Kinds and classifications of research
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This document outlines different ways to classify research according to various features. It discusses 8 classifications: by purpose, goal, level of investigation, type of analysis, scope, choice of answers to problems, statistical content, and time element. Within each classification there are typically 2-3 types or approaches of research described through brief definitions and examples. The overall purpose is to provide an overview of how research can be categorized based on distinctive aspects.
Kinds and classifications of research
- 1. KINDS AND CLASSIFICATIONS OF RESEARCH (ACCORDING TO DIFFERENT FEATURES) (Calderon and Gonzales, 1993)Clipart.com
- 2. There are many kinds of classification of research which are classified according to their distinctive features. Some of the classifications are as follows: 1. According to Purpose 2. According to Goal 3. According to the Levels of Investigation 4. According to the Type of Analysis 5. According to Scope 6. According to the Choice of Answers to Problems 7. According to Statistical Content 8. According to Time Element
- 3. According to Purpose A. Predictive or Prognostic – it has the purpose to determine the future operation of the variables under investigation with the aim of controlling or redirecting such for the better. Ex. If you have a business and are trying out some unique marketing tricks, you might come up with some interesting questions. One might be: Which cities do the highest spenders come from? This type of question is fairly rote business intelligence. Predictive analysis, however, asks this: What level of sales can I expect from a given city?
- 4. According to Purpose B. Directive – it determines what should be done based on the findings. Ex. A company might have a directive to sell more chocolate bars than another maker. If this research uncovers that a rival company is selling a chocolate bar at a lower price, the researching company could choose to lower it prices to stay in more direct competition
- 5. According to Purpose C. Illuminative – it is concerned with the interaction of the components of the variable being investigated Ex. Connections among, students characteristics, organizational patterns and policies and educational consequences
- 6. According to Goal A. Basic or Pure (Theoritical) – it is done for the development of theories and principles. It is conducted for intellectual pleasure of learning. Ex. How did the universe begin? What are protons, neutrons, and electrons composed of? How do slime molds reproduce? What is the specific genetic code of the fruit fly?
- 7. According to Goal B. Applied (Practical)– the application of pure research. This is testing the efficiency of theories and principles. Ex. Improve agricultural crop production. Treat or cure a specific disease. Improve the energy efficiency of homes, offices, or modes of transportation.
- 8. According to the Level of Investigation A.Exploratory – the researcher studies the variables pertinent to a specific situation. Ex. The owner of The Cupcake King has many ideas for improving the bakery's sales but isn't sure which will work. They think increasing the flavors of cupcakes the bakery sells will bring in more customers but know they need more information. They intend to conduct ER to investigate whether expanding their cupcake selection will lead to an increase in sales, or if there is a better idea.
- 9. According to the Level of Investigation B. Descriptive – the researcher studies the relationships of the variables. Ex. Do corporate leaders of multinational companies in the 21stcentury possess moral rights to receive multi- million bonuses? What are the main distinctive traits of organizational culture of McDonald’s?
- 10. According to the Level of Investigation C. Experimental – the researcher studies the effects of the variables on each other. Ex. Science Investigatory Projects Experimental research seeks to determine a relationship between two (2) variables—the dependent variable and the independent variable. After completing an experimental research study, a correlation between a specific aspect of an entity and the variable being studied is either supported or rejected.
- 11. According to the Types of Analysis A. Analytic Approach – the researcher attempts to identify and isolate the components of the research situation. Ex. the use of an appropriate process to break a problem down into the elements necessary to solve it. Each element becomes a smaller and easier problem to solve.
- 12. According to the Types of Analysis B. Holistic Approach – this begins with the total situation, focusing attention on the system first and on its internal relationships. Ex. directly grasp the whole without consideration of the parts.
- 13. According to Scope Action Research This involves the application of the steps of the scientific method in the classroom problems. This type of research is done on a very limited scope to solve a particular problem which is not so big.
- 14. According to Choice of Answers to Problems A. Evaluation research – All possible courses of action are specified and identified and the researcher. Ex. How satisfied are you with our product? Did the program produce intended outcomes? What were the unintended outcomes? Has the program increased the knowledge of participants?
- 15. According to Choice of Answers to Problems B. Developmental research – the focus is on finding or developing a more suitable instrument or process than has been available. Ex. A study focused on the progressive changes that occur as an organism develops.
- 16. According to Statistical Content A. Quantitative or Statistical Research – is one in which inferential statistics are utilized to determine the results of the study. Ex. Regarding alcohol (Alcohol addiction among high schoolers , or among women : How alcohol has effected to human health: Drinking pattern and reasons for drinking : You can compare yearly how it has changed and so on.)
- 17. According to Statistical Content B. Non-quantitative Research (Qualitative)– this is research in which the use of the quantity or statistics is practically not utilize Ex. “What is the relationship between the arts, entrepreneurship and innovation in the workplace?” “What are human rights?”
- 18. According to Time Element 3 MAJOR RESEARCH METHODS A. Historical research – describes what was. B. Descriptive research – describes what is. C. Experimental research – describes what will be.