Managing urban environment
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This document provides information on various topics related to urban environment management including: - Mumbai has lost 60% of its green cover in the last 40 years and tree cover has reduced from 35% to 13% today. - The Mithi river in Mumbai is the most polluted of eight rivers in Maharashtra according to a 2018 MPCB study. - CPCB was established in 1974 under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change to coordinate pollution control efforts and provide technical assistance. - Urbanization has economic, social, environmental and health impacts and sustainable cities aim to address problems through solutions like efficient transport and waste management.
![Ganga Action Plan [GAP]
It was a project introduced in the year 1986 to reduce
the increasing pollution levels in the river Ganga and its
gtributaries. The former prime minister of India, Rajeev
Gandhi had launched a programme
Objectives for the plan
1)Rehabilitation of soft-shelled turtles which may be
used for the purpose of pollution abatement of the river.
2)Control of pollution such as waste from agricultural,
human defecation, throwing of unburnt & half burnt
bodies into the river.
3)Treatment of the domestic sewage, industrial sewage,
industrial waste, toxic chemicals,& pollutants discharge
into the river.
4)To improve the water quality of river Ganga.
5)To save the freshwater dolphins](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/managingurbanenvironment-200316120745/85/Managing-urban-environment-24-320.jpg)
Managing urban environment
- 1. Environmental Science Managing urban environment Grade X Dr. Pramila Kudva
- 2. Urban Sprawl Air Pollution Unhygienic conditions
- 3. • Mumbai lost 60% of its green cover in 40 years • Mumbai city news: Mumbai’s tree cover, which was more than 35% in the 1970s, is less than 13% today, says a study on world environment day MUMBAI Updated: Jun 27, 2017 10:09 IST Maharashtra Pollution Control Board (MPCB) ranked Mithi as the most polluted among eight rivers in the state in 2018
- 4. Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) of India Under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate change in 1974 It Co-ordinates the activities of the State Pollution Control Boards Provides technical assistance and guidance and also resolves disputes Apex organisation in the country as a technical wing of MoEFC
- 5. Labourers working at a road building site Going to school
- 7. Aspirations in a Slum
- 8. Urbanisation Causes Push or Pull factors Consequences / Impact 1. Economic 2. Social 3. Environmental 4. Health Process to eliminate problems Solution Sustainable cities
- 9. What is urbanization? The migration of people from rural areas to urban areas in search of job and better living conditions resulted in concentration of population in cities. This is known as urbanization. Urbanization is characterized by movements of people from small communities concerned chiefly or solely with agricultural to other communities which are larger, whose activities are primarily centered around non-agricultural activities.
- 11. Impact of Urbanization • Economic effects • High cost of living • Shortage of food and water • Employment vs unemployment • Social Effects • Establishment of hospitals, banks, schools • Crime rate increases • Health effects • Poor sanitation due to slums • Spread of contagious diseases • Environmental Effects • Urban heat islands • Pollution • Loss of biodiversity • Flash flooding • Change in land use pattern
- 12. Slums • Slum is defined as a densely populated, usually urban area, marked by crowding, dirty housing, poverty and social disorganization. Urban Sprawls: It is the spreading of urban developments like houses and shopping centres on under-developed areas, near a city or along the highways.
- 13. Anna Hazare and Ralegaon Siddhi – A Case Study Served in the army Village was afflicted by drought, poverty, trade in illicit liquor Poor rain fall – mere 400 – 500 nmm. Embankment of the dam leaked – so tank could not hold water.
- 14. Ralegaon Siddhi Today 300 litres to 4000 litres of milk Water shed management Increase in cultivation from 70 acres to 2000 Education for all
- 15. Steps taken by the community for ecological restoration Anna encouraged people to donate their labour to repair the embankment Fodder development programmes, tree planting, terracing to reduce soil erosion, digging canals to retain rainwater. Biogas from the community toilets for power Solar power and windmill for alternate power
- 16. Steps taken by the community for ecological restoration contd.. • Watershed development work – 48 nulla bunds, 5 cement check dams, 16 gabion structures. Check dam Gabion structure
- 17. Achievements 1. Watershed development initiatives helped in raising ground water reserves. 2. Now the villagers can harvest 2 crops in a year in 1500 hectares of land 3. Milk production has gone up – purchased by co-operative dairies 4. Per capita income of the village has gone up. 5. Villagers don’t brew liquor any more 6. There is no shop that sells cigarettes in the village 7. Education level has gone up
- 18. Biggest achievement • Biggest achievement is in the area of non-conventional energy • All streets are lit by solar energy • There are 4 large biogas plants and one of them is fitted to the community toilet • There is a large windmill used for pumping water • A number of households have their own biogas plants
- 19. What were the initiatives started by Anna? Land use Planning Planning energy Water management Waste disposal and management – solid waste management Education for all Dairy development schemes Self governance and social mobilisation
- 20. Sustainable Cities is the need of the hour A SUSTAINABLE CITY HAS EFFICIENT BASIC, CIVIC AMENITIES AVAILABLE FOR A REASONABLY COMFORTABLE EXISTENCE FOR THE PEOPLE OF THE CITY. SHOULD HAVE MINIMUM ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT MEET THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT WITHOUT SACRIFICING THE NEEDS OF THE FUTURE GENERATIONS FIRST COINED THE TERM ECO CITY BY RICHARD REGISTER IN 1987
- 21. Principles of Sustainable Development • Respect and care for all forms of life • Improve the quality of human life • Minimize the depletion of natural resources • Conserve earth’s vitality and diversity • Enable communities to care for their own environment • Change personal attitude and practices towards the environment
- 22. SMART City – Clean Ganga Project by VMC ‘Material Recovery Facility (MRF)’ in partnership with Tetra Pak, GIZ – a German Company and The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) to increase collection of recyclable waste and help strengthen the waste management in the city.
- 23. Pollution of Ganga Dead bodies Industrial waste Religious waste Domestic waste Rapid Urbanisation
- 24. Ganga Action Plan [GAP] It was a project introduced in the year 1986 to reduce the increasing pollution levels in the river Ganga and its gtributaries. The former prime minister of India, Rajeev Gandhi had launched a programme Objectives for the plan 1)Rehabilitation of soft-shelled turtles which may be used for the purpose of pollution abatement of the river. 2)Control of pollution such as waste from agricultural, human defecation, throwing of unburnt & half burnt bodies into the river. 3)Treatment of the domestic sewage, industrial sewage, industrial waste, toxic chemicals,& pollutants discharge into the river. 4)To improve the water quality of river Ganga. 5)To save the freshwater dolphins
- 25. The Ganges river dolphin can only live in freshwater and is essentially blind. They hunt by emitting ultrasonic sounds. They are frequently found alone or in small groups, and generally a mother and calf travel together. Calves are chocolate brown at birth and then have grey-brown smooth, hairless skin as adults. Females are larger than males and give birth once every two to three years to only one calf.
- 26. Reasons for the failure of GAP
- 27. SMART City - Project Bhubaneshwar Create a corridor for bicycles Public bicycle sharing points Electric cycle rickshaws along dedicated routes Intelligent transportation system to provide safe and easy mobility
- 28. Auroville Auroville - ECO friendly city Use only organic farming Alternate sources of energy – solar and wind energy Solid Waste management
- 29. Planning Environmental Improvement Efficient land use Shelter Planning energy Urban transport Management of water supply, waste and sanitary waste Water disposal and treatment Solid waste management Construction activities And LEED
- 30. Effective, regulated Ethical land use Land Use Planning NLCB 01 02 03 04 Avoid land degradation To maintain and enhance land quality National Land use and Conservation Board (NLCB) for effective land use)
- 31. To eradicate slums and urban sprawls To provide shelter to each, efforts have been made through a number of centrally sponsored schemes and institutional financing- HUDCO ( Housing and Urban Development Corporation). Land Acquisition Act (LAA), 1998 which allows land acquisition by the government in the national interest such as water reservoirs, canals, transmission lines, highways, etc National Housing Policy (NHP), 1998 which aims at providing housing for all. Shelter – Initiatives by the Govt.
- 33. Proper water distribution system Water allocation Treatment of potable & sewage water Rationalizing water tariff
- 34. Kerbside collection: This method is used in wider streets where the collection trucks pass through conveniently. Block Collection: The collection vehicles arrive at a particular place on a set day and time to collect waste from the households Door to door Collection :This is used in narrow streets where a collection truck cannot reach individual houses. - house collection is very rare in India Community bins: Community storage bins are placed at convenient location where the community members can carry the waste and dispose it. 01 02 03 04
- 35. How do you counter the Pull – Push Factors and counter migration? Rural – urban Linkage Integrated Rural Development – IRDP Development of secondary cities
- 36. •Flow of people, goods •market mechanisms, •price fluctuations, •consumer preferences •Schemes for rural development and micro financing •Between agricultural and manufacturing sectors. linkages between sectors Flow of information between rural and urban areas Linkage across space Flow of Technology Rural – Urban Linkage
- 37. IRDP It is a rural development programme of government of India launched in financial year 1978 and extended throughout India. It is described as major mechanism for alleviation of rural poverty. Target group consists largely of small and marginal farmers, agricultural labourers and rural artisans living poverty line. It is a self-employing programme intended to raise the income generation capacity of the target group. The programme is implemented in all blocks of country as centrally sponsored scheme and funded equally by the state and centre on a 50:50 basis. Assistance is given in the form of subsidy by the government and credit advance by financial institutions like Regional Rural Banks.
- 38. Secondary city / Satellite towns They are cities which are developed few kilometres away from the main urban centre to reduce the pressure of migration. They have all the facilities of the main cities like educational institutions, health care, transportation, etc. Secondary cities have population between 5 lakhs to 30 lakhs. Their socio economic and political culture that may differ from primate cities.
- 40. Wage employment/development programmes to stop migration in India: • National Rural Employment Programme (NREP) • Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme • Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (JRY) • Jawahar Rozgar Yojana was merged with Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana • National Food for Work
- 41. Khejrali Massacre 363 Bishnois were killed by the soldiers of the Maharaja of Marwar in early 18th Century led by a villager named Amrita Devi.
- 43. What is Social Forestry? Social forestry refers to the management of forests for the benefits of local communities. It includes aspects such as forest management, forest protection, and afforestation of deforested lands with the objective of improving the rural, environmental, and social development. In the setting of social forestry, the needs of local communities come first. Objectives: • Fuelwood supply to the rural area & replacement of cow dung • Small timber supply • fodder supply
- 44. 1. Increased Biodiversity 2. Carbon removal – trees act as carbon sinks! 3. Soil conservation 4. Noise reduction 5. Improve air quality 6. Energy conservation and reducing overall atmospheric temperatures 9. Social benefits Benefits of Social Forestry
- 45. Types of Social Forestry 1. Agro-forestry Agro-forestry involves the growth of trees and agriculture in the same setting to provide landowners with agricultural and tree products on a commercial basis. Agro-forestry offers businesses economic benefits, social benefits and increased productivity as well as the provision of ecological goods and services. 2. Farm Forestry The objective is to manage trees for a specific purpose within a farming context. Farm forestry offers many benefits that include shelter and pasture for animals, additional diversified earnings, improved living environments, increase in the capital value of the plantation, improvement, and maintenance of soil and water health, sustainable management of natural resources and increases in biodiversity.
- 46. 3. Extension Forestry Extension forestry is increasingly becoming common in urban centers and most living estates. Extension forestry involves the planting of trees on the sides of canals, roads, and railways as well as on wastelands. This type of social forestry is beneficial in the creation of forests on the common village lands, panchayat lands, and government wastelands. Advantages of roadside planting are: • Provision of comfort to the travellers • Aesthetics and landscape improvement • Stabilisation of roadside and checking of the shifting of sand to the road from adjoining areas in the desert. • Improvement in ecological conditions
- 47. Community forestry - Significance of Community participation • Nike Wates – “Community is a group of people sharing common interests living together in a geographically defined area”. • Participation – The Bishnois of Rajasthan are well known for protecting black bucks (chinkara) • Native American tribes followed the 7th Generation principle • Leads to management and restoration of degraded forests. • Benefits of community forestry • The culture is preserved. • The history of practices and traditions that are sought to preserve the environment should be revived. Eg. Sacred groves • Sacred groves exist in Ghana, Syria, turkey, Greece and Rome.
- 48. Sacred Groves • Sacred Groves represent the traditional and indigenous method of resource conservation. • Grove is a collection of trees set in a place of natural beauty. • No one is allowed to cut trees or kill animals or birds in this area. It is believed that the forest spirit will harm the person who harms the sacred grove. • Sacred groves are natural sanctuaries • These vary in size • In Bihar they are known as ‘Sarnas’ and consit of no more than 20 trees • About 12 Kms from Simla is the deodar grove with trees more than 100 years old. • Maharashtra has about 250 sacred groves known as ’Deorais’ or ‘Devrais’. • Kasi hills of Meghalaya are home to a few richest groves
- 49. • Tarun Bharat Sangh (TBS)- A non- government organisation: currently directed by Rajendra Singh • Known for Ecological research and land development to provide clean water to people. • management of forests and water resources, etc. by the people. • Using ancient methods of water conservation like johads. • Steps taken by TBS for soil conservation: • Afforestation • Study of soil and topography • Proper crop management with improved irrigation • Building of check dams to reduce the volume and velocity of water to control soil erosion.
- 50. The book is available on Amazon & FLipkart Contact: Pramilakudva2016@gmail.com