IRJET- Computational Fluid Dynamic Analysis and Mechanical Strength Evaluation of Additive Manufactured Customized Bone Scaffolds
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This document presents a computational fluid dynamic (CFD) analysis and mechanical strength evaluation of additively manufactured customized bone scaffolds. Static structural analysis using finite element analysis was conducted on 3D printed cobalt chrome scaffold models to evaluate mechanical properties under different loads. CFD analysis using ANSYS Fluent was also performed to analyze fluid behavior through the porous scaffold structures when exposed to synovial fluid conditions. The results show that cobalt chrome scaffolds experience lower deformation and equivalent stress compared to titanium scaffolds, indicating better mechanical properties. Fluent analysis results demonstrate variations in streamline velocity and pressure contours through different scaffold designs that mimic natural bone conditions in the human body. The study aims to evaluate scaffold designs for orthopedic implants that are both mechanically
IRJET- Computational Fluid Dynamic Analysis and Mechanical Strength Evaluation of Additive Manufactured Customized Bone Scaffolds
- 1. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 05 | May 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 5018 Computational Fluid Dynamic Analysis and Mechanical Strength Evaluation of Additive Manufactured Customized Bone Scaffolds Aby K Abraham1, Vijith M Biju2, Suraj Suresh3, Suniraj VT4, Gokul KG5 1Assistant Professor,Department of mechanical Engineering, GISAT Payyapadi, Kottayam, Kerala, India 2 ,3,4.5Student, Department of mechanical Engineering, GISAT Payyappadi, Kottayam, Kerala, India ---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract - The effectiveness of fabricated bone scaffolds to mimic exact bone tissue can be evaluated based on the mechanical strength and fluid dynamic behaviour. The mechanical properties of the scaffolds is analysed through static structural analysis and fluid behaviour is analysed through fluent analysis. Paper presents the manufacturing of the customized porous bone scaffold and its compressive property evaluation employing FEM. Additive manufacturing processes manufacture end-use elements from CAD models by supplemental material layer by layer. The fluid dynamic characteristics in a porous scaffold plays a vital role for cell viability and tissue generation. To overcome the constraints of those typical techniques, automatic computer-controlled fabrication techniques, like Additive manufacturing (AM), are being explored. Pre- production stage Finite element analysis (FEA) was carried out on designed cobalt chrome scaffold for evaluating the mechanical properties .The failure of implant is maximum by wearing, corrosion and improper material selection. Fluent analysis is carried out to determine the fluid behaviour of the implant scaffolds in the environment of synovial fluid. From the results of analysis of static loading condition and material comparison, the implant can leftinthe human body for a long term Key Words: Scaffold, Finite element analysis, Additive manufacturing 1. INTRODUCTION Various types of metallic implants have been used in the form of screws, bone plates and compression plates to achieve rigid internal fixation in our body. Various factors are to be taken into consideration while selecting an implant material. These include physical and chemical properties, the nature of host tissue, the interface reaction between the bone and implant, cost effectiveness, availability, and choice of the operator. Two different types of bio materials are commonly used in clinical practice, namely titanium and stainless steel. The titanium bone plates are imported from different countries. These bone plates are notonlyexpensive but also require complicated instrument system. At present the stainless steel bone plates are manufactured indigenously. These bone plates are not only economicalbut also easily available. Design of scaffolds For this study structural can developed by CAD software, the design data exported to fabrication through SLM technology. In this study a twisted design of crossing struts had treated. Two different designs in varying dimensional parameters in width (a), depth (b) and height (c) strut diameter (d) are used and the designed properties of the structural composition are investigated. Fig 1.1.1 : twisted design of crossing struts
- 2. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 05 | May 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 5019 Fig 1.1.2Crossectional strut strcuture 2. Analysis Static structural analysis Static structural analysis is used to find out the stresses and deformations in bone scaffolds when force applied on it. Three dimensional cobalt chrome model is performed in solid modeling software, The model exported by ANSYS and subdivided into nodes and elements. Collection of elements is called mesh and it is make mesh optimization to getmore accuracyresultsMaterials usedforstatic structural analysis 1 Titanium 2 Cobalt chromium Properties of titanium Table 2.1.1 Materials Density Young,s modulus Poisson,s ratio Titanium 4430 895 .342 Procedure for static structural analysis The 3d model of bone scaffold is prepared with different orientations and angles in ANSYS modelling software. From the ANSYS main window select static structural analysis option. Then set the unit in software as standard unit .Assign the material as cobalt chromium from the engineering data option in the static structure window and add the properties corresponding to the material select the model option from the static structural window .Then mesh the model in accurate relevance and divide it into nodes and elements. Collection of elements is called mesh and it is make mesh optimization to getmore accuracy results. Mesh optimization is occurred until the FEA results and analytical solutions are similar to each other. After meshing applying boundary conditions from the setup option in the static structural window corresponding to the scaffolds .Boundary conditions are the limits upon which a material can gone. After the determination of mesh model, apply boundary conditions, initial conditions, and load stress are applied on the designed model. The scaffold and intact bone segment was analysed using ANSYS. The maximum stress and displacement of scaffold were studied. . Scaffold bottom plate side is fixed and the upper side scaffold with pressure plate is applied on the 1000 N force on upper plate surface. Fix the direction downwards. Select the solution option from the static structural window tree and select the required parameters such as total deformation and equivalent stress. Click the solve option from the window, and all the tabulated results were displayed on the window.
- 3. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 05 | May 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 5020 Results after analysis of titanium scaffolds Fig 2.1.1 Total deformation Fig 2.1.2 Equivalent stress Properties of cobalt chromium Table 2.1.2 rocedure Three dimensional cobalt chrome model is performed in solid modeling software, The model exported by ANSYS and subdivided into nodes and elements. Collection of elements is called mesh and it is make mesh optimization to get more accuracy results. Meshoptimizationisoccurred until theFEA results and analytical solutions are similar to each other. After the determination of mesh model, apply boundary conditions, initial conditions, and load stress are applied on the designed model. Scaffold bottom plate (A) side is fixed and the upper side scaffold with pressure plate is applied on the 1000 N force on upper plate surface. Then FEA analysis of six models is performed and results are compared with the each other. It is aimed to determine the total von-mises stress and the elongation Material Density Young,s modulus Poisson,s ratio Cobalt chromium 1010 220 .29
- 4. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 05 | May 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 5021 Fig 2.1.3 Results after analysis of cobalt chromium Fig 2.1.5 Equivalent stress Fluent analysis of scaffolds structure Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is the science of predicting fluid flow, heat and mass transfer, chemical reactions, and related phenomena by solvingnumericallythe set of go-verning mathematical equations – Conservation of mass – Conservation of momentum – Conservation of energy – Conservation of species – Effects of body forces CFD analysis complements testing and experimentation by reducing total Acquisition effort and cost required for experimentation and data acquisition. ANSYS CFD solvers are based on the finite volume method Domainis discretised into a finite set of control volumes In order to study the fluid behaviour of scaffold structure ,fluent analysis should be carried out Because of complex structure of bone scaffold ,it is very difficult to mesh So removing the unnecessary structures in geometry that would complicate the structure For the application of boundary conditions or domains we need to split the model Define the material properties and prescribe the operating conditions . Provide the initial values of operating conditions such as 1 - synovial fluid pressure(0 to 5mmHg) 2-normal body temperature ofhuman(98.6 farenheat) 3- normal mass flow rate of fluid through
- 5. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 05 | May 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 5022 Fig 2.1.4 Total deformation Pores Compute the solution The meshed conservation equations are solved iteratively until converges . Display the contours of static pressure and velocity variation inside the porous scaffold structure. Computational fluid dynamics (CFDs) has been applied to simulate the microfluid dynamics through interconnected pores. However, the same flow rate through different pore architectures of scaffolds can bring about different wall shear stress (WSS) on the cells. The scaffold architecture also determines the level of fluid shear stress to which the cells are exposed to as a result of perfusion flow. Procedure for fluent analysis In order to study the fluid behaviour of scaffold structure ,fluent analysis should be carried out .Select the geometry option from the main window Because of complex structure of bone scaffold ,it is very difficult to mesh So removing the unnecessary structures in geometry that would complicate the structure .For the application of boundary conditions or domains we need to split the model cut the model into symmetry structure to reduce the complexity of the scaffolds structure.In order to get thefluid path ways we need to remove the entire solid structure we only need the outline shape of the structure.. Enclose the whole structure to a cylinder shape. Scaffold is named as inlet, outlet, body, symmetry in co ordinate geometry option. Then mesh the model to relevant size. Select the fluent flow option from the main tree. Import the meshed file to fluent main window. Then check the mesh. Enable energy equation from the model option from the tree.. Check the given initial parameters. Take the material option from the side tree and edit it as fluid. Add fluid properties such as density, specific heat thermal conductivity, viscosity. Then select cell zone conditions and edit operating conditions and set the initial pressure. Selecting boundry conditions from the tree and select inlet option from there apply momentum and thermal conditions. Then select the solution methods, change the scheme from simple to coupled. Select hybrid initialization from the solution initialization and click initialize. Then check the case. Set the number of iterations as 1000.Click the calculate icon to compute the results and display the results by clicking graphics and animations option .from the fluent analysis results we get the streamline velocity variation of different scaffolds structure and contours of pressure variation when synovial fluid flows through it. Results after fluent analysis of porous scaffolds Fig 2.2.1 Stream line velocity variation
- 6. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 05 | May 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 5023 Fig 2.2.2 Pressure contour variation 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Table 3.1 Static structural results of titanium Model Structu re1 Structu re2 Structu re3 Structu re4 Structu re5 Max deforma tion in mm .00441 92 .01140 42 .03001 2 .14764 .03115 2 MAX equivalen t von- mises stress in MPa 65.469 130.54 528.35 427.15 335.19 Table 3.2 Static structural results of cobalt chromium Model Structu re1 Structu re2 Structu re3 Structu re4 Structu re5 Max deforma tion in mm .03692 .09384 6 .12019 .15981 .2746 MAX equivale nt von- mises stress in MPa 75.501 427.14 256.2 429.47 171.35
- 7. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 05 | May 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 5024 Static structural results Analysis results are classified according to the different pore sized scaffold models. Structural analysis of 2 different materials were performed TI and COBALT-CHROMIUM Compare the results of 2 materials with each other by taking equivalent stress and deformation. Among them cobalt- chromium shows less deformation and better bio- compatibility characteristics. From the results obtained by comparing the static structural analysis the equivalent stress produced in the pores of scaffold model plays an important role in selection of material for the material for the scaffolds. During the action of sudden pressure on the scaffolds the maximum equivalent stress willdeterminehow long an implant scaffold can sustain in our humanbody Fluent analysis results From the fluent analysis results we get the streamline velocity variation of different scaffolds structure and contours of pressure variation when synovial fluid flows through it. The scaffolds structures shows variations that are similar to exact bone will remain in our body for a long term. The existence of human bone in our bodyinpresenceof synovial fluid has some standard conditional parameters. The made up scaffolds should exhibit or mimics characteristics of normal human bone in our body 3. CONCLUSION From the static structural analysis. Metallic material of cobalt chromium found to have low deformation when load acts on the scaffolds structure . Besides good biocompatibility and non allergic tissue response, cobalt chrome has an elastic modulus lesser than of that of titanium.In order to investigate the alternative materials for human Orthopedic Implants which is Bio-Compatible. Cobalt chromium implants are expected to be Bio-Compatible & they should not cause inflammation or rejection. Since Ti material cost more,and have low biocompatibility with synovial fluid. REFERENCES 1. Begum, S.R. and Arumaikkannu, G. (2013)‘Design, analysis and fabrication of customised bone scaffold sing RP technology 2. S. RASHIA BEGUM Computational fluid dynamic analysis and additive manufacturing of scaffolds (2012) 3. G. Arumaikkannu CFD analysis of customised tibia bone scaffolds (2015) 4. Aby K. Abraham and V. G. Sridhar. FEA Study of the Multiple Structural Orientations onSelectiveLaserMelted Cobalt ChromeOpen-PorousScaffolds