Loss minimisation in power system
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The document discusses various sources of electricity losses in power systems and potential solutions to minimize losses. It identifies key sources of losses as occurring in transmission, distribution, and from technical and commercial factors. Specific technical losses mentioned include corona, skin effect, proximity effect, and copper losses. Commercial losses include theft and faulty meters. Recommended solutions focus on renewable energy, distributed generation, demand side management, energy efficiency programs, and IT applications to improve monitoring, auditing and billing.
![CORONA LOSSESCORONA LOSSES
Factors affectingFactors affecting
coronacorona
:- atmosphere:- atmosphere
:-conductor size:-conductor size
:-spacing between:-spacing between
conductorsconductors
:- line voltage:- line voltage
Power loss due to coronaPower loss due to corona
P=242.2{(f+25)/d}[(r/D)^.5]P=242.2{(f+25)/d}[(r/D)^.5]
(V-Vc)^2*10^-5(V-Vc)^2*10^-5
09/21/15 5DEPT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/lossminimisationinpowersystem-150921071355-lva1-app6891/85/Loss-minimisation-in-power-system-5-320.jpg)
Loss minimisation in power system
- 1. LOSS MINIMISATION INLOSS MINIMISATION IN POWER SYSTEMPOWER SYSTEM Submitted bySubmitted by BIBHU PRASAD GANTHIABIBHU PRASAD GANTHIA 09/21/15 1DEPT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.
- 2. CONTENTSCONTENTS Electricity lossesElectricity losses Causes in loss reductionCauses in loss reduction Useful solutionsUseful solutions ConclusionConclusion09/21/15 2DEPT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.
- 3. ELECTRICITY LOSSESELECTRICITY LOSSES POWER LOSSES TRANSMISSION LOSSES DISTRIBUTION LOSSES TECHNICAL LOSSES TECHNICAL LOSSES ADMINISTRATIVE LOSSES 09/21/15 3DEPT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.
- 4. TRANSMISSION LOSSESTRANSMISSION LOSSES Losses due to the phenomenon ofLosses due to the phenomenon of corona.corona. Due to copper losses in conductors.Due to copper losses in conductors. Due to skin effect.Due to skin effect. Due to proximity effect.Due to proximity effect. 09/21/15 4DEPT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.
- 5. CORONA LOSSESCORONA LOSSES Factors affectingFactors affecting coronacorona :- atmosphere:- atmosphere :-conductor size:-conductor size :-spacing between:-spacing between conductorsconductors :- line voltage:- line voltage Power loss due to coronaPower loss due to corona P=242.2{(f+25)/d}[(r/D)^.5]P=242.2{(f+25)/d}[(r/D)^.5] (V-Vc)^2*10^-5(V-Vc)^2*10^-5 09/21/15 5DEPT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.
- 6. COPPER LOSSESCOPPER LOSSES Method of reducing copper lossesMethod of reducing copper losses :- By using conductors of large diameters.:- By using conductors of large diameters. :-By using multiple insulated conductors.:-By using multiple insulated conductors. :-By using hollow conductors:-By using hollow conductors 09/21/15 6DEPT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.
- 7. SKIN EFFECTSKIN EFFECT It depends uponIt depends upon :- type of material:- type of material :- frequency:- frequency :- diameter of the:- diameter of the conductorconductor :- shape of the:- shape of the conductorconductor Outer (Ground) conductor Inner (signal) conductor Areas of high current density 09/21/15 7DEPT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.
- 8. SKIN EFFECTSKIN EFFECT Skin Depth In Copper 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0.E+00 1.E+09 2.E+09 3.E+09 4.E+09 5.E+09 6.E+09 Frequency, Hz SkinDepth,microns µπ ρ δ f = µπ ρ δ f = 09/21/15 8DEPT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.
- 9. PROXIMITY EFFECTPROXIMITY EFFECT J x B-Field xxx xxx xxx xx xxoo ooo ooo ooo oo Current Density Induced Current Main Current 09/21/15 9DEPT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.
- 10. TECHNICAL LOSSESTECHNICAL LOSSES Transformer and Transmission line lossesTransformer and Transmission line losses due to poor maintenance.due to poor maintenance. Due to unbalance loadingDue to unbalance loading Due to overloading and low voltage.Due to overloading and low voltage. Due to poor standard of equipments.Due to poor standard of equipments. Due to low power factor at off-peak hours.Due to low power factor at off-peak hours. Due to harmonic distortion.Due to harmonic distortion. Due to improper Earthings at consumerDue to improper Earthings at consumer end.end. Due to long transmission lines.Due to long transmission lines.09/21/15 10DEPT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.
- 11. COMMERCIAL LOSSESCOMMERCIAL LOSSES Tapping(Hooking)Tapping(Hooking) in LT lines.in LT lines. Faulty energyFaulty energy meters unmeteredmeters unmetered supply.supply. Errors and delay inErrors and delay in meter reading andmeter reading and billing.billing. Uneven revenueUneven revenue collection.collection.09/21/15 11DEPT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.
- 12. CAUSES IN LOSSCAUSES IN LOSS REDUCTIONREDUCTION No energy audit.No energy audit. No segregation of losses into technical andNo segregation of losses into technical and commercial losses.commercial losses. Political issues.Political issues. Lack of regular patrolling for checking theLack of regular patrolling for checking the theft and tempering of metering.theft and tempering of metering. No transparency in meter reading andNo transparency in meter reading and billing.billing. Lack of adequate investment for systemLack of adequate investment for system modernization.modernization.09/21/15 12DEPT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.
- 13. USEFUL SOLUTIONSUSEFUL SOLUTIONS Renewable energy sources.Renewable energy sources. Distributed local generation.Distributed local generation. Availability Based Tariff.Availability Based Tariff. Improved Power Quality.Improved Power Quality. Demand side management.Demand side management. IT applications.IT applications. Benchmarking.Benchmarking. Employee & Consumer Training.Employee & Consumer Training. 09/21/15 13DEPT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.
- 14. RENEWABLE SOURCESRENEWABLE SOURCES 09/21/15 14DEPT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.
- 15. DISTRIBUTEDDISTRIBUTED GENERATIONGENERATION Distributed generation is very useful to supplyDistributed generation is very useful to supply power in rural and remote places where the longpower in rural and remote places where the long distribution lines result in high losses.distribution lines result in high losses. It can help to reduce congestion on the powerIt can help to reduce congestion on the power lines and strengthen local area transmission andlines and strengthen local area transmission and distribution network.distribution network. 09/21/15 15DEPT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.
- 16. AVAILABILITY BASEDAVAILABILITY BASED TARIFFTARIFF It controls the frequency variations byIt controls the frequency variations by penalty/reward mechanism for anypenalty/reward mechanism for any deviations from the schedule.deviations from the schedule. It helps to reduce gap between supply andIt helps to reduce gap between supply and demand by scheduling of every 15 minutesdemand by scheduling of every 15 minutes blockblock 09/21/15 16DEPT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.
- 17. POWER QUALITY PROBLEMSPOWER QUALITY PROBLEMS A Perfect power supply would be one that isA Perfect power supply would be one that is always available, always within voltage andalways available, always within voltage and frequency tolerances( i.e.frequency tolerances( i.e. ++10 % and10 % and ++0.50.5 Hz respectively) , and has a pure noise freeHz respectively) , and has a pure noise free sinusoidal wave shape.sinusoidal wave shape. “Any problem manifested in voltage, current or frequency deviations that results in failure or mal-operation of customer equipment is defined as power quality.” 09/21/15 17DEPT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.
- 18. HARMONICSHARMONICS REDUCTION OFREDUCTION OF HARMONICSHARMONICS Preventive solution Remedial solutions 09/21/15 18DEPT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.
- 19. DEMAND SIDEDEMAND SIDE MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT Systematic utilization of energy Maximizing efficiency Balancing supply and demand at consumer level Improve economic development Involve environment friendly power and reduce energy bills Energy conservation Energy audit 09/21/15 19DEPT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.
- 20. IT APPLICATIONSIT APPLICATIONS Integrated inventory and billing system Customers profiling Data mining Load survey data and network analysis of HT systems Geographical Information System (GIS) and Customer Relationship Management 09/21/15 20DEPT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.
- 21. BENCHMARKINGBENCHMARKING Benefits of Benchmarking :- Promoting competition :- Performance evaluation :- Coordinated tariff :-Improving power quality and productivity :- Maximizing efficiency 09/21/15 21DEPT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.
- 22. EMPLOYEE TRAININGEMPLOYEE TRAINING Employees training should be conducted on a regular basis to upgrade their knowledge. Employees also have much interest in IT applications in power sector. 09/21/15 22DEPT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.
- 23. GOVERNMENT INITIATIVESGOVERNMENT INITIATIVES APDRP :- Full metering, energy audit and MIS, control of theft. :- Increase in transformation capacity. :- Increase in HT/LT ratio. Systems analysis and reconfiguration. :- Reduction of technical losses 09/21/15 23DEPT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.
- 24. CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION Further development are done for reduction ofFurther development are done for reduction of power or energy losses for example energypower or energy losses for example energy losses can be minimized by reconductoring,losses can be minimized by reconductoring, bifurcation of feeders, installation of shuntbifurcation of feeders, installation of shunt capacitors, addition of new grid station and areacapacitors, addition of new grid station and area planning, extensive energy loss reductionplanning, extensive energy loss reduction programme,conversion of LT line TO 11 KVprogramme,conversion of LT line TO 11 KV line and providing additional transformers,line and providing additional transformers, adopting distribution system, balancing ofadopting distribution system, balancing of transformers, adequate preventive maintenancetransformers, adequate preventive maintenance etc.etc.09/21/15 24DEPT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.
- 25. REFERENCESREFERENCES M. E. Baran and F. F. Wu, “NetworkM. E. Baran and F. F. Wu, “Network reconfiguration in distribution systems for lossreconfiguration in distribution systems for loss reduction and load balancing,”reduction and load balancing,” IEEE Trans.IEEE Trans. Power Del.Power Del., vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 1401-1407, Apr., vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 1401-1407, Apr. 1989.1989. D. Shirmohammadi and H. W. Hong,D. Shirmohammadi and H. W. Hong, “Reconfiguration of electric distribution“Reconfiguration of electric distribution networks for resistive line loss reduction,”networks for resistive line loss reduction,” IEEE Trans. Power Del.IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 1492-, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 1492- 1498, Apr. 1989.1498, Apr. 1989.09/21/15 25DEPT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.
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