Kyoto Protocol (Article explanation)
- 2. ● Md. Abdullah Al Mamun ● Md. Abul Kalam Azad ● Md. Shoaib-Bin-Habib ● Shuvra Deb Halder ● Raisa Hossain Eshna ● Md Ahsanul Haque ● Sheikh Sabbir Hossain ● Shifat Alam ● Shubvo Kumar ● Mustaq Ahmed ● Md Shoaib Hossain Team members
- 4. Introduction The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement that aimed to reduce Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emissions and the presence of greenhouse gases (GHG) in the atmosphere. The essential tenet of the Kyoto Protocol was that industrialized nations needed to lessen the amount of their emissions
- 5. Background & Objective • The Kyoto Protocol was adopted on 11 December 1997. Owing to a complex ratification process, it entered into force on 16 February 2005. Currently, there are 192 Parties to the Kyoto Protocol. • In short, the Kyoto Protocol operationalizes the UNFCC by committing industrialized countries and economies in transition to limit and reduce greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions in accordance with agreed individual targets. • The Convention itself only asks those countries to adopt policies and measures on mitigation and to report periodically.
- 6. Article 1 Definitions Convention” means the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, adopted in New York on 9 May 1992. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change” means the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change established in 1988 jointly by the World Meteorological Organization and the United Nations Environment Programme. Montreal Protocol” means the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, adopted in Montreal on 16 September 1987 and as subsequently adjusted and amended. Party included in Annex I” means a Party included in Annex I to the Convention, as may be amended, or a Party which has made a notification under Article 4, paragraph 2 (g), of the Convention.
- 7. Article 2 The main goal of the Kyoto Protocol is to control emissions of the main anthropogenic human-emitted greenhouse gases (GHGs) in ways that reflect underlying national differences in GHG emissions, wealth, • Each Annex I Party must undertake domestic policies and measures to reduce GHG emissions and to enhance removals by sinks. • In implementing these policies and measures, each Annex I Party must strive to minimize any adverse impact of these policies and measures on other Parties, particularly developing country Parties; • Annex I Parties must provide additional financial resources to advance the implementation of commitments by developing countries;
- 8. The improvement of methodologies and data for GHG inventories Both Annex I and non-Annex I Parties must cooperate in the areas of: Education, training, and public awareness of climate change The development, application and diffusion of climate friendly technologies Research on and systematic observation of the climate system
- 9. It’s a gas giant and the biggest planet in our Solar System Saturn is a gas giant, composed of hydrogen and helium ANNEX A and B
- 10. 3.Aerifiable changes in carbon stocks in each commitment period 4. An estimate to be made of its changes in carbon stocks in subsequent years 1. Ensuring aggregate anthropogenic carbon dioxide 2.Achieving commitments under this Protocol Article 3 7. Aggregate anthropogenic carbon dioxide equivalent emissions 5. Transition to a market economy 6. A certain degree of flexibility
- 11. Effect or affect of alteration in the composition 04 03 commitment period 02 Notify the secretariat Article 4 01 Parties deemed to have met those commitments agreed to be fulfilled
- 12. 06 Responsibility for level of emissions Article 4 05 failure by the Parties
- 13. The Kyoto Protocol’s effectiveness depends upon two critical factors: whether Parties included in Annex I follow the Protocol’s rulebook and comply with their commitments; and whether the emissions data used to assess compliance are reliable. Articles 5, 7 and 8 of the Kyoto Protocol address reporting and review of information by Parties included in Annex I, as well as national systems and methodologies for the preparation of greenhouse gas inventories.
- 14. Article 5 Article 5 commits Parties included in Annex I to having in place, no later than 2007 national systems for the estimation of greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks. It also states that, where agreed methodologies decisions are not used to estimate emissions and removals, appropriate "adjustments" should be applied.
- 15. Article 6 Any such project has the approval of the Parties involved The acquisition of emission reduction units shall be supplemental to domestic actions for the purposes of meeting commitments Further elaborate guidelines for the implementation of this Article, including for verification and reporting For the purpose of meeting its commitments under Article 3 any other such Party emission reduction units resulting from projects aimed at reducing anthropogenic emissions by sources or enhancing anthropogenic removals by sinks of greenhouse gases in any sector of the economy
- 16. ARTICLE 7 1. Annual Inventory of Anthropog enic Emissions 2. National Communicat ion 3. Submission of Informatio n 4. Conference of the Parties Reporting Information
- 17. ARTICLE 8 1. Expert Review 2. Co- ordination and Compositio n of Experts 3. Review Process 4. Meeting of the Parties 5. Assistanc e to the Conferenc e 6. Decisions Review of Information
- 18. Parties take appropriate action based on review Article 9 Reviews shall take place at regular intervals and in a timely manner Parties shall periodically review this Protocol in the light of the best available scientific information. Reviews shall be coordinated with pertinent reviews under the Convention Review this protocol
- 19. Article 10 Regional co-operation on climate change Formulate, implement, publish and regularly update national and, where appropriate, regional programs containing measures to mitigate climate change and measures to facilitate adequate adaptation to climate change: • Such programs concern the energy, transport and industry sectors as well as agriculture, forestry and waste management. • Adaptation technologies and methods for improving spatial planning that would improve adaptation to climate change. • Parties addressing the greenhouse gas emission and its adverse impact on climate change and enhancement of its removal procedure.
- 20. International co-operation on climate change Development, application and diffusion of climate friendly technologies. Research on and systematic observation of the climate system Education, training, and public awareness of climate change The improvements of the methodologies and data for GHS inventories
- 21. Mutual Assistance Among Parties To implement some articles the developed countries provide mutual assistance to developing countries Providing additional financial resource transfer of technology, needed by the developing country Parties to meet the agreed full incremental costs Article 11
- 22. Article 12 Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) Clean Development Mechanism (CDM ) is the only Flexibility Mechanism that involves developing countries Designed to provide developed countries with flexibility to meet GHG emission reduction targets that they agreed to achieve under the Protocol Developed countries may finance GHG emission reducing (avoiding) projects undertaken in developing countries and receive credits to help them to meet their mandatory limits Assist developing countries who host CDM projects to achieve sustainable development
- 23. Article 13 The Conference of the Parties, the supreme body of the Convention, shall serve as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol. Parties to the Convention that are not Parties to this Protocol may participate as observers in the proceedings of any session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall keep under regular review the implementation of this Protocol.
- 24. Article 14 The secretariat established by Article 8 of the Convention shall serve as the secretariat of this Protocol. The Secretariat shall apply mutatis mutandis to this Protocol
- 25. Article 15 The Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice and the Subsidiary Body for Implementation established by Articles 9 and 10 of the Convention shall serve as, respectively, the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice and the Subsidiary Body for Implementation of this Protocol.
- 26. Article 16 The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall, as soon as practicable, consider the application to this Protocol of, and modify as appropriate, the multilateral consultative process referred to in Article 13 of the Convention, in the light of any relevant decisions that may be taken by the Conference of the Parties. Any multilateral consultative process that may be applied to this Protocol shall operate without prejudice to the procedures and mechanisms established in accordance with Article 18.
- 27. Article 18 In its first session, the parties to this protocol shall approve appropriate and effective procedures and mechanisms. Any procedures and mechanisms under this Article entailing binding consequences shall be adopted by means of an amendment to this Protocol. Article 19 The provisions of Article 14 of the Convention on settlement of disputes shall apply mutatis mutandis to this Protocol. Article 17 The Parties shall set the relevant principles, modalities, rules and guidelines, in particular for verification, reporting and accountability for emissions trading in the Conference.
- 28. Article 20 Amendment procedure: • Any Party may propose amendments to this Protocol. • Amendments to this Protocol shall be adopted at an ordinary session and communicated by the secretariat at least six months before the session. • The Parties shall make every effort to reach agreement on any proposed amendment to this Protocol by consensus. • If they failed to reach agreement, the amendment shall be adopted by a three-fourth majority vote of the parties present at the session. • The adopted amendment shall be communicated by the secretariat to the Depositary, who shall circulate it to all Parties for their acceptance. • The adopted amendment shall enter into force for those Parties having accepted it on the ninetieth day after the date of receipt by the depositary at least three-fourths acceptance of the parties.
- 29. Article 21 Annex and its amendment procedure: • Annexes to this Protocol shall form an integral part. • Any annexes adopted after the entry into force of this Protocol shall be restricted to lists, forms and any other material of a descriptive nature that is of a scientific, technical, procedural or administrative character. • The annex shall enter into force for all Parties to this Protocol six months after the date of the communication by the Depositary except for those Parties that have notified the Depositary, in writing of their non-acceptance.
- 30. right to vote of the integration organisations 22 Rectification, acceptance or approval of the protocol 24 Enforcement of the protocol25 Depositary of the protocol23 Article
- 31. ARTICLE 26 No reservations may be made to this Protocol. ARTICLE 27 According to this article at any time after three years from the date on which this Protocol has entered into force for a party, that Party may withdraw from this Protocol by giving written notification to the Depositary. Any such withdrawal shall take effect upon expiry of one year from the date of receipt by the Depositary of the notification of withdrawal, or on such later date as may be specified in the notification of withdrawal. Any Party that withdraws from the Convention shall be considered as also having withdrawn from this Protocol.
- 32. Article 28 The original of this Protocol, of which the Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish texts are equally authentic, shall be deposited with the Secretary- General of the United Nations.
- 33. Case Reference Carballo et al. v. MSU S.A., UGEN S.A., & General Electric In this case: Plaintiffs sought to block thermoelectric plant .The petition seeks to block the plant on the ground that the environmental assessment of the plant was flawed, and the plant is inconsistent with international climate agreements such as the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement because it will use fossil fuels. CANADA Government Vs. implementation committee of Kyoto Protocol Canada’s failure to establish a national registry in accordance with the guidelines and modalities. The question of implementation arises in relation to guidelines for the preparation of the information required under Article 7 of the Kyoto Protocol, the modalities for accounting of assigned amounts under Article 7, para 4 of the Kyoto Protocol, and the requirements of the technical standards for data exchange between registry systems. Canada had not established a national registry.
- 34. Conclusion The Kyoto Protocol can be considered as an important first step toward a really worldwide emission reduction system that will stabilize GHG emissions and can provide the architecture for the future international agreement on climate change. In order to meet the objectives of the Protocol, Parties are required to prepare policies and measures for the reduction of greenhouse gases in their respective countries. In addition, they are required to increase the absorption of these gases and utilize all mechanisms available, such as joint implementation, the clean development mechanism and emissions trading. Recognizing that developed countries are principally responsible for the current high levels of GHG emissions in the atmosphere as a result of more than 150 years of industrial activity, this Protocol places a heavier burden on developed nations under the principle of “common but differentiated responsibilities.
- 35. Thank You