Lesson 13: Exponential and Logarithmic Functions (handout)
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This document contains lecture notes from a Calculus I class covering exponential and logarithmic functions. The notes discuss definitions and properties of exponential functions, including the number e and the natural exponential function. Conventions for rational, irrational and negative exponents are also defined. Examples are provided to illustrate approximating exponential expressions with irrational exponents using rational exponents. The objectives are to understand exponential functions, their properties, and apply laws of logarithms including the change of base formula.
![. V63.0121.001: Calculus I
. Sec on 3.1–3.2: Exponen al Func ons
. March 9, 2011
Notes
Compounded Interest: general
Ques on
Suppose you save P at interest rate r, with interest compounded n
mes a year. How much do you have a er t years?
Answer
.
.
Notes
Compounded Interest: continuous
Ques on
Suppose you save P at interest rate r, with interest compounded
every instant. How much do you have a er t years?
Answer
( ( )rnt
r )nt 1
B(t) = lim P 1 + = lim P 1 +
n→∞ n n→∞ n
[ ( )n ]rt
1
= P lim 1 +
n→∞ n
independent of P, r, or t
.
.
Notes
The magic number
Defini on
( )n
1
e = lim 1+
n→∞ n
So now con nuously-compounded interest can be expressed as
B(t) = Pert .
.
.
. 9
.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/lesson13-exponentialfunctions001handout-110309000359-phpapp02/85/Lesson-13-Exponential-and-Logarithmic-Functions-handout-9-320.jpg)
![. V63.0121.001: Calculus I
. Sec on 3.1–3.2: Exponen al Func ons
. March 9, 2011
Existence of e Notes
See Appendix B
( )n
1
n 1+
We can experimentally n
verify that this number 1 2
exists and is 2 2.25
3 2.37037
e ≈ 2.718281828459045 . . .
10 2.59374
e is irra onal 100 2.70481
1000 2.71692
e is transcendental
106 2.71828
.
.
Notes
Meet the Mathematician: Leonhard Euler
Born in Switzerland, lived
in Prussia (Germany) and
Russia
Eyesight trouble all his
life, blind from 1766
onward
Hundreds of
contribu ons to calculus,
number theory, graph
theory, fluid mechanics, Leonhard Paul Euler
op cs, and astronomy Swiss, 1707–1783
.
.
Notes
A limit
Ques on
eh − 1
What is lim ?
h→0 h
Answer
e = lim (1 + 1/n)n = lim (1 + h)1/h . So for a small h,
n→∞ h→0
e ≈ (1 + h)1/h . So
[ ]h
eh − 1 (1 + h)1/h − 1
≈ =1
h h
.
.
. 10
.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/lesson13-exponentialfunctions001handout-110309000359-phpapp02/85/Lesson-13-Exponential-and-Logarithmic-Functions-handout-10-320.jpg)
Lesson 13: Exponential and Logarithmic Functions (handout)
- 1. . V63.0121.001: Calculus I . Sec on 3.1–3.2: Exponen al Func ons . March 9, 2011 Notes Sec on 3.1–3.2 Exponen al and Logarithmic Func ons V63.0121.001: Calculus I Professor Ma hew Leingang New York University March 9, 2011 . . Notes Announcements Midterm is graded. average = 44, median=46, SD =10 There is WebAssign due a er Spring Break. Quiz 3 on 2.6, 2.8, 3.1, 3.2 on March 30 . . Notes Objectives for Sections 3.1 and 3.2 Know the defini on of an exponen al func on Know the proper es of exponen al func ons Understand and apply the laws of logarithms, including the change of base formula. . . . 1 .
- 2. . V63.0121.001: Calculus I . Sec on 3.1–3.2: Exponen al Func ons . March 9, 2011 Notes Outline Defini on of exponen al func ons Proper es of exponen al Func ons The number e and the natural exponen al func on Compound Interest The number e A limit Logarithmic Func ons . . Notes Derivation of exponentials Defini on If a is a real number and n is a posi ve whole number, then an = a · a · · · · · a n factors Examples 23 = 2 · 2 · 2 = 8 34 = 3 · 3 · 3 · 3 = 81 (−1)5 = (−1)(−1)(−1)(−1)(−1) = −1 . . Notes Anatomy of a power Defini on A power is an expression of the form ab . The number a is called the base. The number b is called the exponent. . . . 2 .
- 3. . V63.0121.001: Calculus I . Sec on 3.1–3.2: Exponen al Func ons . March 9, 2011 Fact Notes If a is a real number, then ax+y = ax ay (sums to products) ax ax−y = y (differences to quo ents) a (ax )y = axy (repeated exponen a on to mul plied powers) (ab)x = ax bx (power of product is product of powers) whenever all exponents are posi ve whole numbers. Proof. Check for yourself: ax+y = a · a · · · · · a = a · a · · · · · a · a · a · · · · · a = ax ay . x + y factors x factors y factors . Notes Let’s be conventional The desire that these proper es remain true gives us conven ons for ax when x is not a posi ve whole number. For example, what should a0 be? We would want this to be true: n ! ! a an = an+0 = an · a0 =⇒ a0 = n = 1 a Defini on If a ̸= 0, we define a0 = 1. No ce 00 remains undefined (as a limit form, it’s indeterminate). . . Notes Conventions for negative exponents If n ≥ 0, we want a0 1 an+(−n) = an · a−n =⇒ a−n = ! ! = n an a Defini on 1 If n is a posi ve integer, we define a−n = . an . . . 3 .
- 4. . V63.0121.001: Calculus I . Sec on 3.1–3.2: Exponen al Func ons . March 9, 2011 Notes Defini on 1 If n is a posi ve integer, we define a−n = . an Fact 1 The conven on that a−n = “works” for nega ve n as well. an am If m and n are any integers, then am−n = n . a . . Notes Conventions for fractional exponents If q is a posi ve integer, we want ! ! √ (a1/q )q = a1 = a =⇒ a1/q = q a Defini on √ If q is a posi ve integer, we define a1/q = q a. We must have a ≥ 0 if q is even. √q (√ )p No ce that ap = q a . So we can unambiguously say ap/q = (ap )1/q = (a1/q )p . . Conventions for irrational Notes exponents So ax is well-defined if a is posi ve and x is ra onal. What about irra onal powers? Defini on Let a > 0. Then ax = lim ar r→x r ra onal In other words, to approximate ax for irra onal x, take r close to x but ra onal and compute ar . . . . 4 .
- 5. . V63.0121.001: Calculus I . Sec on 3.1–3.2: Exponen al Func ons . March 9, 2011 Approximating a power with an Notes irrational exponent r 2r 3 3 √=8 2 10 3.1 231/10 = √ 31 ≈ 8.57419 2 100 3.14 2 314/100 = √ 314 ≈ 8.81524 2 1000 3.141 23141/1000 = 23141 ≈ 8.82135 The limit (numerically approximated is) 2π ≈ 8.82498 . . Graphs of various exponential Notes functions x x x y x x x y y =y/=3(1/3) = (1(2/ ) 2) x y = (1/10y = 10 3 = 2 ) y= y y = 1.5x y = 1x . x . . Notes Outline Defini on of exponen al func ons Proper es of exponen al Func ons The number e and the natural exponen al func on Compound Interest The number e A limit Logarithmic Func ons . . . 5 .
- 6. . V63.0121.001: Calculus I . Sec on 3.1–3.2: Exponen al Func ons . March 9, 2011 Notes Properties of exponential Functions Theorem If a > 0 and a ̸= 1, then f(x) = ax is a con nuous func on with domain (−∞, ∞) and range (0, ∞). In par cular, ax > 0 for all x. For any real numbers x and y, and posi ve numbers a and b we have ax+y = ax ay ax ax−y = y (nega ve exponents mean reciprocals) a (ax )y = axy (frac onal exponents mean roots) (ab)x = ax bx . . Notes Proof. This is true for posi ve integer exponents by natural defini on Our conven onal defini ons make these true for ra onal exponents Our limit defini on make these for irra onal exponents, too . . Simplifying exponential Notes expressions Example Simplify: 82/3 Solu on √3 √ 82/3 = 82 = 64 = 4 3 (√ )2 8 = 22 = 4. 3 Or, . . . 6 .
- 7. . V63.0121.001: Calculus I . Sec on 3.1–3.2: Exponen al Func ons . March 9, 2011 Simplifying exponential Notes expressions Example √ 8 Simplify: 21/2 Answer 2 . . Notes Limits of exponential functions Fact (Limits of exponen al func ons) y y (1 y )/3 x y = =/(1= )(2/3)x y = y1/1010= 2x = 1.5x 2 x ( = =x 3x y y ) x y If a > 1, then lim ax = ∞ and x→∞ lim ax = 0 x→−∞ If 0 < a < 1, then y = 1x lim ax = 0 and . x x→∞ lim ax = ∞ x→−∞ . . Notes Outline Defini on of exponen al func ons Proper es of exponen al Func ons The number e and the natural exponen al func on Compound Interest The number e A limit Logarithmic Func ons . . . 7 .
- 8. . V63.0121.001: Calculus I . Sec on 3.1–3.2: Exponen al Func ons . March 9, 2011 Notes Compounded Interest Ques on Suppose you save $100 at 10% annual interest, with interest compounded once a year. How much do you have A er one year? A er two years? A er t years? Answer . . Notes Compounded Interest: quarterly Ques on Suppose you save $100 at 10% annual interest, with interest compounded four mes a year. How much do you have A er one year? A er two years? A er t years? Answer . . Notes Compounded Interest: monthly Ques on Suppose you save $100 at 10% annual interest, with interest compounded twelve mes a year. How much do you have a er t years? Answer . . . 8 .
- 9. . V63.0121.001: Calculus I . Sec on 3.1–3.2: Exponen al Func ons . March 9, 2011 Notes Compounded Interest: general Ques on Suppose you save P at interest rate r, with interest compounded n mes a year. How much do you have a er t years? Answer . . Notes Compounded Interest: continuous Ques on Suppose you save P at interest rate r, with interest compounded every instant. How much do you have a er t years? Answer ( ( )rnt r )nt 1 B(t) = lim P 1 + = lim P 1 + n→∞ n n→∞ n [ ( )n ]rt 1 = P lim 1 + n→∞ n independent of P, r, or t . . Notes The magic number Defini on ( )n 1 e = lim 1+ n→∞ n So now con nuously-compounded interest can be expressed as B(t) = Pert . . . . 9 .
- 10. . V63.0121.001: Calculus I . Sec on 3.1–3.2: Exponen al Func ons . March 9, 2011 Existence of e Notes See Appendix B ( )n 1 n 1+ We can experimentally n verify that this number 1 2 exists and is 2 2.25 3 2.37037 e ≈ 2.718281828459045 . . . 10 2.59374 e is irra onal 100 2.70481 1000 2.71692 e is transcendental 106 2.71828 . . Notes Meet the Mathematician: Leonhard Euler Born in Switzerland, lived in Prussia (Germany) and Russia Eyesight trouble all his life, blind from 1766 onward Hundreds of contribu ons to calculus, number theory, graph theory, fluid mechanics, Leonhard Paul Euler op cs, and astronomy Swiss, 1707–1783 . . Notes A limit Ques on eh − 1 What is lim ? h→0 h Answer e = lim (1 + 1/n)n = lim (1 + h)1/h . So for a small h, n→∞ h→0 e ≈ (1 + h)1/h . So [ ]h eh − 1 (1 + h)1/h − 1 ≈ =1 h h . . . 10 .
- 11. . V63.0121.001: Calculus I . Sec on 3.1–3.2: Exponen al Func ons . March 9, 2011 Notes A limit eh − 1 It follows that lim = 1. h→0 h 2h − 1 This can be used to characterize e: lim = 0.693 · · · < 1 h→0 h 3h − 1 and lim = 1.099 · · · > 1 h→0 h . . Notes Outline Defini on of exponen al func ons Proper es of exponen al Func ons The number e and the natural exponen al func on Compound Interest The number e A limit Logarithmic Func ons . . Notes Logarithms Defini on The base a logarithm loga x is the inverse of the func on ax y = loga x ⇐⇒ x = ay The natural logarithm ln x is the inverse of ex . So y = ln x ⇐⇒ x = ey . . . . 11 .
- 12. . V63.0121.001: Calculus I . Sec on 3.1–3.2: Exponen al Func ons . March 9, 2011 Notes Facts about Logarithms Facts (i) loga (x1 · x2 ) = loga x1 + loga x2 ( ) x1 (ii) loga = loga x1 − loga x2 x2 r (iii) loga (x ) = r loga x . . Notes Logarithms convert products to sums Suppose y1 = loga x1 and y2 = loga x2 Then x1 = ay1 and x2 = ay2 So x1 x2 = ay1 ay2 = ay1 +y2 Therefore loga (x1 · x2 ) = loga x1 + loga x2 . . Notes Examples Example Write as a single logarithm: 2 ln 4 − ln 3. Solu on 42 2 ln 4 − ln 3 = ln 42 − ln 3 = ln 3 ln 42 not ! ln 3 . . . 12 .
- 13. . V63.0121.001: Calculus I . Sec on 3.1–3.2: Exponen al Func ons . March 9, 2011 Notes Examples Example 3 Write as a single logarithm: ln + 4 ln 2 4 Answer ln 12 . . Notes Graphs of logarithmic functions y y =x ex y =y10y3= 2x = x y = log2 x yy= log3 x = ln x (0, 1) y = log10 x . (1, 0) x . . Change of base formula for Notes logarithms Fact logb x If a > 0 and a ̸= 1, and the same for b, then loga x = logb a Proof. If y = loga x, then x = ay So logb x = logb (ay ) = y logb a Therefore logb x y = loga x = logb a . . . 13 .
- 14. . V63.0121.001: Calculus I . Sec on 3.1–3.2: Exponen al Func ons . March 9, 2011 Notes Example of changing base Example Find log2 8 by using log10 only. Solu on log10 8 0.90309 log2 8 = ≈ =3 log10 2 0.30103 Surprised? No, log2 8 = log2 23 = 3 directly. . . Notes Upshot of changing base The point of the change of base formula logb x 1 loga x = = · logb x = constant · logb x logb a logb a is that all the logarithmic func ons are mul ples of each other. So just pick one and call it your favorite. Engineers like the common logarithm log = log10 Computer scien sts like the binary logarithm lg = log2 Mathema cians like natural logarithm ln = loge Naturally, we will follow the mathema cians. Just don’t pronounce it “lawn.” . . Notes Summary Exponen als turn sums into products Logarithms turn products into sums . . . 14 .