Breakdown
- 15. I Q S e r vic e s WHAT TYPE OF FACILITES ARE AFFECTED? • INDUSTRIAL - Large Manufacturing, Cogeneration • COMMERCIAL - Research Parks, High Rises • INSTITUTIONAL - Campuses, Hospitals • GOVERNMENTAL - Military Bases, Large Office Complexes • UTILITY - Investor Owned, Municipalities
- 16. I Q S e r vic e s WHERE DO PARTIAL DISCHARGES OCCUR? • Electrical Systems > 600V (2.4KV, 4.16 KV, 12KV, etc.) • Types of Equipment Subject to Partial Discharge -Cables -Transformers -Circuit Breakers - Instrument Transformers -Switchgear (CT’s, PT’s) -Insulators - Bushings -Generators - Motors -Surge Arrestors - Capacitors
- 17. I Q S e r vic e s ADVANTAGES OF PARTIAL DISCHARGE SURVEYS • PREDICTIVE - failures can be prevented. • NO OUTAGE NECESSARY - does not interrupt operations. • NON-DESTRUCTIVE - no damage to electrical system. • TRENDING - comparison to previous tests possible • PRIORITIZE MAINTENANCE ACTIVITIES - determine which equipment to service first. • PLANNING - allows time to schedule repairs. • FINANCIAL CONTROL – repairs can be budgeted.
- 18. I Q S e r vic e s TYPICAL MEDIUM VOLTAGE POWER CABLE CONSTRUCTION
- 19. I Q S e r vic e s Source Switchgear Ground Level Underground Cable in Conduit (not visible) Visible Cable Terminations Load Unit Substation Visible Cable Terminations TYPICAL HIGH VOLTAGE UNDERGROUND CABLE SYSTEM
- 20. I Q S e r vic e s 3 STAGES OF CABLE INSULATION FAILURE
- 21. I Q S e r vic e s STAGE 1 Imperfections and voids voids INSULATION / / / /CONDUCTOR / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / INSULATION No problems, minor voids therefore minor partial discharges Jacket, Shield, Semi-conducting shield Jacket, Shield, Semi-conducting shield
- 22. I Q S e r vic e s INSULATION / / / /CONDUCTOR / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / INSULATION Tracking begins Jacket, Shield, Semi-conducting shield Jacket, Shield, Semi-conducting shield STAGE 2
- 23. I Q S e r vic e s INSULATION INSULATION CABLE FAILURE! Jacket, Shield, Semi-conducting shield Jacket, Shield, Semi-conducting shield Blow-up Phase-to-ground / / / /CONDUCTOR / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / STAGE 3
- 24. I Q S e r vic e s HOW CAN PARTIAL DISCHARGES BE DETECTED? Discharges are detected by special signal processing equipment designed to eliminate outside interference. Capacitive Methods - For Unshielded Components - Dry Type Transformers - Instrument Transformers - Switchgear Inductive Methods - metal enclosed components - Shielded Cables and Components - Oil Filled Transformers - Rotating Apparatus Acoustic Emission Methods - Dry & Oil Transformers - Switchgear - Unshielded Cables
- 25. I Q S e r vic e s Test Equipment & Sensors
- 26. I Q S e r vic e s Partial Discharge detection of a flaw in a dry type transformer using capacitive coupling flaw Transformer Coil Capacitive sensor Detector
- 27. I Q S e r vic e s High Voltage Bus Metallic Switchgear cover (signal detected outside) Partial discharge site (inside) Propagation of Transient Earth Voltages (TEV) in Switchgear
- 28. I Q S e r vic e s Measurements using Capacitive PD sensors
- 29. I Q S e r vic e s Switchgear failure due to internal tracking
- 30. I Q S e r vic e s Tracking on epoxy resin busbar
- 31. I Q S e r vic e s Start of tracking on insulation
- 32. I Q S e r vic e s Failed Switchgear Insulation
- 33. I Q S e r vic e s Detecting PD Using Airborne Acoustic (Ultrasonic) Sensors Insulator Busbar Sensor
- 34. I Q S e r vic e s Airborne Acoustic Sensor
- 35. I Q S e r vic e s Insulator Failure Prevented
- 36. I Q S e r vic e s Partial Discharge detection of a void in a shielded cable using inductive coupling. Insulation + Void Shield (grounded) Conductor Detector Inductive Sensor
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- 38. I Q S e r vic e s High Frequency Current Transformer Used to Test Cable in High Voltage Substation
- 39. I Q S e r vic e s Failing Terminations
- 40. I Q S e r vic e s Molded Cable Accessory Failure
- 41. I Q S e r vic e s Splice Void
- 42. I Q S e r vic e s Shield Delamination Causing Partial Discharge
- 43. I Q S e r vic e s Poor Workmanship Causing Partial Discharge
- 44. I Q S e r vic e s Testing 15kV cables On-line testing of cables PD damage to termination Case Study
- 45. I Q S e r vic e s Identifying & Prioritising Circuits Most at Risk Using On-Line PD Survey L IV E L INE P ART IAL D IS C HARG E S URV E Y RE S UL T S O F 6 2 9 HV F E E D E RS 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1 2 1 4 2 6 3 8 4 1 0 5 1 2 6 1 4 7 1 6 8 1 9 0 2 1 1 2 3 2 2 5 3 2 7 4 2 9 5 3 1 6 3 3 7 3 5 8 3 7 9 4 0 0 4 2 1 4 4 2 4 6 3 4 8 4 5 0 5 5 2 6 5 4 7 5 6 8 5 8 9 6 1 0 FEEDERS m V D i s c h a rg e A C TIO N C O N C E RN
- 46. I Q S e r vic e s PD Survey - Worst 30 Results
- 47. I Q S e r vic e s PERFORMING A PARTIAL DISCHARGE SURVEY • Analyze the single line drawing to develop plan • Onsite Measurement – Removal of equipment covers. – Record field data. – Obtain signatures of atypical components. • Offsite Data Analysis – Correlate measurements to single line drawing. – Compare atypical results to like insulation from database. – Analyze signatures. – Trend Results. • Report Generation – Recognize immediate failure possibilities. – Recommend possible repairs. – Recommend possible resurvey frequency.
- 48. I Q S e r vic e s SUMMARY • Electric Insulation will fail. • Predicting failures is now possible through Partial Discharge Analysis. • No outage is required to survey the equipment. • Results can be prioritized and trended. • Partial Discharge Surveys should be performed annually.
- 49. I Q S e r vic e s We apologize to every electrical professional for taking 252 years to prevent your failures. Benjamin Franklin discovered electricity in 1752. This year we launched an easy to use, cost effective “no-outage” electrical inspection technology that detects medium and high voltage equipment problems before they fail!