IRJET- Design and Fabrication of Steering System using Servo Motors

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 06 Issue: 11 | Nov 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.34 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 266
DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF STEERING SYSTEM USING SERVO MOTORS
Dr. J. Kuberan1, Kandlagunta Saikumar Reddy2
1Professor and Head, Department of Mechanical Engineering, SKP Engineering College,
Tiruvannamalai-606611, Tamil Nadu, India.
2UG Scholar, Department of Mechanical Engineering, SKP Engineering College, Tiruvannamalai-606611,
Tamil Nadu, India.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------***----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I. ABSTRACT: The growth of technologies requested higher
performance machine in order to fulfil human needs and
market. This system is implemented to make human work
easier and can reduce the human power because of its
potential applications. This system can replace hydraulic
steering system has the highest predominance as it has least
number of components and compact, more accurate and
closed loop system. This project helps to turn tires with more
accuracy and less effort. While turning, it can be used for
parking purpose and it increases efficiency of steering
system as there are no mechanical linkages. It forwards a
kind of operation that can activate by rotating rotary
encoder so that it can send signals to Arduino, through
Arduino servo motors are activated and turn according to
the coding given by the programmer. This apparatus has
many useful improvements and any driver can drive vehicle
without many efforts. The main objective of this system is to
attach this to an automobile so that the driver can turn
vehicle with less effort and by this we can eliminate the
problem during turning and parking purpose by using more
accurate steering system installed with closed loop feedback
and that can provide desired turning radius for less than
conventional vehicles.
II. KEYWORDS:
Rotary encoder, Arduino Board, Servo motors, DC motors,
Bread Board.
III. INTRODUCTION:
Steering system is the collection of components, linkages
which allows any vehicle (car, motorcycle, bicycle) to
follow the desired course. The primary purpose of the
steering system is to allow the driver to guide the vehicle.
In this project, steering system is completely operated and
controlled by servo motors and it will work according to
the coding given by the user. In mechanical steering
system we require many components to turn the vehicle.
So, the design and fabrication of the parts required for
mechanical steering system consume lot of time and it also
increases the weight of the car and which will affect the
efficiency of the vehicle and fuel consumption. If the
alignment of the components gets mismatched then it
creates problem like non-uniform wearing out of tires and
needs frequent maintenance because of wear and tear of
components. As we know that electrical components are
less bulky and of low cost. We can reduce many problems
by implementing the system as we are placing servo
motor, we can predict exact turning angle according to our
requirements. Motors are placed on the top of the servo
motors and directly connected to the wheel. We can attain
zero camber angle and this can reduce wear and tear of
tire. As servo motor has a capability of turning 90 degrees
so it helps in parking purpose to provide very less turning
angle during parking.
IV. EXISTING SYSTEM:
With the continuous improvement of the steering system,
the effort required to steer the vehicle has been reduced
from the last decades. There are many steering systems
available to us in the different automobiles. The power
steering system uses hydraulic or electric actuators which
will add the controlled energy to the steering system. The
electric power steering system uses electric motors to
assist the driver of the vehicle by the help of sensors which
detect the position and torque of steering column, and a
computer module applies assistive torque through the
motor which is connected to steering gear or column. The
speed sensitive steering system is the outgrowth from the
power steering, where the steering is heavily assisted at
low speed and lightly assisted at high speed. The next one
is four-wheel steering. All four wheels will turn at the same
time when the driver steers. The rear wheels will be
turned with the help of computer and actuators in the
most of the four-wheel steering. All the mentioned steering
systems involves many complex linkages in between the
steering wheel and the tires. The disadvantages involved
are costly, time taking for design and fabrication, no
feedback to the driver, oversensitive, home repair is not
possible.
V. PROPOSED SYSTEM:
The purpose of this system helps to overcome the
problems that have been raised in the conventional
steering systems. As we use rotary encoder, Arduino

board, Servo motors, DC motors, Bread board and Jumper
wires to steer vehicles, we can decrease the weight of the
vehicle which will increase the efficiency of the steering
system. The Rotary encoder is directly connected with
steering wheel which will send signals to the Arduino
board. It will analyze the value given by the encoder and
send signals to the servo motors which will turn according
to the coding given to the Arduino. So, there will be no
mechanical linkages in the proposed steering system. So,
the complexity reduces and also the space occupied by the
steering system can be used for some other purposes.
VI. BLOCK DIAGRAMS
Fig-1: Flow chart of steering system using servo motors
LOGICAL DIAGRAM
Fig-2: Logical Diagram
VII. HARDWARE REQUIREMENT
A. ROTARY ENCODER:
It is also called as shaft encoder. It is an electro-mechanical
device that converts the angular position or motion of a
shaft or axle to an analog or digital signal. One of the types
is incremental encoder. This provides information about
the motion of the shaft, which is typically further
processed elsewhere into information such as speed,
distance and position. The KY-040 model of incremental
encoder is used in this system.
Fig-3: Rotary Encoder and specifications
B. SERVO MOTOR:
A servo motor is a rotary or linear actuator that allows for
precise control of angular or linear position, velocity and
acceleration. It consists of a suitable motor coupled to a
sensor for position feedback. It also requires relatively
sophisticated controller, often a dedicated module
designed specifically to use with servomotors.
Fig-4: Servo Motors and specifications
C. DC MOTOR:
A DC motor is a rotary electrical machine that converts
electrical energy into mechanical energy. The most
common types rely on the forces produced by magnetic
fields. Nearly all types of DC motors have some internal
mechanism, either electro-mechanical or electronic that
periodically changes the direction of current flow in the
motor. The speed can be controlled by varying the supply
voltage or by changing the strength of current in its field
windings.

Fig-5: DC motor and specifications
D. BREAD BOARD:
A Bread board is a solderless device for temporary
prototype with electronics and test circuit designs. Most
electronic components in electronic circuits can be
interconnected through by inserting their leads or
terminals into the holes and then by making connections
through wires appropriate. The Bread board has strips of
metal underneath the board and connect the holes on the
top of the board.
Fig-6: Bread Board and specifications
E. ARDUINO BOARD:
Arduino is an open source computer hardware and
software company and user community that designs and
manufactures single-board microcontrollers and
microcontroller kits for building digital devices and
interactive objects that can sense and control the objects in
the physical world. This board design uses a variety of
microprocessors and controllers. The boards are equipped
with sets of digital and analog input/output(I/O) pins that
may be interfaced to various expansion boards (shields)
and other circuits. This board offers serial communications
interfaces, including Universal Serial Bus (USB) on some
models, which are also used for loading programs from
personal computers. The microcontrollers are typically
programmed using a dialect of features from the
programming language C and C++.
Fig-7: Arduino board and specifications
F. JUMPER WIRES:
A jumper wire is an electrical wire or group of them in a
cable with connector or pin at each end which is normally
used to interconnect the components of a bread board or
other prototype or test circuit, internally or with other
equipment or components, without soldering. Individual
jumper wires are fitted by inserting their end connectors
into the slots provided in a bread board, the header
connector of a circuit board, or a piece of test equipment.
Fig-8: Jumper wires
VIII. SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT:
A. ARDUINO IDE:
The Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE)
is a cross platform application (Windows, mac OS, Linux)
that is written in the programming language. It is used to
write and upload programs to Arduino compactible
boards. The Arduino IDE supports the languages C and C++
using special rules of code structuring. The Arduino IDE

supplies a software library from the Wiring project, which
provides many common input and output procedures.
User-written code only requires two basic functions, for
starting the sketch and the main program loop, that are
compiled and linked with a program stub main() into an
executable cyclic executive program with the GNU
toolchain, also included with the IDE distribution.
B. C++
C++ is a general-purpose programming language and
widely used now-a-days for competitive programming. It
has imperative, object oriented and generic programming
features. C++ runs on lots of platforms like Windows,
Linux, Unix, mac. It is used to create sophisticated high-
performance applications.
IX. 2D DESIGN OF VEHICLE
Fig-9: Back view of chassis of prototype
Fig-10: front view of chassis of prototype
Fig-11: bottom view of chassis of prototype
Fig-12: Side view of chassis of prototype
X. ALGORITHM:
 The Rotary encoder is connected to the steering
wheel. When the steering wheel is rotated then
the rotary encoder also rotates and send the
signals to the Arduino board where the signals are
processed further.
 The coding should be uploaded to the Arduino
board.
 The Arduino board then process the input by the
Rotary encoder and analyse it according to the
coding.
 The Arduino then send signal to the servo motors.
The servo motors are directly connected on the
top of the DC motors.

 If the servomotors are rotated then DC motors will
also rotate.
 The DC motors are connected to the DC Battery
which will rotate the motor continuously.
 If the Rotary encoder is rotated then the wheels
are turned to about 90 degrees from 0 degrees
and if we rotate further then the tires will return
to 0 degrees with the help of servo motors.
 The servo motors will rotate only according to the
coding given by the user.
XI. ADVANTAGE:
 Less cost when compared to electric steering
system.
 Repairs can be done if we have a basic knowledge
about them.
 Turn tires to 90 degrees.
 Zero maintenance.
 Less complexity.
 No mechanical linkages.
 No wear and tear of components.
 Feedback can be given using display module.
XII.FUTURE SCOPE:
The practical application domains where steering
technology is most likely to be used are
 Medium load transmission vehicle systems.
 Various speed transmission vehicle system.
 Small type of car like toys, mini race cars.
XIII. CONCLUSION:
This project can replace complete steering system with
servo steering system in most effective way. Initially the
Rotary encoders is connected to the Arduino as an input
source through Arduino, servo motors and DC motors are
controlled effectively. It helps to park the vehicles very
easily as the tires will turn to 90 degrees.
XIV. REFERENCES
[1] https://www.iaeme.com/MasterAdmin/upload
folder/IJMET_06_08_001-2.pdf
[2] http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/1060
3/8010/10/10_chapter%203.pdf
[3] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/steering
http://www.carblogindia.com/electric-power-[4]
steering-vs-hydraulic-power-steering
[5] https://www.tsikot.com/forums/suspension-
steering-brakes-talk-144/electric-powersteering-
disadvantages-90380
[6] https://www.autocarindiaa.com/auto-
features/taken-for-a-drive-in-a-self-
drivingcelerio-405883
https://mechanics.stackexchange.com/questions/[7]
18818/what-are-the-advantages-ofelactric-and-
hydraulic-power-steering
Author profile
Dr. J.Kuberan is presently working as Professor
and head in the Department of Mechanical
Engineering, S.K.P Engineering College,
Tiruvannamalai, India. He has been teaching and
guiding for B.E/B.Tech and M.E. students since
1996. His main research interests include Thermal, IC
Engines, Automobiles and pyrolysis of biomass and
alternative fuels for CI engines.
Kandlagunta Saikumar Reddy is B.E scholar,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, SKP
Engineering College, Anna University, Chennai,
India.

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