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Theory & Hypothesis

        EDHE6530
 Dr. Pu-Shih Daniel Chen
Overview
• Review our progress
• Theory and hypothesis
• Research questions and definition of
  terms
• In-class practice
• Research paper requirements
A Quick Review
NIH Ethical Principles
• Respect for persons
  – Autonomous agents
  – Informed consent
  – Diminished autonomy
• Beneficence
  – Risks and Benefits
  – Privacy and confidentiality
• Justice
  – Benefits and burdens for individuals and
    groups
Characters of good research
questions?

          Relationship        Clear



        Feasible               Significant



                    Ethical
Operational Definition
• How do you plan to MEASURE it?
• How do you plan to conduct the
 EXPERIMENT to study it?
Dissertation
•   Chapter One: Introduction
•   Chapter Two: Literature Review
•   Chapter Three: Methodology
•   Chapter Four: Results
•   Chapter Five: Discussion and Implications
Dissertation Proposal
•   Chapter One: Introduction
•   Chapter Two: Literature Review
•   Chapter Three: Methodology
•   Chapter Four: Results
•   Chapter Five: Discussion and Implications
Chapter One
• Introduction/problem statement
• Purpose of the study
• Conceptual framework or theoretical
  orientation
• Research questions and hypotheses
• Definition of terms
• Significance of the study
• Limitations, delimitations, and assumptions
• Organization of the Study
Step-by-Step Guide
1. Name your topic:
  – I am trying to learn about (working on,
    studying) ___________________
2. Add a question:
  – I am studying X because I want to find out
    who/what/when/where/whether/why/how
    ___________________
3. Motivate your readers:
  – I am studying X because Y in order to
    ___________________
Concept
•   Abstraction from observed events
•   General heading to simplify events
•   Distillation of common characteristics
•   Directly OBSERVABLE
Construct
•   Used to summarize observations
•   Provide explanations
•   Higher level of abstractions
•   Combines concepts
•   Accounts for observed regularities and
    relationships
Variables
• Defined as a factor – things that varies
• Characteristic or condition that changes
  or has different values for different
  individuals
• Types of variables
  – Categorical
  – Dichotomous
  – Continuous
Dependent Variable
• Object of study
• Depends on/varies with independent
  variable
• Observed for changes to assess the effect of
  the treatment
• What is being MEASURED
• Abbreviated as DV
• Usually the last variable cited in the research
  question
Independent Variable
•   Manipulated/change by the experimenter
•   We study its effects
•   Causative agent
•   Occurs antecedent to the DV
•   Experimental treatment
•   Abbreviated as IV
•   Predictions made FROM IV TO DV
•   Usually the first variable cited
Limitations vs. Delimitations
• Limitations
  – Factors that potentially reduce a study’s
    validity and initial scope and that is out of
    the researcher’s control
• Delimitations
  – Factors and issues not of concern to the
    research or limitations imposed by the
    researcher
Assumptions
• Assumptions
  – Postulates, premises, and propositions that
    are accepted and assumed to be true for
    the purpose of the research.
Review Your Progress
1. Name your topic:
  – I am trying to learn about (working on,
    studying) ___________________
2. Add a question:
  – I am studying X because I want to find out
    who/what/when/where/whether/why/how
    ___________________
3. Motivate your readers:
  – I am studying X because Y in order to
    ___________________
Draft Your Research Questions
• I am studying [X] because [Y] in order to [Z]
• My research questions are:
  – What is the effect of [IV] on [DV] among
    [population]?
  – Is there a significant difference between [IV]
    and/versus [IV] on [DV] among [population]?
• My hypotheses are:
• Definition of Terms:
  – For the purpose of this study, [IV, DV] is
    defined as
Next Step
   General
  research
  questions          Specific
                                   Definition of
                    research
                                      terms
                    questions




                                    Research
                 Collecting data
                                   hypotheses
Analyzing data
Theory, Hypothesis, & Research
          Question
Theory
• Pulls together results of observations –
  help to organize and unify them
• Enable one to make general statements
  about variables and relationships among
  variables
• Provides information to make specific
  predictions of research outcomes
• Directs and promotes future research
Theory of Student Departure in
Commuter Colleges and Universities
Another Example
Integrated Model of Contemporary
College Learning Outcomes




                        Baxter Magolda, M. B., &
                        King, P. M. (Eds.). (2004).
                        Learning partnerships:
                        Theory and models of
                        practice to educate for
                        self-authorship. Sterling,
                        VA: Stylus
Developmental Foundations of
Learning Outcomes




                        Baxter Magolda, M. B.,
                        & King, P. M. (Eds.).
                        (2004). Learning
                        partnerships: Theory
                        and models of practice
                        to educate for self-
                        authorship. Sterling, VA:
                        Stylus.
Hypothesis
• A prediction about possible study
  outcomes
• Prediction about how the manipulation
  of the independent variable (IV) will
  affect dependent variable (DV)
• Derived from theory
Hypothesis sets forth an anticipated
 relationship between two or more
              variables
Examples
• A positive relationship exists between
  student efforts and learning outcomes
• The dropout rate is higher for low SES
  student than for high SES students
• A positive relationship exists between
  living in residence hall and first year
  retention
Good Hypothesis must be…
• Clearly stated
• Testable
• Comes from research question
Draft Your Research Questions
• I am studying [X] because [Y] in order to [Z]
• My research questions are:
  – What is the effect of [IV] on [DV] among
    [population]?
  – Is there a significant difference between [IV]
    and/versus [IV] on [DV] among [population]?
• My hypotheses are:
• Definition of Terms:
  – For the purpose of this study, [IV, DV] is
    defined as
Purposes of Hypothesis
• A tentative explanation of phenomena
• A relationship, testable statement
• Direction to research
Developing Hypotheses
• Deduction
• Induction
Deduction
• General to specific
• Based on presumed relationships
  between variables
• Begins with theories
Induction
• Specific to general
• Begins with specific observations
• Combines observations to produce a
  general statement – hypothesis
• Exploratory studies
A hypothesis is…
•   Based solely on data
•   Rejected or fail to reject
•   Never proven true or false
•   Supported or not supported
Types of Hypotheses
• Null Hypothesis
• Research Hypothesis
  – Directional
  – Nondirectional
Null Hypothesis
• Empirical investigations involve statistical
  tests
• No relationship – No difference
• Negates expectation
• Observed differences by chance
• Statistics determine probability that null
  is true
Null Hypothesis Examples
• Participating in new student orientation
  has no effect on student achievement
• There will be no difference between boys
  and girls in math achievement at the
  middle school level
More Examples
• There will be no difference in the
  retention rate between Caucasians and
  African-Americans
• Obese people do not eat more than
  people who are not obese
Research Hypotheses
• Advantages
  – Forces thinking about outcomes
  – Predictions based on evidence and theory
• Disadvantages
  – May lead to bias
  – May prevent noticing other phenomena,
    results in tunnel vision
Directional Research
Hypotheses
• Specific direction MADE about study
  outcome
• Assumes what will happen in study
Directional Examples
• Individuals who smoke will have a
  HIGHER incidence of respiratory illnesses
  than individuals who do not smoke.
• Students who spend more time working
  off campus will be LESS engaged on
  campus activities.
More examples
• A combination of reading readiness
  training and programmed reading
  instruction will be MORE effective in
  teaching reading than normal classroom
  instruction in sight reading.
Nondirectional Research
Hypotheses
• Specific prediction NOT MADE about
  study outcomes
• Assumes that a difference will be
  present, but does not place a direction
  on difference
Nondirectional Examples
• Individuals whose meals consist of items
  from all the basic food groups will have a
  different body fat content than
  individuals who are vegetarians.
• The IQs of boys enrolled in the preschool
  intervention program will be different
  from the IQs of girls in the preschool
  intervention program.
More examples
• The attitudes of teachers who attended
  the At-Risk workshop will be different
  from the attitude of teachers who did
  not attend the At-Risk workshop.
Nondirectional hypothesis
            ≠
    Null Hypothesis
Example
• Research Questions: What is the effect of a
  online teaching workshop on the attitude of
  teachers toward online teaching?
• Research Hypothesis: Teacher’s attitudes
  toward online teaching will improve as a result
  of attending a workshop on online teaching.
• Null Hypothesis: There will be no difference in
  teacher’s attitudes toward online teaching
  measured before and after a workshop on
  online teaching.
Example 2
• Research Questions: Is there a difference in
  first year retention rates between students
  who attended early and late orientation
  sessions?
• Research Hypothesis: Students who attend
  early orientation sessions will have a higher
  first year retention rate.
• Null Hypothesis: There will be no difference in
  first year retention rates between students
  who attend early and late orientation sessions.
In class activities
• Construct your own directional research
  hypotheses and null hypotheses and
  share with the class
• Construct your own nondirectional
  research hypotheses and null hypotheses
  and share with the class
Draft Your Research Questions
• I am studying [X] because [Y] in order to [Z]
• My research questions are:
  – What is the effect of [IV] on [DV] among
    [population]?
  – Is there a significant difference between [IV]
    and/versus [IV] on [DV] among [population]?
• My hypotheses are:
• Definition of Terms:
  – For the purpose of this study, [IV, DV] is
    defined as
Chapter One
• Introduction/problem statement
• Purpose of the study
• Conceptual framework or theoretical
  orientation
• Research questions and hypotheses
• Definition of terms
• Significance of the study
• Limitations, delimitations, and assumptions
• Organization of the Study
Research Paper Requirements

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Lecture 9.21.10

  • 1. Theory & Hypothesis EDHE6530 Dr. Pu-Shih Daniel Chen
  • 2. Overview • Review our progress • Theory and hypothesis • Research questions and definition of terms • In-class practice • Research paper requirements
  • 4. NIH Ethical Principles • Respect for persons – Autonomous agents – Informed consent – Diminished autonomy • Beneficence – Risks and Benefits – Privacy and confidentiality • Justice – Benefits and burdens for individuals and groups
  • 5. Characters of good research questions? Relationship Clear Feasible Significant Ethical
  • 6. Operational Definition • How do you plan to MEASURE it? • How do you plan to conduct the EXPERIMENT to study it?
  • 7. Dissertation • Chapter One: Introduction • Chapter Two: Literature Review • Chapter Three: Methodology • Chapter Four: Results • Chapter Five: Discussion and Implications
  • 8. Dissertation Proposal • Chapter One: Introduction • Chapter Two: Literature Review • Chapter Three: Methodology • Chapter Four: Results • Chapter Five: Discussion and Implications
  • 9. Chapter One • Introduction/problem statement • Purpose of the study • Conceptual framework or theoretical orientation • Research questions and hypotheses • Definition of terms • Significance of the study • Limitations, delimitations, and assumptions • Organization of the Study
  • 10. Step-by-Step Guide 1. Name your topic: – I am trying to learn about (working on, studying) ___________________ 2. Add a question: – I am studying X because I want to find out who/what/when/where/whether/why/how ___________________ 3. Motivate your readers: – I am studying X because Y in order to ___________________
  • 11. Concept • Abstraction from observed events • General heading to simplify events • Distillation of common characteristics • Directly OBSERVABLE
  • 12. Construct • Used to summarize observations • Provide explanations • Higher level of abstractions • Combines concepts • Accounts for observed regularities and relationships
  • 13. Variables • Defined as a factor – things that varies • Characteristic or condition that changes or has different values for different individuals • Types of variables – Categorical – Dichotomous – Continuous
  • 14. Dependent Variable • Object of study • Depends on/varies with independent variable • Observed for changes to assess the effect of the treatment • What is being MEASURED • Abbreviated as DV • Usually the last variable cited in the research question
  • 15. Independent Variable • Manipulated/change by the experimenter • We study its effects • Causative agent • Occurs antecedent to the DV • Experimental treatment • Abbreviated as IV • Predictions made FROM IV TO DV • Usually the first variable cited
  • 16. Limitations vs. Delimitations • Limitations – Factors that potentially reduce a study’s validity and initial scope and that is out of the researcher’s control • Delimitations – Factors and issues not of concern to the research or limitations imposed by the researcher
  • 17. Assumptions • Assumptions – Postulates, premises, and propositions that are accepted and assumed to be true for the purpose of the research.
  • 18. Review Your Progress 1. Name your topic: – I am trying to learn about (working on, studying) ___________________ 2. Add a question: – I am studying X because I want to find out who/what/when/where/whether/why/how ___________________ 3. Motivate your readers: – I am studying X because Y in order to ___________________
  • 19. Draft Your Research Questions • I am studying [X] because [Y] in order to [Z] • My research questions are: – What is the effect of [IV] on [DV] among [population]? – Is there a significant difference between [IV] and/versus [IV] on [DV] among [population]? • My hypotheses are: • Definition of Terms: – For the purpose of this study, [IV, DV] is defined as
  • 20. Next Step General research questions Specific Definition of research terms questions Research Collecting data hypotheses Analyzing data
  • 21. Theory, Hypothesis, & Research Question
  • 22. Theory • Pulls together results of observations – help to organize and unify them • Enable one to make general statements about variables and relationships among variables • Provides information to make specific predictions of research outcomes • Directs and promotes future research
  • 23. Theory of Student Departure in Commuter Colleges and Universities
  • 25. Integrated Model of Contemporary College Learning Outcomes Baxter Magolda, M. B., & King, P. M. (Eds.). (2004). Learning partnerships: Theory and models of practice to educate for self-authorship. Sterling, VA: Stylus
  • 26. Developmental Foundations of Learning Outcomes Baxter Magolda, M. B., & King, P. M. (Eds.). (2004). Learning partnerships: Theory and models of practice to educate for self- authorship. Sterling, VA: Stylus.
  • 27. Hypothesis • A prediction about possible study outcomes • Prediction about how the manipulation of the independent variable (IV) will affect dependent variable (DV) • Derived from theory
  • 28. Hypothesis sets forth an anticipated relationship between two or more variables
  • 29. Examples • A positive relationship exists between student efforts and learning outcomes • The dropout rate is higher for low SES student than for high SES students • A positive relationship exists between living in residence hall and first year retention
  • 30. Good Hypothesis must be… • Clearly stated • Testable • Comes from research question
  • 31. Draft Your Research Questions • I am studying [X] because [Y] in order to [Z] • My research questions are: – What is the effect of [IV] on [DV] among [population]? – Is there a significant difference between [IV] and/versus [IV] on [DV] among [population]? • My hypotheses are: • Definition of Terms: – For the purpose of this study, [IV, DV] is defined as
  • 32. Purposes of Hypothesis • A tentative explanation of phenomena • A relationship, testable statement • Direction to research
  • 34. Deduction • General to specific • Based on presumed relationships between variables • Begins with theories
  • 35. Induction • Specific to general • Begins with specific observations • Combines observations to produce a general statement – hypothesis • Exploratory studies
  • 36. A hypothesis is… • Based solely on data • Rejected or fail to reject • Never proven true or false • Supported or not supported
  • 37. Types of Hypotheses • Null Hypothesis • Research Hypothesis – Directional – Nondirectional
  • 38. Null Hypothesis • Empirical investigations involve statistical tests • No relationship – No difference • Negates expectation • Observed differences by chance • Statistics determine probability that null is true
  • 39. Null Hypothesis Examples • Participating in new student orientation has no effect on student achievement • There will be no difference between boys and girls in math achievement at the middle school level
  • 40. More Examples • There will be no difference in the retention rate between Caucasians and African-Americans • Obese people do not eat more than people who are not obese
  • 41. Research Hypotheses • Advantages – Forces thinking about outcomes – Predictions based on evidence and theory • Disadvantages – May lead to bias – May prevent noticing other phenomena, results in tunnel vision
  • 42. Directional Research Hypotheses • Specific direction MADE about study outcome • Assumes what will happen in study
  • 43. Directional Examples • Individuals who smoke will have a HIGHER incidence of respiratory illnesses than individuals who do not smoke. • Students who spend more time working off campus will be LESS engaged on campus activities.
  • 44. More examples • A combination of reading readiness training and programmed reading instruction will be MORE effective in teaching reading than normal classroom instruction in sight reading.
  • 45. Nondirectional Research Hypotheses • Specific prediction NOT MADE about study outcomes • Assumes that a difference will be present, but does not place a direction on difference
  • 46. Nondirectional Examples • Individuals whose meals consist of items from all the basic food groups will have a different body fat content than individuals who are vegetarians. • The IQs of boys enrolled in the preschool intervention program will be different from the IQs of girls in the preschool intervention program.
  • 47. More examples • The attitudes of teachers who attended the At-Risk workshop will be different from the attitude of teachers who did not attend the At-Risk workshop.
  • 48. Nondirectional hypothesis ≠ Null Hypothesis
  • 49. Example • Research Questions: What is the effect of a online teaching workshop on the attitude of teachers toward online teaching? • Research Hypothesis: Teacher’s attitudes toward online teaching will improve as a result of attending a workshop on online teaching. • Null Hypothesis: There will be no difference in teacher’s attitudes toward online teaching measured before and after a workshop on online teaching.
  • 50. Example 2 • Research Questions: Is there a difference in first year retention rates between students who attended early and late orientation sessions? • Research Hypothesis: Students who attend early orientation sessions will have a higher first year retention rate. • Null Hypothesis: There will be no difference in first year retention rates between students who attend early and late orientation sessions.
  • 51. In class activities • Construct your own directional research hypotheses and null hypotheses and share with the class • Construct your own nondirectional research hypotheses and null hypotheses and share with the class
  • 52. Draft Your Research Questions • I am studying [X] because [Y] in order to [Z] • My research questions are: – What is the effect of [IV] on [DV] among [population]? – Is there a significant difference between [IV] and/versus [IV] on [DV] among [population]? • My hypotheses are: • Definition of Terms: – For the purpose of this study, [IV, DV] is defined as
  • 53. Chapter One • Introduction/problem statement • Purpose of the study • Conceptual framework or theoretical orientation • Research questions and hypotheses • Definition of terms • Significance of the study • Limitations, delimitations, and assumptions • Organization of the Study