Lecture in gen psych chapter 5 learning and memory
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Learning is defined as relatively permanent changes in behavior resulting from exposure or practice. There are several theories of learning, including classical conditioning (Pavlov's work with conditioning responses), operant conditioning (Skinner's work showing that behaviors are strengthened by consequences), and social learning (Bandura's theory of observational learning). Memory involves both short-term memory (limited to 7 items) and long-term memory (more permanent storage), and there are techniques like rehearsal and mnemonics that can help strengthen memory.
Lecture in gen psych chapter 5 learning and memory
- 1. CHAPTER 5 LEARNING AND MEMORY MS. CELESTE RODERNO-DESINGAÑO
- 2. What is Learning??? Defined as the relatively permanent changes in behavior that results from exposure or practice provided that the behavioural change is not caused by native response tendencies, maturation or temporary states.
- 3. Theories of Learning Classical Conditioning (Associative Learning) Connectionism (Trial and Error Learning) Operant Conditioning (Instrumental Conditioning) Social Learning (Learning by Observation)
- 4. Classical Conditioning (Ivan Pavlov) An accidental discovery by Ivan Pavlov’s experiment Terminology: Neutral stimulus (NS) Conditioned Stimulus (CS) Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) Unconditioned response (UR) Conditioned Response (CR)
- 5. Classical Conditioning (Ivan Pavlov) Stages of Classical Conditioning Before conditioning Stage 1: NS is the Bell ----no response UCS is Food ----salivation (UCR) During conditioning CS is the Bell ----UCS is food ---salivation (UCR) After conditioning CS is the Bell ------------------------- CR is salivation
- 6. Classical Conditioning (Ivan Pavlov) Phenomena about Classical Conditioning Stimulus Generalization – occurs when something similar to conditioned stimulus creates the same response Stimulus Discrimination – occurs when one new stimulus is too different from our original conditioned stimulus to cause the effect we want. Extinction – occurs when the conditioned stimulus is presented a number of times without the unconditioned stimulus. Spontaneous Recovery – occurs when there is re-appearance of an extinguished conditioned response after a rest period.
- 7. Connectionism (Edward Thorndike) Law of Effect Reinforcement/satisfier Law of Readiness Motivation, preparation and proper mind-set Law of Exercise “ Practice makes perfect”
- 8. Operant Conditioning Burrhus F. Skinner The conceptual framework of B.F. Skinner’s theory is largely based on Thorndike’s Law of Effect Learning happens when organism operates on something or do something to the environment in order to produce a result
- 9. Operant Conditioning Burrhus F. Skinner Discriminative Stimulus This stimulus gives the organism the option of whether to respond to it or not. Response The action Reinforcement Is that which increases the probability of a response to the same stimulus.
- 10. Operant Conditioning Burrhus F. Skinner Types of Reinforcement Positive Reinforcement – Which when given increases the probability of a response. Negative Reinforcement – which when removed increases response probabaility. Note: Reinforcement is very important in shaping behavior
- 11. Social Learning Albert Bandura Derived from B.F. Skinner’s operant conditioning theory Theory of observation and imitation. 4 Conditions that should be present for learning to occur Attention Retention Motor Reproduction Motivation
- 12. Memory An active system that receives, stores, organizes, alters and recovers information There are two types of memory: Short term memory(STM) and Long term memory (LTM)
- 13. Short term Memory George Miller found that short term memory is limited to only 7-bits of information (±2) STM has seven slots or bins into which separate items can be placed. When all slots are filled, there is no room for new data.
- 14. Process/technique to increase capacity to recall more information bits Recoding Grouping of information Maintenance Rehearsal STM appears to weaken and disappear very fast (18-30 seconds), but it can be prolonged by silently repeating it until it is needed. Elaborative Rehearsal Technique that links new information with information already in the LTM to make information more meaningful.
- 15. long term Memory Information in LTM is relatively permanent As new long term memories are formed, older memories are often updated, changed, lost or revised.
- 16. long term Memory Classification of Long Term Memory Skill memory Memory for doing learned tasks Associated with the lower centre of the brain Declarative memory Facts like names, data, address, place, dates and ideas Expressed in symbols and words Associated with the higher brain centre
- 17. Division of Declarative Memory Semantic Memory Mental dictionary of basic knowledge Episodic Memory Record of personal experiences and life events Easily forgotten than semantic memory.
- 18. forgetting According to Herman Ebbinghaus, forgetting happens very rapidly after learning. Type of memory affect the rate of forgetting Causes of Forgetting Neural Decay Interference Forgetting is cue-dependent
- 19. Mnemonics Memory aids that help in remembering data accurately. Ways to avoid rote learning or learning by repetition. Use mental pictures Make things meaningful Make information familiar Form bizarre, unusual or exaggerated mental .associations