Learning and aquistion ppt
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This document discusses different aspects of language learning and acquisition. It outlines two pathways: DECPRO, which involves starting with declarative knowledge and proceduralizing it; and PRODEC, which starts with procedural knowledge and declarativizing it. The document also discusses combining formal and informal instruction, adding learning to acquisition and vice versa. Automization and restructuring are presented as important processes in developing language skills. Both declarative and procedural knowledge and classrooms are important to consider in teaching methods.
Learning and aquistion ppt
- 1. Learning ……and Acquisition Again (chapter 7)
- 2. Outline Combining formal and informal Introduction instruction Declarative and procedural knowledge Adding some acquisition to learning Automization and some learning to acquisition - higher and lower level skills Declarative and procedural classrooms - required attention minus one ,teaching methods Restructuring Conclusion Learning and acquisition : two pathways References - DECPRO : the learning pathway - PRODEC : the acquisition pathway
- 3. Introduction More learning Focus on the learner’s environment than acquisition Up-to-date theories Learners in classrooms can master a influenced by FL as well as through the cognitive acquisition way. psychology
- 4. Declarative / procedural knowledge Knowledge of skills in general and language in particular The knowledge of ‘what’ (declarative) information in the mind The knowledge of ‘how’ (procedural) practice,actual performance Two examples: Skill of driving The English professor and his 8-year little daughter Is declarative knowledge of a language alone sufficient..!?
- 5. Automization A process of Making things happen automatically and unconsciously It needs time and practice It saves space in channel capacity (room in the mind for processing) Through automization, we convert the conscious attention from lower- level skills into higher-level skills Lower-level skills Higher-level skills Where to move the gear Pay attention to objects in (driving example), what the street, focusing on tense to use and how meaning and what to say (language example) in language (Repeated skills) (New skills) cognitive Psychologists considered automization very critical to skill development
- 6. Automization Channel capacity (conscious attention) (ten units.example) occupied unit (by lower-level skills ) free unit(ready for the higher –level skills Before automization: Cannel capacity After automization: Cannel capacity After automization, no channel capacity occuied by lower-level skills at all
- 7. Automization How does the learner move from the first stage of conscious attention toward the stage of effortless production….!! John Anderson theory of skills learning Converting the declarative knowledge into procedural Two stages -declarative stage : knowledge to memorize - procedural stage : converting the knowledge about into knowledge of how to
- 8. Automization How to make language learning skill automated….how to proceduralize it….!!?? Johnson (our book author) method or technique for automizing language skills (Required attention minus one ra-1) Example: a student learning the present tense Imagine he has ten units of channel capacity (all which the student will use for the first time) The teacher mission is to deprive the student from one unit by combining other exercises . Taking away from him one unit after another until the student needs no units at all to use the tense, it is then where automization takes place
- 9. Restructuring McLaughlin learners change the view of how they learn – restructure it McLaughlin added restructuring to the cognitive skill learning process along with automization Example Multiplication problem in mathematics is seen in first stages as a set of addition operations .10*2 as 2+2=4 , 4+2 =6 so on. Children get to realize that it was multiplication what they were doing Student has come to see the issue differently Restructuring happens suddenly (sudden flash) It is very common when we suddenly understand complicated issues by viewing it in another way
- 10. Learning and acquisition : two pathways Is it possible to combine learning and acquisition in one framework….!!? DECPRO: the PRODEC: the learning pathway acquisition pathway Declarative knowledge procedural knowledge procedural knowledge Declarative knowledge The starting point is declarative knowledge The starting point is procedural knowledge Grammar, no communication Chunks, no rules Might cause fossilization A process of A process of proceduralization declarativization
- 11. The maintenance of declarative and procedural knowledge In acquisition we reach the procedural knowledge without going through the declarative one declarativization. In learning we start with the declarative knowledge without being exposed to the procedural one proceduralization Both are very important It is common to lose the declarative knowledge once the procedural one is acquired Students can begin their journey with either declarative or procedural knowledge and then move to the other
- 12. Declarative and procedural classrooms ,teaching methods Declarative classroom : Grammar-translation method (example), formal, rules, grammar, translation Procedural classroom : Immersion method(example) informal, picking up language(acquisition) , real use of language A combination of form-orientated(declarative) and meaning-orientated(procedural) language teaching Montgomery(1985) experiment: Adding some An EFL grammar based course A group of 14 students were given extra acquisition to program(OCC) which is message-focused learning The results showed that ‘the OCC+EFL’ students did better even in Grammar
- 13. Declarative and procedural classrooms ,teaching methods The introduction of formal instruction (declarative) into an informal approach (procedural) to language teaching Harley(1989) experiment: Immersion program for 11-year children. Adding some An experimental group was given instruction in learning to the use of tenses. acquisition an improvement done by the group some months later, The advantage of the experimental group disappeared. the formal (declarative) knowledge is more likely to disappear (short-lived)
- 14. Conclusion Automization and restructuring should be taken into consideration in learning language and teaching methods Moving on from declarative knowledge to procedural one and vice versa is critical in language teaching and learning Both acquisition and learning are pathways which lead to the same place. We should always add one to another Combining formal and informal instruction would definitely attribute to the teaching process