Introduction to Information System
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This document defines key concepts related to information systems. It discusses what an information system is, how it differs from a manual system, and key components like input, processing, output and feedback. It also covers different types of information systems such as functional vs integrated systems and knowledge-based systems like expert systems, decision support systems, and executive information systems.
Introduction to Information System
- 1. Information System Concepts Prepared by Sir Gio Friginal
- 2. Information System System - Set of components that interact to achieve common goal Information A measure of the quantity of data in a message (information theory concept) Any data that is relevant or has some value (information system concept) Data – Any sign, symbol or measure, which is a form that can be directly captured by a computer or machine Real-world data – represent facts in the real world. Ex. Population Synthetic data – random numbers generated by a computer
- 3. Information System Information vs. Data Data becomes relevant and of value if it actually makes a difference in a decision-making process If data has no relevance to the decision made, then data is not information The value of information therefore depends on the context If it ceases to be in that context, then it ceases to be information
- 4. Information System A particular discipline or branch of learning that is concern with the application of information to organizational needs Study of information production, flow and use within organizations A combination of hardware, software, people, procedures and data that provides data processing capabilities for a business or organization Makes extensive use of Information Technology, to capture, transmit, store, manipulate and display information
- 5. Information System Information Technology – Development, installation and implementation of computer systems and applications Capabilities of Information System Input Processing Output Feedback
- 6. Information System Input – capturing or gathering of raw data which can be in a manual process or may be automated Input can come from: An inquiry, which is a request for information Source data Response to prompt (ex. “Y” or “N”) Message to another user on the system Editing to a record An instruction (ex. “Print file”, “Save file”)
- 7. Information System Processing Producing useful outputs Can be calculations, comparisons, and to store data for future use Manually or with the assistance of computers Ex. Payroll system – hours worked * hourly rate
- 8. Information System Output Come in documents, reports, and transaction data where it involves producing useful information Various forms: Hard copy, soft copy, control output
- 9. Information System Feedback Enhancement or adjustment to input or processing activities Important to managers and decision makers
- 10. Manual vs. Computer-Based Information System Both types of use established patterns for work practices and information flow Manual Information System Manual systems consist of people, procedures, and data Manual information system can include analyst that manually draw charts and trend lines that help them assists in making investment decisions These analyst track data on stock prices (input) then develops patterns on graph papers (output) and determines prices of stocks would be likely in a few days or weeks (process)
- 11. Manual vs. Computer-Based Information System Computer-Based Information System Hardware Software Database Telecommunication People
- 12. Manual vs. Computer-Based Information System Manual Payroll System The Payroll Clerk 1. Receives time sheets from supervisor 2. Retrieves each employee’s record file from the filing cabinet 3. Calculates the gross wage manually with a calculator 4. Manually calculates all deductions to get the net wage 5. Manually types the pay cheque and stub 6. Updates the payroll register (stores every detail of wages paid, deductions made, etc) study of information production, flow and use within organizations
- 13. Manual vs. Computer-Based Information System Computer-based Payroll System The Payroll Clerk 1. Processes the stored time-sheet details 2. Retrieves each employee’s record from database file 3. Calculates the gross salary 4. Calculates deductions 5. Prints the net cheques 6. Updates the payroll register
- 14. Functional-based VS Integrated Information System Function-based Integrated System Intended for the exclusive support of a specific application area Has its own set of database files, which start out being the same Database files easily become different as one is updated but the other ones aren’t
- 15. Functional-based VS Integrated Information System Integrated Information System Share a common set of database files Only one database file implies 0% redundancy and 100% data integrity Database Management System software is used as a tool to integrate data and information flow through an organization
- 16. Types of Information System Knowledge-Based System Expert System (ES) Decision Support System (DSS) Executive Information System (EIS) Management Information System Database Management Systems Transaction Processing System
- 17. Knowledge-Based System Uses knowledge-base techniques that supports decision-making and is capable of cooperating with users of information systems Does not only store “information”, but also the rules that can be used to manipulate the “information” to answer questions about it. Knowledge is provided as a set of explicit rules about how to manipulate different kinds of data or information Examples of knowledge-based systems are: Expert System, Decision Support System and Executive Information System
- 18. Expert System Application programs that perform a task that would otherwise be performed by a human expert Tools that allow programs to be built that closely resemble human logic It is a program that stimulates the judgment and behavior of human or organization that has expert knowledge and experience in a particular field It contain knowledge-base containing accumulated experience and set of rules
- 19. Expert System Examples of Expert System are those used to diagnose human illness, make financial forecast, schedule routes for delivery vehicles and those that play chess can then be enhanced with additions to the knowledge based Applications •Computer fault diagnosis Medical diagnosis •VLSI design Chemical analysis •Software development and debugging •Configuring computer systems Genetics •Financial analysis Geology •Education
- 20. Expert System Advantages Used for solving the difficult problems, usually those that require high levels of expertise on the part of human problem solvers Provide increased consistency and standardization of the techniques used in solving problem Different analysts using the same program will obtain the same results Suitable for problems that involves diagnosis, design and interpretation
- 21. Expert System Building an expert system involves extracting the relevant knowledge from the human expert Knowledge engineer – has the job of studying how human experts make decisions, extract the knowledge needed, translate the rules into terms that the computer can understand and build the expert system knowledge-base Initial prototype Building an expert system can be very difficult. Subconscious The most commonly used technique for developing expert systems are rule-based programming. This technique uses rules to represent heuristics or “rules of thumb,” which specify a set of actions to be performed for a given situation
- 22. Expert System IF-THEN portions The IF portion of a rule is a series of patterns that specify the data which causes the rule to be applicable The expert system will provide the mechanism called an inference engine that automatically determines which rules are applicable The THEN portion of a rule is a set of actions to be executed when a rule is applicable Goal driven vs. data driven
- 23. Expert System Rule-based Expert System Architecture
- 24. Expert System Guidelines The need for a solution must justify the cost involved in development Human expertise is not available in all situations where it is needed The problem may be solved using symbolic reasoning techniques The problem is well-structured and does not require (much) common sense knowledge The problem cannot be easily solved using more traditional computing methods Cooperative and articulate experts exist The problem is of proper size and scope
- 25. Expert System This example will identify if a certain Norwegian coin is 20 Kroner, 5 Kroner or 1 Kroner Identify the variable SIZE COLOR DECORATION
- 26. Expert System Assign the range of values for each variable SIZE Diameter is >25 mm Diameter is <25 mm COLOR Silver Bronze DECORATION Head Crown Ship Lion
- 27. Expert System The rules are constructed based on the combination of attributes RULES IF SIZE > 25 mm and COLOR is BRONZE and DECORATION is Ship THEN coin is 20 Kroner IF SIZE <25 mm and COLOR is Silver and DECORATION is Crown THEN coin is 1 Kroner IF SIZE >25 mm and COLOR is silver and DECORATION is Lion THEN coin is 5 Kroner
- 28. Decision Support System Management Decision Systems Interactive computer based system for informing and supporting decision makers It help decision-makers use data and models to solve problems Can take on many different forms and can be used in many different ways Can be a computer program that analyzes business data and presents it so those users can make business decisions more easily It is a tool that helps managers retrieve, summarize and analyze decision relevant data
- 29. Decision Support System Classification of DSS Enterprise-wide DSS Desktop DSS
- 30. Decision Support System Typical information that a decision support system might gather and present would be: Comparative sales figures Project revenue figures based on new products sales assumptions The consequences of different decision alternatives, given past experiences in a context that is described
- 31. Decision Support System Characteristics of a DSS Handle large amount of data Obtain and process from different sources Provide report and presentation flexibility Have both textual and graphical orientation Perform complex, sophisticated analysis and comparisons using advance software packages Support optimization, satisfying and heuristic approach Perform “what if” and goal-seeking analysis
- 32. Decision Support System Some other terms used to describe a system intended to inform and support decision-makers are: Business intelligence Data mining On-line analytical processing (OLAP) Groupware Knowledge ware Knowledge management
- 33. Executive Information System A tool that provides direct on-line access to relevant information in a useful and navigable format It is commonly considered as a specialized form of decision support system (DSS) Help executives to make decisions at the strategic level by providing graphics and communication support technologies in accessible places They help executives address unstructured decision problems by creating an environment which helps them think about strategic problems in an informed way
- 34. Executive Information System Example Drill-down analysis Status access
- 35. Executive Information System Differ from other traditional information systems in several ways Specifically tailored to the executive’s needs Able to access data about the specific issues and problems as well as aggregate results Provide extensive on-line analysis, tools including trend analysis and exception reporting capability Access a broad range of internal and external data Particularly easy to use, either mouse driven or touch screen Used directly by executives without assistance Present information in a graphical form
- 36. Executive Information System Purpose To support managerial learning about an organization, its works process, and its interaction with the external environment To allow timely access information To direct management attention to specific areas of the organization or specific business problems
- 37. Transaction Processing System A Transaction Processing System (TPS) is a type of information system that collects, stores, modifies and retrieves the data transactions of an enterprise Payroll system was the first transaction processing system
- 38. Transaction Processing System Features of TPS Rapid Response Reliability Inflexibility Controlled processing
- 39. Transaction Processing System Methods of TPS Batch processing On-line or Real- time transaction processing (OLTP) On-line entry with delayed processing
- 40. Transaction Processing System Batch processing
- 41. Transaction Processing System On-line or Real-time transaction processing (OLTP)
- 42. Management Information System An integrated computer system for business and other organizations that collects and analyzes information from all departments to support operations, management and decision making functions It is designed to provide an organization’s management with up-to-date information whenever it is needed
- 43. Management Information System Outputs of MIS Scheduled reports Reports that come out at fixed times Key-indicator reports Brings together all the key variables that change over time in any business Demand reports Reports that come out when somebody needs them Exception reports Report that comes out only when something happens, like an accident or other non expected occurrence