Lecture3

Lecture 3: Major hydrologic models-HSPF,
HEC and MIKE
Module 9

Major Hydrologic Models
 HSPF (SWM)
 HEC
 MIKE
Module 9

HSPF is a deterministic, lumped parameter, physically based, continuous
model for simulating the water quality and quantity processes that occur in
watersheds and in a river network.
Commercial successor of the Stanford Watershed Model (SWM-IV)
(Johanson et al., 1984):
Water-quality considerations
Kinematic Wave routing
Variable Time Steps
Module 9
Hydrological Simulation Program-Fortran
(HSPF)

Data Requirements of HSPF:
Rainfall
Infiltration
Baseflow
Streamflow
Soils
Landuse
HSPF incorporates watershed-scale ARM (Agricultural Run-off
Management) and NPS (Non-Point Source) models into a basin-scale analysis
framework
 fate and transport of pollutants in 1-D stream channels.
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HSPF Contd…

HSPF is one of the most complex hydrologic models which simulates:
Infiltration: Philip's equation, a physically based method which uses
an hourly time step
Streamflow: Chezy – Manning’s equation
HSPF can simulate temporal scales ranging from minutes to days
Due to its flexible modular design, HSPF can model systems of varying size
and complexity;
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HSPF Contd…

Stanford Watershed Model (AquaTerra, 2005)
To stream
Actual ET
Output
1
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CEPSC : interception storage capacity
LSUR : length of the overland flow plane
SLSUR : slope of the overland flow plane
NSUR : Manning's roughness of the land surface
INTFW : interflow inflow
INFILT : index to the infiltration capacity of the soil
UZSN : nominal capacity of the upper-zone storage
IRC : interflow recession constant
LZSN : nominal capacity of the lower-zone storage
LZETP : lower-zone evapotranspiration
AGWRC : basic ground-water recession rate
AGWETP : fraction of remaining potential evapotranspiration that can be satisfied from active ground-water
storage
KVARY : indication of the behavior of ground-water recession flow
DEEPFR : fraction of ground-water inflow that flows to inactive ground water
BASETP : fraction of the remaining potential evapotranspiration that can be satisfied from base flow
(Kate Flynn, U.S. Geological Survey,
written commun., 2004)
Module 9

HEC Models
Modeling of the rainfall-runoff process in a watershed based on watershed
physiographic data
 a variety of modeling options in order to compute UH for basin areas.
 a variety of options for flood routing along streams.
 capable of estimating parameters for calibration of each basin based on
comparison of computed data to observed data
Module 9
1. HEC-GridUtil 2.0
2. HEC-GeoRAS 10 (EAP)
3. HEC-GeoHMS 10 (EAP)
4. HEC-GeoEFM 1.0
5. HEC-SSP 2.0
6. SnoTel 1.2 Plugin
7. HEC-HMS 3.5
8. HEC-FDA 1.2.5a
9. HEC-DSSVue 2.0.1
10. HEC-RAS 4.1
11. HEC-DSS Excel Add-In
12. HEC-GeoDozer 1.0
13. HEC-EFM 2.0
14. HEC-EFM Plotter 1.0
15. HEC-ResSim 3.0
16. HEC-RPT 1.1

HEC-GridUtil is designed to provide viewing, processing, and analysis capabilities for
gridded data sets stored in HEC-DSS format (Hydrologic Engineering Center's Data
Storage System).
http://www.hec.usace.army.mil/software/hec-gridutil/documentation.html
HEC-GridUtil 2.0
Module 9

GIS extension  a set of procedures, tools, and utilities for the preparation of GIS
data for import into HEC-RAS and generation of GIS data from RAS output.
HEC-GeoRAS 10 (EAP)
• ArcGIS w/ extensions
 3D & Spatial Analyst
 HEC-GeoHMS
 HEC-GeoRAS
• HEC-RAS
– Simulates water surface profile of a stream reach
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Data Requirements
• Triangular Irregular Network
(TIN)
• DEM (high resolution)
– use stds2dem.exe if
downloading from USGS
• Land Use / Land Cover
– Manning’s Coefficient
Module 9
CRWR image, Texas University
(Source: “GIS – Employing HEC-GeoRAS”, Brad Endres
, 2003)

Major Functions of GeoRAS
• Interface between ArcView and HEC-RAS
• Functions:
– PreRAS Menu - prepares Geometry Data necessary for HEC-RAS modeling
– GeoRAS_Util Menu – creates a table of Manning’s n value from land use
shapefile
– PostRAS Menu – reads RAS import file; delineates flood plain; creates
Velocity and Depth TINs
Module 9

Demonstration of Capabilities
• Load TIN
• Create Contour
Lines
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3-D Scene
3-D Scene

Demonstration of Capabilities Contd…
• Create Stream Centerline
• Create Banks Theme
• Create Flow Path Centerlines
• Create Cross Section Cut Lines
• Add/Create Land Use Theme
• Generate RAS Import File
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Stream
Centerline
Right Bank
Flow Path
Centerlines
Land Use
Themes
Cross Section
Cut Lines
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 Generate RAS GIS import file
 Open HEC-RAS and import RAS GIS file
 Complete Geometry, Hydraulic, & Flow Data
 Run Analysis
 Generate RAS Export file
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RAS GIS import file
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RAS GIS export file
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• New GIS data
• PostRAS features
 Water Surface TIN
 Floodplain Delineation – polygon & grid
 Velocity TIN
 Velocity Grid
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Floodplain Delineation (3-D Scene)
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Depth Grid (Darker = Deeper) Velocity Grid (Darker = Faster)
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Employing ArcView, GeoRAS, and RAS for Main Channel
Depth Analysis (1968)
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PreRAS PostRAS
13.5 ft

Employing ArcView, GeoRAS, and RAS for Main Channel
Depth Analysis (1988)
PreRAS PostRAS
21.0 ft
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Overall Benefits
 Elevation data is more accurate with TIN files
 Better representation of channel bottom
 Rapid preparation of geometry data (point and click)
 Precision of GIS data increases precision of geometry data
 Efficient data transport via import/export files
 Velocity grid
 Depth grid
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 Floodplain maps can be made faster
• several flow scenarios
 Both steady & unsteady flow analysis
 GIS tools aid engineering analysis
• Automated calculation of functions (Energy Equation)
• Structural validation of hydraulic control features
• Voluminous data on World Wide Web
 Makes data into visual event – easier for human brain to process!
Module 9
Overall Benefits Contd…

Overall Drawbacks
 Time required to learn several software packages
 Non-availability of TIN or high resolution data
 Estimation of Manning’s Coefficient
• Few LU/LC files have this as attribute data
 Velocity distribution data may not be calculated
• HEC-RAS export file without velocity data means no velocity TIN or
grid
Module 9

HEC-HMS
HEC-HMS simulates rainfall-runoff for the watershed
(Source: ftp://ftp.crwr.utexas.edu) Module 9

HEC-HMS Background
Purpose of HEC-HMS
 Improved User Interface, Graphics, and Reporting
 Improved Hydrologic Computations
 Integration of Related Hydrologic Capabilities
Importance of HEC-HMS
 Foundation for Future Hydrologic Software
 Replacement for HEC-1
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Ease of Use
 projects divided into three components
 user can run projects with different parameters instead of creating new
projects
 hydrologic data stored as DSS files
 capable of handling NEXRAD-rainfall data and gridded precipitation
Converts HEC-1 files into HMS files
Module 9
Improvements over HEC-1

HEC-1
EXERCISE PROBLEM
A small undeveloped watershed has the parameters listed in the following tables.
A unit hydrograph and Muskingum routing coefficients are known for subbasin 3,
shown in Fig.1(a). TC and R values for subbasins 1 and 2 and associated SCS
curve numbers (CN) are provided as shown. A 5-hr rainfall hyetograph in in./hr is
shown in Fig.1(b) for a storm event that occurred on July 26, 2011. Assume that
the rain fell uniformly over the watershed. Use the information given to develop a
HEC-1 input data set to model this storm. Run the model to determine the
predicted outflow at point B.
SUBBASIN
NUMBER
TC
(hr)
R
(hr)
SCS CURVE
NUMBER
% IMPERVIOUS
(% )
AREA
(mi2
)
1 2.5 5.5 66 0 2.5
2 2.8 7.5 58 0 2.7
3 -- -- 58 0 3.3
UH FOR
SUBBASIN 3:
TIME (hr) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
U (cfs) 0 200 400 600 450 300 150 0
(Bedient et al., 2008)
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Fig.1(a) Fig.1(b)
Muskingum coefficients: x = 0.15, K = 3 hr, Area = 3.3 sq mi
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Example Problem Contd…

ID ****
ID ****
ID ****
ID ****
IT 60 60 25-Jul-07 1200 100
IO 4
KK SUB1
KM
PI 0.2 1.5 2 1 0.5
BA 2.5
LS 66 0
UC 2.5 5.5
KK SUB2
KM
BA 2.7
LS 58 0
UC 2.8 7.5
KK A
KM
HC 2
KM
RM 1 3 0.15
KK SUB3
KM
BA 3.3
LS 58 0
UI 0 200 400 600 450 300 150
MUSKINGUM ROUTING FROM A TO B
RUNOFF FROM SUBBASIN 3
KKA TO B
EXAMPLE PROBLEM
HEC-1 INPUT DATA SET
COMBINE RUNOFF FROM SUB 1 WITH RUNOFF FROM SUB 2 AT A
Solution : The input data set is as follows:
Module 9

Using HEC-HMS Contd…
Three components
 Basin model - contains the elements of the basin, their connectivity, and
runoff parameters ( It will be discussed in detail later)
 Meteorologic Model - contains the rainfall and evapotranspiration data
 Control Specifications - contains the start/stop timing and calculation
intervals for the run
Module 9

Project Definition
 It may contain several basin models, meteorological models, and control
specifications
 It is possible to select a variety of combinations of the three models in order to
see the effects of changing parameters on one sub-basin
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Basin Model
 GUI supported
 Click on elements from left and drag
into basin area
 Works well with GIS imported files
 Actual locations of elements do not
matter, just connectivity and runoff
parameters
Module 9

1. Basin Model Elements
• subbasins- contains data for subbasins (losses, UH transform, and
baseflow)
• reaches- connects elements together and contains flood routing
data
• junctions- connection point between elements
• reservoirs- stores runoff and releases runoff at a specified rate
(storage-discharge relation)
Module 9

1. Basin Model Elements Contd…
• sinks- has an inflow but no outflow
• sources- has an outflow but no inflow
• diversions- diverts a specified amount of runoff to an element
based on a rating curve - used for detention storage elements or
overflows
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a) Loss rate
b) Transform
c) Baseflow methods
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2. Basin Model Parameters

2a) Abstractions (Losses)
1. Interception Storage
2. Depression Storage
3. Surface Storage
4. Evaporation
5. Infiltration
6. Interflow
7. Groundwater and Base Flow
Module 9
2. Basin Model Parameters Contd…
1. Unit Hydrograph
2. Distributed Runoff
3. Grid-Based Transformation
Methods:
a. Clark
b. Snyder
c. SCS
d. Input Ordinates
e. ModClark
f. Kinematic Wave
2b) Transformation

2c) Baseflow Options
a. recession
b. constant monthly
c. linear reservoir
d. no base flow
Module 9
2. Basin Model Parameters Contd…

Stream Flow Routing
 Simulates Movement of Flood Wave Through Stream Reach
 Accounts for Storage and Flow Resistance
 Allows modeling of a watershed with sub-basins
Module 9
a) Simple Lag
b) Modified Puls
c) Muskingum
d) Muskingum Cunge
e) Kinematic Wave
Reach Routing

 Hydraulic Methods - Uses partial form of St Venant Equations
 Kinematic Wave Method
 Muskingum-Cunge Method
 Hydrologic Methods
 Muskingum Method
 Storage Method (Modified Puls)
 Lag Method
Module 9
Methods for Stream Flow Routing

 Developed Outside HEC-HMS
 Storage Specification Alternatives:
 Storage versus Discharge
 Storage versus Elevation
 Surface Area versus Elevation
 Discharge Specification Alternatives:
 Spillways, Low-Level Outlets, Pumps
 Dam Safety: Embankment Overflow, Dam Breach
Module 9
Reservoir Routing

Reservoirs
Q(cfs)
I=Q
time
Q(cfs)
Inflow
Outflow
I - Q = dS
dt
Level Pool Reservoir
Q (weir flow)
Q (orifice flow)
I
S
H
S = f(Q) Q = f(H)
Orifice flow:
Q = C * 2gH
Q
I
I
Weir Flow:
Q = CLH3/2
Q
Pond storage with
outflow pipe
Orifice flow
Weir flows
Inflow and Outflow
Module 9

 Initial Conditions to be considered
 Inflow = Outflow
 Initial Storage Values
 Initial Outflow
 Initial Elevation
 Elevation Data relates to both Storage/Area and Discharge
 HEC-1 Routing routines with initial conditions and elevation data
can be imported as Reservoir Elements
Module 9
Reservoir Data Input

Module 9
Reservoir Data Input Window

User selects:
1. Basin model
2. Meteorologic model
3. Control ID for the
HMS run
Running a project
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 To view the results:
• right-click on any basin element, results will be for that point
 Display of results:
• hydrograph- graphs outflow vs. time
• summary table- gives the peak flow and time of peak
• time-series table- tabular form of outflow vs. time
 Comparing computed and actual results:
• plot observed data on the same hydrograph to by selecting a discharge
gage for an element
Module 9
Viewing Results

hydrograph
Module 9
Viewing Results Contd…

HEC-HMS Output
1. Tables
 Summary
 Detailed (Time Series)
2. Hyetograph Plots
3. Sub-Basin Hydrograph Plots
4. Routed Hydrograph Plots
5. Combined Hydrograph Plots
6. Recorded Hydrographs - comparison
Module 9

Summary table
Time series table Module 9
Viewing Results

Sub-Basin Plots
 Runoff Hydrograph
 Hyetograph
 Abstractions
 Base Flow
Module 9

Junction Plots
Module 9
a. Tributary Hydrographs
b. Combined Hydrograph
c. Recorded Hydrograph

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