IRJET- Sleeper Design using Fibre Reinforcement
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This document discusses the design of a pre-stressed concrete railway sleeper using plastic fiber reinforcement. It begins with an introduction to railway sleepers and their purpose to support rails and transfer loads. It then discusses the benefits of using pre-stressed concrete sleepers over other materials like timber. The objective of this project is to use plastic fiber reinforcement and silica to achieve strength and economy. Literature on sleeper design was reviewed from previous studies. The document outlines the casting procedure used which involves threading plastic fiber pipes for reinforcement within the concrete. It presents the results of compressive strength tests on samples and concludes that the plastic fiber reinforcement provides strength at less cost than traditional steel reinforcement.
IRJET- Sleeper Design using Fibre Reinforcement
- 1. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 05 Issue: 04 | Apr-2018 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2018, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 6.171 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1810 SLEEPER DESIGN USING FIBRE REINFORCEMENT Shantanu Nalawade1, Siddhesh Ambure2, Soham Gharat3, Sagar Jadhav4, Chetan Thakur5 1,2,3,4,5Final year Student, Department of Civil Engineering, DRIEMS ---------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract - Railway sleepers have important roles in the complex railway system. Due to different loading condition, poor maintenance of sleeper or bad quality of ballast, a random load distribution along the sleeper-ballast interface may occur. A sleeper design, and also the track system design, which do not consider the random load distribution, could influence the performance of the sleeper and even damagethe whole railway system. That’s where the role of pre-stressed concrete sleepers becomes prominent. With theabilitytoresist incredibly large amount of stresses before failing makes them very useful. This project will be study and designing of pre- stressed concrete sleepers with optimum strength and economy, the major factors to be considered. Key Words: Railway, Sleepers, ballast, pre-stressed, concrete, optimum, economy 1. INTRODUCTION A railroad tie/railway tie/crosstie railway sleeper rails is a rectangular support for the railroad ties. Generally laid perpendicular to the rails, ties transfer loads to the track ballast and subgrade, hold the rails upright and keep them spaced to the correct gauge. They provide a much needed support and balance to rails and act as cushion resisting forces imposed upon them by trains. They are usually made up of timber, cement, steel and concrete. 1.1 Concrete Sleepers They provide a much needed support and balance to rails and act as cushion resisting forces imposed upon them by trains. They are usually made up of timber, cement,steeland concrete. Amongst them concrete sleepers are used on a larger scale since they are more durable and can withstand exceedingly high compression force without buckling. Concrete ties are cheaper and easier to obtain than timber and better able to carry higher axle-weights and sustain higher speeds. Their greater weight ensures improved retention of track geometry, especially when installed with continuous-welded rail. Concrete ties have a longer service life and require less maintenance than timber due to their greater weight, which helps them remain in the correct position longer. Pre-stressed concrete sleepers especially have been a revelation in the field of engineering and designing is our primary motive. They impart greater strength and high resistance to sleepers making it more stronger. Fibre reinforcement has been adopted to enhance its initial characteristics and economy. Use of PVC fibre instead of standard steel reinforcement is our innovationfor the same. 1.2 Literature Review In order to precisely understand and gather concise information regarding the design of sleepers it is necessary to completely grasp and understandthedetailsregardingthe same. Sleeper design has previously been adopted by plethora of groups and for better understanding we have thoroughly scrutinized these papers and have implemented the ideas and some of the data in our project. 1.2.1) Shan Li, KTH Royal Institute of Technology Behaviour of pre-stressed sleepers when imposed under carriage load and it’s behaviour whilst resisting it has been studied and adopted from paper publishedbyShanLihailing from institute KTH royal institute of technology. Pre- stressing by pre and post tensioning have been described in an elaborative manner. The detailed study of its methods have been instrumental in clear understandingofthesubject matter and it’s implementation in our project. 1.2.2) Doctor Martin Howard, ME Civil, Phd, Queensland University - The most prominent aspect of sleeper designing is relianton the method which is to be adopted while designing. USLM (Ultimate Limit State Method) is adopted from the paper published by Doctor Martin Howard Murray , ME Civil, PhD, senior lecturer at Queensland university and Jian Blan, ME, researcher at Queensland university. 1.2.3) Indian Railway Standard Specification , T -39-85 - Other information regarding design of sleepers have been adopted from various websites related to Railway Engineering. Internet has been major source of information and myriad of data available online has been extracted from the same. Practically designing the sleeper and it’s appropriation will be carried out furtherandfieldbaseddata will be provided after performing the same. Data regarding the gauge length and constant dimensions of sleepers have been thoroughly described in Indian railway standard specification for pre-stressed broad gauge and meter gauge sleepers, T- 39-85. 2. OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT • Make use of plastic fiber reinforcement and silica instead of conventional steel reinforcementtofulfill our purpose of achieving economy. • Reducing the machineries required for pre- tensioning.
- 2. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 05 Issue: 04 | Apr-2018 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2018, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 6.171 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1811 Methods of Design - 1.5.1 ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE METHOD The ultimate limit state is caused by a single once- off event such as a severe wheel flat that generates an impulsive load capable of failing a single concrete sleeper. Failure under such a severe event would fit within failure definitions causing severe cracking at the rail seat or at the mid-span. 1.5.2 PRE-STRESSING BY PRE-TENSIONING Anchoring of tendons against the end abutments Placing jacks Applying tension to the tendons Casting of concrete Cutting of the tendons 1.5.3 INNOVATION Use of Silica along with cement. Efficiently using plastic fiber reinforcement (PVC) as an alternative to steel reinforcement. Based on assumptions and design we have plotted this data for design of concrete sleepers- Dynamic load of wheel- Since V=60km/hr, w=1 s’ = 0.1w (excellent track condition ) s’ = 0.1 X 1 s’ = 0.1 t = 3 (for probabilistic Certainty) M* = 0.8F (Qtotal) Procedure of Casting- 1. We chose a hollow cylindrical plastic Fibre pipeasa reinforcement having a diameter of 10mm. 2. The pipe was cut according to the size of the mould. 3. The pipe was threaded throughout its length for a better bonding between the outer surface of the plastic fibre reinforcement and concrete. 4. The mould was properly oiled on all the inner surfaces. 5. For preparing the Cement Mortar we took a ratio of 1:4 (1-Cement, 4- Fine Sand) 6. We took Fine Sand passing through the sieve of size 3.8mm and retaining on 1.8mm sieve. 7. As per volume batching we took 12litres of Fine Sand and 3Litres of Cement. 8. A water cement ratio of 1:2 was taken. 9. To increase the strength of concrete silica fumes were added. 10. The concrete was properly mixed together. FIBRE REINFORCEMENT (PVC) AND SILICA
- 3. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 05 Issue: 04 | Apr-2018 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2018, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 6.171 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1812 11. The reinforcement was placed in the mould as per the design given in the figure below. 12. The concrete was poured into the mould and compaction was done simultaneously. 13. Proper shape and smooth surface was provided. 14. The cast was removed from the Mould after 7 days and curing was done to gain proper strength. Sample No. w/c ratio Admixture Compressive strength 1 1:2:4 Silica Fumes 350 KN 2 1:2:4 Lime 320 KN 3 1:2:4 LW+ Seal 310 KN 3. CONCLUSIONS 1. The high costing steel was replaced by cheapplastic fibre reinforcement making it highly economical. 2. Heavy machines required for pre tensioning was avoided. 3. The risk of the wires in pre tensioning was avoided. REFERENCES 1. SSRG International Journal of Civil Engineering (SSRG-IJCE) – volume 3 Issue 5 – May 2016. 2. Ultimate limit states design of concrete railway sleepers by Murray and Bian. 3. Indian Railway Specification For Pre-TensionedPre stressed Concrete Sleepers(BroadGaugeAndMetre Gauge) Serial No. T 39-85 4. Railway Sleeper Modelling with Deterministic and Non-deterministic Support Conditions , Shan Li, KTH royal institute of technology. 5. Static and Dynamic Analysis of Railway Track Sleeper D.Kishore Kumar M.Tech Scholar (Machine Dynamics), Swami Vivekananda Engineering College, Bobbili 6. Modelling Railway Pre stressed Concrete Sleepers (Crossties) With Holes and Web Openings Birmingham Centre for Railway Research and Education, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK