Introduction to BioUrbanism. By Antonio Caperna

Antonio Caperna,
B I O
URBANISM
International workshop
Designing the Multisensorial city
University of Sint Lucas
Gent, Belgium (15/11/2010 – 25/11/2010)

Dr. Antonio Caperna, PhD
www.pism.uniroma3.it
www.biourbanism.org
E-mail: antonio.caperna@yahoo.it
Antonio Caperna,
B I O
URBANISM
BIOURBANISM
A new way to planning urban environment

PART ONE - THE CRISIS OF WESTRN PATTERN
1. Cultural pattern
2. Development pattern
3. Architecture and urbanism in the XX Century
PART TWO - BIOURBANISM: TOWARDS AN
HUMAN ORIENTED DESIGN
1.Shift paradigm. New cultural model
2.Biophilia Hypothesis
3.Biophilic City
4.Tools
B I O
URBANISM

BIOURBANISM: A GENERAL OVERVIEW
Reinforcement of life systems
Biophilia Hypothesis
Participatory Design
Morphogenetic Design
Environmental Psychology
Neurophysiology
Sensory Urbanism
Change of Patterns
Cultural
Economical
Educational
Democratic (Bottom-
up) processes
Societal,
glo-cal
e-gov
e-democracy
P2P urbanism
Complex approach
BIO
URBANISM
ENERGETICAL
SYSTEM
BIOPHILIC DESIGN
SHIFT PARADIGM
City form
Green Buildings
Renewable energies
Grid energy system
HUMAN ORIENTED DESIGN
Policy
NETWORK

WHY BIOPHILIC CITY?
B I O
URBANISM
Unsustainable system
Cultural, economical, and Architectural patterns

Cultural Pattern. Cartesian paradigm“ ( reductionism )
According to Descartes, our
world is:
- a machine
- governed by linear laws
- possible to comprehend
it thought its parts
- formed by objects
- relationships are not
important
IMPLICATIONS
B I O
URBANISM

Descartes held that non-
human animals could be
reductively explained as
automata
De homines 1662.
PHYSICALISM
A form of materialism holding that physical
entities are the only real existents and that
mental phenomena like soul and
consciousness are either illusory or reducible
to physical phenomena.
B I O
URBANISM

Examples of how humans are
over-exploiting natural
resources to their own detriment
include:
 Unsustainable consumption
 Waste Generation
 Worldwide fossil fuel
consumption quintupled since
1950
 water consumption
 climate change
 Health Problems (allergies,
cancer, …)
 land use
 urbanization
 Population growth
….
B I O
URBANISM

ARCITECTURE AND URBANISM IN THE XX CENTURY
Futurama. A new model of
town by General Motors
CLIP FUTURAMA
B I O
URBANISM

BIOURBANISM
TOWARDS AN HUMAN ORIENTED DESIGN
SHIFT PARADIGM

General Systems Theory (GST)
The interdisciplinary idea that systems of any type
and in any specialism can all be described by a
common set of ideas related to the holistic interaction
of the components. This nonlinear theory rejects the
idea that system descriptions can be reduced to
linear properties of disjoint parts.
Systems Thinking
The systems approach relates to considering wholes
rather than parts, taking all the interactions into
account
B I O
URBANISM

… it includes a passage from:
 the part to the whole
 structure to process
 objective science to epistemology
 building to network as metaphor for knowledge
 truth to approximate descriptions
 Shifting Attitudes about the Environment
 Things versus Relations between Things
 Economy and Ecology versus Integration
 Techno-development versus Eco-development
shift paradigm
B I O
URBANISM

The Science of Complexity proposes
1. A forma mentis rooted in a HOLISTIC CULTURE
2. A preference for a real and generalist knowledge
3. The language of all sciences is mathematics, since it provides
exact terminology and unique meaning
4. Mathematical modeling and simulation are essential to
understanding the complexity of Nature and Life. It Offers a
unifying way of looking at Nature and Life.
5. “The construction and structure of graphs or networks is the
key to understanding the complex world around us”(Barabási
(2002)
6. Provides many new concepts, models and experimental
techniques to study complex phenomena.
B I O
URBANISM

Neuronal Network
Metabolic Network
Nodes: chemicals (substrates)
Links: bio-chemical reactions
Internet
B I O
URBANISM
Music

TOWN AS SEMI-LATTICE
CHANGES IN A PART CAN CAUSE STRESS IN OTHER PARTS
Crystal Lattice
Structures
SYSTEM
WHEN THIS ELEMENTS
WORKING TOGETHER OR
CO-OPERATE
urban qualities include dynamic evolution and stability
B I O
URBANISM

BIOURBANISM
TOOLS
Neuroscience and Psychological
Interaction brain / urban environment

ARCITECTURE AND URBANISM IN THE XX CENTURY
B I O
URBANISM

B I O
URBANISM
“Instead of an existentially grounded plastic and spatial
experience, architecture has adopted the psychological
strategy of advertising and instant persuasion; buildings
have turned into image products detached from
existential depth and sincerity” (J. Pallasmaa)

Contemporary has increased the
emphasis on visualization….
…. Western Society is visually
marked (Classen 1998).
We think of architecture as a profession concerned
with aesthetic beauty—designs that please the
observer through visual perception of the harmony,
symmetry, and good proportions crafted by the
designer.
WWW.BIOURBANISM.ORG

Attributes of Biophilic Design
Large number of buildings today
negate the experience of natural
phenomena. Artificially
environments remove us from
reality and sensory quality of the
world
WWW.BIOURBANISM.ORG
architecture is more than
aesthetics
Well-designed buildings need to
respond to the functional needs
of the occupants

Neurophysiology is the study of nervous system
function
Understand how our brain
interact with urban environment
in psychological, biological, emotional term
Urban environment as communication system
in physical, sensorial, psychological and biological term
WWW.BIOURBANISM.ORG

Potential Neuroscience Application
• Sensation and Perception
(how do we see, hear, smell, taste, etc.?)
• Learning and Memory
(how do we store and recall our sensory experiences?)
• Decision making
(how do we evaluate the potential consequences of our actions?)
• Emotion and affect
(how do we become fearful or excited? or what makes us feel happy
or sad?)
• Movement
(how do we interact with our environment and navigate through it?)
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Neuroscience and Architecture
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Another series of interesting
neurological discoveries over the
last few decades has been that
we navigate spatial fields with at
least three highly specialized
groups of neurons coordinating
our actions in space.

Neuroscience and Architecture
Architects may like to rationalize the variables of design, but people
largely perceive buildings emotionally through the senses.
WWW.BIOURBANISM.ORG
John Eberhard has recently
suggested, that a well designed
building or city may lead our
biological organism toward a
greater sense of functional
harmony

Architectural Psychology
Architectural psychology deals
with the psychological processes
of the interaction between man
and his environment
(as for example spatial perception,
colors, temperature, shape, lighting,
spatial thinking, orientation behaviour, or
spatial experience, territorial behaviour,
living requirements and satisfaction,
local identity)
Reversible Destiny Lofts in Mitaka, Tokyo
by Shusaku Arakawa & Madeline Gins
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COLOR PSYCHOLOGY
Colors act upon the body as well
as the mind. Red has been shown
to stimulate the senses and raise
the blood pressure, while blue has
the opposite effect and calms the
mind.
Color is light and light is energy.
Scientists have found that actual
physiological changes take place
in human beings when they are
exposed to certain colors.
Colors can stimulate, excite,
depress, tranquilize, increase
appetite and create a feeling of
warmth or coolness. This is known
as chromodynamics.
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COLOR PSYCHOLOGY
Mixing brilliant complementary
colors gets attention, but it
should be used with restraint.
The effect is disconcerting and
can make your eyes feel like
they've been shaken around.
If you want to use
complementary colors without
causing discomfort, you can
outline each of the colors with a
thin neutral white, gray or black
line. The outlines separate the
two colors, which helps your
brain keep them separated.
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The Linked Hybrid- Beijing, China, by S. Holl.
Source: http://www.blog.jts.vr.it/?p=433
NEUROSCIENCE and ARCHITECTURE
Psychopathologies of Urban Space
… ―Recently a unique nervous
disorder has been diagnosed—
‖agoraphobia. Numerous
people are said to suffer from
it, always experiencing a
certain anxiety or discomfort,
whenever they have to walk
across a vast empty place.‖
(Camillo Sitte)
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… In traditional cities, with their small,
intimate and human-scaled spaces, the
illness was unknown (C. Sitte)
Rome, Piazza Navona
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Camillo Sitte extended his
argument by associating the
causes of this new sickness of
agoraphobia with the new
space of urbanism….
… architecture as a
profession concerned
with aesthetic beauty
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RECENT STUDY
 Stress (Ulrich, 1993)
 heart rate, blood pressure, relax muscle
tension, increase alpha waves that
associated with relaxation. (Ulrich et al.,
1991)
 immune system functioning (Parsons,
1991)
 anxiety, fear, anger, aggression and
increased feelings of well begin are
common responses to natural settings
(Ulrich, 1979, Hartig, Mang, & Evans,
1991)
 Interaction in natural environments also
increase problem solving, creativity,
capacity to concentrate and focus
(Ulrich, 1993, Katcher& Wilkins, 1993)
 Enhances feelings of awe, mystery,
spiritual transcendence (Besthorn&
Saleeby, 2003)
WWW.BIOURBANISM.ORG

A number of specific fields of
psychological study have been
seen to have potential value
for architects.
The most obvious are:
(a) Perception/cognition;
(b) Color;
(c) Proxemics (the study of
people spacing, and including
studies of crowding and
privacy);
(d) Wayfinding;
(e) Affect (the relation of
emotion and/or mood to
variations in physical
environment).
Sargasso Cloud, by Philip Beesley, is a room-sized
sculptural environment produced by students during a
two-week summer workshop in Denmark.
Photo: Terri Peters
Specific Areas of Significance in Architectural Psychology
WWW.BIOURBANISM.ORG

STREET FOR LIFE
By Elizabeth Burton
And Lynne Mitchell
TOPIC
designing environments to
suit people of all ages and
abilities. In particularly the
relationships between built
environments and mental
health and cognitive
impairment.
OUTPUT
how the environment
could be designed to give
these people as good a quality
of life as possible
dementia project findings leaflet (Burton, Mitchell and Raman, 2004).
WWW.BIOURBANISM.ORG

Dementia is the most common cause
of permanent memory problems in
older people (DSDC, 1995; Barberger-
Gateau and Fabrigoule, 1997). The
difference between general
forgetfulness in old age and the
memory problems experienced by
people with dementia is that the
former is typically a temporary
struggle to recall inessential
information while the latter represents
a more permanent and dramatic loss
of memory for important information
and past experiences, along with other
cognitive impairments (Reisberg et al.,
1986).
WWW.BIOURBANISM.ORG

Although negative feelings were less common, the participants did
report feeling:
■ Anxious
■ Fearful
■ Bored
■ Intimidated (especially people with dementia, in formal spaces with
imposing architecture)
■ Confused
■ Embarrassed (particularly when getting lost)
■ Lonely.
WWW.BIOURBANISM.ORG

FAMILIARITY
the six characteristics are all inter-related
LEGIBITY
COMFORT
DISTINCTIVENESS
SAFETY
ACCESSIBILITY
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LEGIBILITY
Legibility refers to the
extent to which streets help
older people to understand
where they are and to
identify which way they
need to go. Legible streets
have an easy to understand
network of routes and
junctions with simple,
explicit signs and visible,
unambiguous features.
Crazy signals
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LEGIBILITY
The most legible street layout for
older people, especially those
with dementia, are streets laid
out on a deformed or irregular
grid. The irregular grid creates a
more interesting overall street
pattern, provides direct,
connected routes which are easy
to understand and gives people a
clearer view ahead
than the 90° turns and blind
bends created by uniform grids
WWW.BIOURBANISM.ORG

fractals in typical
Ethiopian village
architecture
… organisms, computer
programs, buildings,
neighbourhoods, and cities
share the same general
rules governing a complex
hierarchical system.
MORPHOGENETIC PROCESS
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Musei Vaticani, Rome

BIOPHILIC DESIGN
TOWARDS A NEW RELATION BETWEEN MEN,
SENSES AND NATURE
WWW.BIOURBANISM.ORG
Design for Well-Being

NATURE,
ENVIRONMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
AND NEUROSCIENCE

THE BIOPHILIC CITY
BIOPHILIA
is the innately emotional affiliation of
human beings to other living organisms
“Wilson and other Biophilia theorists
assert that human beings not only
derive specific aesthetic benefits from
interacting with nature, but that the
human species has an instinctive,
genetically determined need to
deeply affiliate with natural setting
and life-forms.” (Besthorn& Saleeby,
2003)
WWW.BIOURBANISM.ORG

What is Biophilia?
“For human survival and mental health and
fulfillment, we need the natural setting in which
the human mind almost certainly evolved and in
which culture has developed over these millions
of years of evolution.”
 An intersection between psychology and biology the
connection is genetic – it resides in the common
parts of our DNA
WWW.BIOURBANISM.ORG

What is Biophilia?
 from Descartes's dictum
“I think, therefore I am"
(an anthropocentric conception of human identity)
to
"as a land-user thinketh, so is he"
(a biocentric view of selfhood)
WWW.BIOURBANISM.ORG

What role does Green Space play in the Urban Environment?
BENEFIT FROM BIOPHILIC DESIGN
•Environmental
•Psychological
•Physical Health
•Social
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Psychological Benefits
Increase
• Visual
• Composition of landscape
(shelter & security)
• Fascination (water, wildlife,
colour)
• Access & Participation
(physical activity –challenge,
increased communication)
WWW.BIOURBANISM.ORG

Physical fitness
•Reduced blood pressure
/ pulse rate
•Gardening -delays onset
of dementia
•School gardening helps
children adopt the 5-a-
day fruit and veg scheme.
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BIOPHILIA AND HEALTH
 Human beings require contact with the geometry of
biological structures
 Experiments in hospitals show much faster post-
operative healing in rooms looking out at trees
 Social and mental health deteriorates in nature-less
and minimalist surroundings
WWW.BIOURBANISM.ORG

Using Gardens to Improve Health Care
Psychological and Physical Health
Healing Garden at Legacy Good Samaritan Hospital
The 13,000-square-foot garden in Portland,
Oregon, is designed to meet the needs of people
with a variety of abilities. Wide paths, raised beds,
and lots of seating options make it user-friendly for
people in wheelchairs or those who are ill. The
garden is used informally by patients, family
members, and staff, and for patients‘ therapy.
The garden contains an assortment of plants
designed to provide interest throughout the year
and attract birds and butterflies. The pattern of
the paths, seating options, and spaces for
horticulture, therapy, and socializing encourage
visitors to interact with each other and the
environment.
Photos courtesy of Legacy Health System
WWW.BIOURBANISM.ORG

Environmental
Gardens & green space can account for 30-50% of city space and
help mitigate many of the environmental problems associated with
the built environment
Urban ‘Heat Island’ effect
 Concrete & other building material absorb heat
 ―Heat wave‖ in 2003 thought to cause 35,000 premature deaths in
central Europe
 Turf 25oC cooler than Asphalt
 Parks can be 5.9oC cooler at night than suburbs
 ‗Leafy‘ suburb 2-3oC cooler than new suburb –(Wolf 2004)
 Trees in school playgrounds –surface temp 25oC cooler, air temp
10oC cooler –(Moog-Soulis, 2002)
 10% increase in city Greenspace–reduce temps by 4oC –(Gill et al.
2007)
WWW.BIOURBANISM.ORG

Social and Educational (Morris, 2003)
•Personal and social communication
skills
•Spiritual, sensory and aesthetic
awareness
•Ability to assert personal control
and direct one‘s own well-being
•Reduced sickness from work
•Increased productivity
•Educational
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access to open and/or moving water
These more conventional water
features are also accessible to the
majority, are easier to maintain and
cleaner than the traditional paddling
pool.
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WWW.BIOURBANISM.ORG
Vegetable Façade
• Edable fruits (e.g. Wine)
• Biomass production
• Dust reduction
• Heavy metal reduction
• Thermal insulation
• Energy savings
• Noise reduction
• Biodiversity
• Evapotranspiration cooling

WWW.BIOURBANISM.ORG
Vegetable Façade
COPENHAGEN (DK) - In central Copenhagen a living map of Europe has appeared on the
facade of the European Environment Agency (EEA) offices. Designed by architect Johanna
Rossbach, with Mangor & Nagel Arkitektirma, the vegetative, custom-fitted screen
celebrates the old continent's biodiversity, with plants arranged according to their
respective regional origins. Reflecting a burgeoning trend toward living facades in urban
contexts, the forward-thinking project stresses the use of indigenous species when
choosing to 'green' the urban environment, an essential step toward the preservation of
local ecologies.

WWW.BIOURBANISM.ORG
California Academy of Sciences / Renzo Piano

WWW.BIOURBANISM.ORG
California Academy of Sciences / Renzo Piano
A new link in an ecological
corridor for wildlife, the new
Academy‘s living roof is planted
with nine native California species
that will not require artificial
irrigation. The planted area
measures 2.5 acres; it is now the
largest swath of native vegetation
in San Francisco.
Approximately 1.7 million plants
blanket the living roof.
The Living Roof

WWW.BIOURBANISM.ORG
By absorbing rainwater, the new Academy‘s living roof will prevent up to 3.6 million
gallons of runoff from carrying pollutants into the ecosystem each year (about 98% of
all storm water).
Reclaimed water from the City of San Francisco will be used to flush the toilets,
reducing the use of potable water for wastewater conveyance by 90%.

WWW.BIOURBANISM.ORG
Folding Bamboo Houses

Frequent opportunities for
spontaneous interaction with
nature
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ufficio nei boschi realizzato dagli architetti Jose
Selgas e Lucia Cano Architects

Palio de
Bougainvilleas,
Avenida Roosevelt,
San Juan, Puerto
Rico
Wind Adapted Road
Canopy Structure
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Vertical Garden, Fair Street Housing, London, United
Kingdom
As a scaffolding framework, it is an organizing structure
that can accommodate a modular planting strategy; its
crossbeam and stair structure allows for installation
and ongoing maintenance, as well as functioning as a
support for an irrigation system.
1. A salvaged fire escape is installed against a
London tenement wall.
2 Conceptual diagram shows integrated water flow
and irrigation in fire escape structure.
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Vertical Garden, Fair Street Housing, London, United Kingdom

G-Sky Green Wall Panels
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 sensory connections with nature
 complexity and order
the retention of natural
landscapes within the city,
together with their use for
educational purposes, may
enable many people who
have lost their ‗rural roots‘
to enjoy and feel in
harmony with nature. . .’
and reach some kind of
understanding about how
features and processes of
the ecosystem provide
constraints on population
(Gill and Bonnett 1973
p.ix).
WWW.BIOURBANISM.ORG

Fundamental natural forms
(biomimetic models, fractals,
natural progressions of scale,
rhythm, proportion, repetition,
symmetry, gradients)
Siena. Aerial view
Lucignano. Aerial view
Local natural materials (connect
the site to the building and interior
spaces)
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Building emulate nature
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The most astonishing ventilation syste
ms, however, have been developed by
various species of termites.
one example of sustainable
architecture that uses dram
atically less energy by imitat
ing the successful strategies
of indigenous natural syste
ms. The building, the countr
y's largest commercial and s
hopping complex, uses the s
ame heating and cooling pri
nciples as a local termite mo
und

Designing for sensory interest
options:
A sensory garden: A self-contained area that concentrates a wide
range of sensory experiences.
A sensory trail: similar objectives to the sensory garden, but it has
more association with movement.
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A sensory garden: A self-contained
area that concentrates a wide
range of sensory experiences.
The Sonic Garden Lab at "Castello del Bisarno“, Firenze
WWW.BIOURBANISM.ORG

this sound modules are able to excite
and re-design the acoustic perception
of space.
Unconventional shapes will allow
dedicated sound composition or a
simple music selection to be focused,
projected, diverted, constrained or
widened in order to re-design the
sound experience of a human habitat.
From city noise masking to
sophisticated interior sound design,
from therapeutic acoustic comfort to
car audio design and urban events
sound design. The aesthetic way to
applied acoustics.
WWW.BIOURBANISM.ORG

this sound modules are able to
excite and re-design the
acoustic perception of space.
Unconventional shapes will
allow dedicated sound
composition or a simple music
selection to be focused,
projected, diverted,
constrained or widened in
order to re-design the sound
experience of a human habitat.
From city noise masking to
sophisticated interior sound
design, from therapeutic
acoustic comfort to car audio
design and urban events sound
design. The aesthetic way to
applied acoustics.
WWW.BIOURBANISM.ORG
Movie

Designing for sensory interest
A sensory trail: similar objectives to the sensory garden, but it has
more association with movement.
Disabled access and Sensory Trail, London
WWW.BIOURBANISM.ORG

Introduction to BioUrbanism. By Antonio Caperna

Using Sound to Influence Architectural Experience
Image: Ptoone | Dreamstime
Have you ever toyed with the notion of designing a
space strictly based on sound quality? Perhaps
acoustics have played a major role in certain projects
where sound formulas served to construct space. But
— what about “aural architecture”? It becomes
interesting to understand what happens to architecture
beyond physics. When experienced via our auditory
senses, architecture gains another dimension that
significantly influences occupants.
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Using Sound to Influence Architectural Experience
While concepts such as architecture, acoustics, sound, perception, and
anthropology have been part of our culture for centuries, they are usually
considered in isolation from a narrow perspective.
In contrast,
aural architecture combines and reconciles them into a single
interdisciplinary perspective, providing a new way of looking at the
human experience of sound and space.
http://www.blesser.net/spacesSpeak.html
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Zadar Sea Organ, Croatia
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The 35 organ pipes are built
subterraneanly, into tunnels
attached to the flank of a central
service channel. Each organ pipe
is blown by a column of air, pushed
in turn by a column of wave-moved
water, through a plastic tube
immersed into the water. The
pipes' sound emanates to the
surroundings through appertures in
the vertical planes of the
uppermost stairs. The 7 successive
groups of pipes are alternately
tuned to two musically cognate
chords of the diatonic major scale.
The outcome of played tones
and/or chords is a function of
random time- and space
distribution of the wave energy to
particular organ pipes. Tube-pipe tandem, architect's sketch.
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Enjoying in the concert of waves and
hidden pipes...
Source Turistička zajednica grada Zadra
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Under the dome of the Baptistery in Pisa a stunning acoustic
effect can be heard. Notes sung here last so long, it’s actually
possible to sing with yourself: new notes will harmonize with
old ones still reverberating around the space. The Baptistery
Guards will often demonstrate this beautiful effect.
The key to the remarkable acoustic is that there is very little
soft material about to absorb the sound. Consequently, notes
rattles around the space for a long time, some suggest for
over 12 seconds, before the sound dies away and becomes
inaudible.
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WWW.BIOURBANISM.ORG
www.biourbanism.org
antonio.caperna@yahoo.it

References
Alexander, Christopher (2000) The Nature of Order (New York, Oxford University Press). (in
press)
Alexander, C., Ishikawa, S., Silverstein, M., Jacobson, M., Fiksdahl-King, I. and Angel, S. (1977) A
Pattern Language (New York, Oxford University Press).
Alexander, C., Neis, H., Anninou, A. and King, I. (1987) A New Theory of Urban Design (New York,
Oxford University Press).
Batty, Michael and Longley, Paul (1994) Fractal Cities (London, Academic Press).
Bovill, Carl (1996) Fractal Geometry in Architecture and Design (Boston, Birkhäuser).
Salingaros, Nikos A. (1995) "The Laws of Architecture from a Physicist's Perspective", Physics
Essays, Vol. 8 pp. 638-643.
Salingaros, Nikos A. (1998) "Theory of the Urban Web", Journal of Urban Design, Vol. 3 pp. 53-71.
[Earlier version published electronically by Resource for Urban Design Information in 1997
Salingaros, Nikos A. (1999) "Urban Space and its Information Field", Journal of Urban Design,
Vol. 4 pp. 29-49.
Salingaros, Nikos A. (2000) "Structure of Pattern Languages", Architectural Research Quarterly,
Vol. 4 pp. 149-161.
Salingaros, Nikos A. and West, Bruce J. (1999) "A Universal Rule for the Distribution of Sizes",
Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, Vol. 26 pp. 909-923.
Caperna A., Introduction to The Pattern Language, www.archimagazine.com
Caperna A., ICT per un Progetto Urbano Sostenibile, www.tesionline.it
http://www.biourbanism.org
http://www.pism.uniroma3.it

Introduction to BioUrbanism. By Antonio Caperna

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