Mcts chapter 8

MCTS Guide to Configuring
Microsoft Windows Server 2008
Active Directory

Chapter 8: Introduction to Windows
Networking

Objectives
• Describe networks using Windows terminology
• Configure and troubleshoot TCP/IP protocols
• Describe IPv6 addressing

MCTS Windows Server 2008 Active Directory 2

Windows Networking Terminology
• Network media
• Network Interface Card (NIC)
• NIC driver
• Hub or switch
• Router
• Network protocol
• Client
• Service
• Network
• Internetwork
• Network connection
• Network discovery

The Network and Sharing Center
• Can create network connections, view the status of
existing connections, and troubleshoot network
problems
• Additionally, you can enable and disable the
discovery of other computers on the network, and
configure folder sharing
• Three sections:
– The network map
– Sharing and Discovery
– Tasks


The Network Map
• The network map displays a graphical view of the
network from your computer’s perspective
• Upon connection to a network, Windows asks you
to select the type of network you are connecting to:
Home, Work, or Public
• Based on this choice, Windows designates your
network as one of the following types:
– Public
– Private
– Domain


The Network Map (cont.)
• Devices that run Windows Server 2003 or Windows
XP can’t be placed on the map, because they lack
the necessary Link Layer Topology Discovery
(LLTD) protocol
• Other reasons that a device can’t be placed:
– A computer running Vista connected to a network designated
as public
– LLTD is disabled
– Network discovery is turned off
– Firewall settings on the computer or network are preventing
Windows from detecting the computer
– The NIC drivers don’t support LLTD


The Network Map (cont.)


The Sharing and Discovery Section
• You can enable and disable the following functions
in the Sharing and Discovery section:
– Network discovery
– File sharing
– Public folder sharing
– Printer sharing
• This section can also display information about
what’s currently being shared on the computer


The Tasks Section
• The Tasks section has links to perform the
following tasks:
– View computers and devices
– Connect to a network
– Set up a connection or network
– Manage network connections
– Diagnose and repair


TCP/IP Operation and Configuration
• TCP/IP is the default network protocol installed on
Windows computers. Windows Server 2008 and
Vista are the first two to have IPv4 and IPv6
installed by default
• TCP/IP is a suite of protocols:
– Domain Name System (DNS)
– Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
– Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
– User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
– Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4)
– Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
– Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)


TCP/IP Communication
• When a user opens a web page, a DNS request is sent to
resolve the website name to an IP address
• Once the client has the IP address of the website, it then
determines whether the address is on the same network or a
different network
• If the client is on the same network, the client requests the
MAC address of the Web server. If not, the client sends the
request for the Web page to a router or default gateway
• Routers then forward the request to other routers, until the
request reaches a router connected to the Web server’s
network


IPv4 Address Configuration
• IP addresses are 32-bit numbers divided into four 8-bit
values called octets, each octet can have a value from 0 to
255
• Subnet masks are also 32-bit numbers, that serve to
determine how many bits are allocated to a network ID, and
how many are allocated to a host ID
• When written in binary, 1’s in the subnet mask that
correspond to bits in the IP address mean the matching bit
locations are part of the network ID
• 192.168.1.0 = 11000000.10101000.00000001.00000000
255.255.255.0 = 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
• Above shows 192.168.1 as the network ID, .0 as the host ID


Assigning IP Address Classes
• Three classes of IP addresses can be assigned:
Class A, Class B, or Class C


IP Address Assignment Rules
• Rules for IP address assignment
– Every IP address configuration must have a subnet mask
– All hosts on the same physical network must share the same
network ID in their IP addresses
– All host IDs on the same network must be unique
– You can’t assign an IP address in which all the host ID bits are
binary 0
– You can’t assign an IP address in which all the host ID bits are
binary 1
– Computers assigned different network IDs can communicate
only if a router is present to forward packets


Subnetting
• Default subnet mask for an address class does not always
apply
• Bits can be borrowed from the host ID portion of an address
class in order to create additional “sub-networks”
• Example: 172.31.0.0 subnetted to 255.255.255.0
– Creates 256 new networks, with 254 host IDs
– Rule for number of networks = 2n
– Rule for number of hosts = 2n – 2
• An IP network is referred to as a broadcast domain
• Creating multiple subnets can be beneficial in large
environments to reduce the amount of traffic (broadcast
traffic specifically) computers are exposed to


Configuring Multiple IP Addresses
• Windows OSs allow assigning multiple IP
addresses to a single network connection, via
Advanced TCP/IP settings dialog box
• Multiple IP addresses can be useful in these
situations:
– The computer is hosting a service that must be accessed by
using different addresses
– The computer is connected to a physical network that hosts
multiple IP networks


Configuring the Default Gateway
• A default gateway is almost always used in IP
configurations
• The default gateway can not be in a network ID
outside of the host’s network ID
• Just as you can configure multiple IP addresses,
multiple gateways can be configured
• Windows attempts to select the gateway with the
best metric automatically
• Metric is a value assigned to the gateway based on
the speed of the interface used to access the
gateway

Using Multihomed Servers
• A multihomed server has two or more NICs, each
attached to a different IP network
• Each NIC requires its own IP address for the
network to which it’s connected
• Reasons for this type of configuration:
– A server is accessed by internal clients and external clients
– A server provides resources for computers on multiple subnets
of the network
– A server is configured as a router or VPN server
• Multihomed servers can run into routing issues due
to multiple default gateways being configured

Using the Route Command
• Windows computers maintain a routing table that dictates
where a packet should be sent, based on the packet’s
destination address
• Typing route print displays the routing table
• Results are displayed in five columns:
– Network Destination
– Netmask
– Gateway
– Interface
– Metric
• Route command can be used to change the routing table,
and to fix issues caused by using a multihomed server


Using the Route Command (cont.)


IP Configuration Command-Line Tools
• Other command line tools available to assist with
IP configuration:
– Ping
– Ipconfig
– Arp
– Tracert
– Nslookup
• Additional tools are available, but are generally
used to verify correct IP configuration settings and
connectivity


The Ping Command
• Ping is used to test the connectivity between two
computers, by sending an ICMP Echo Request
packet
• If the destination receives the ICMP Echo Request
and can respond, it’ll reply with an ICMP Echo
Reply packet
– Example: Reply from 192.168.100.201 bytes=32 time=<1ms
TTL=128
• To see the options available for the ping command,
type ping /? at the command prompt


The Ipconfig Command
• Ipconfig is usually used to display a computers IP
address settings, but it can perform other tasks
based on the options given:
– /all
– /release
– /renew
– /displaydns
– /flushdns
– /registerdns


The Arp Command
• The Arp command displays or makes changes to
the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) cache,
which contains IP address – MAC address pairs
• Can add static ARP entries
• Some options for ARP command:
– -a, -g: displays current ARP entries
– -d: deletes ARP entries
– -s: adds a static ARP entry


The Tracert Command
• Usually called “trace route” because it displays the
route packets take between two computers
• Works by sending out packets with a TTL value
starting at 1 and increases the value until the
destination is reached
• Useful for troubleshooting the routing topology of a
complex network and finding bottlenecks


The Nslookup Command
• Used to test and troubleshoot DNS operation
• Can be used in command mode or interactive
mode
• In command mode, you type “nslookup host” to
query for the host’s address
• In interactive mode, you can simply type host to get
the host’s address
• Typing a question mark at the interactive mode
prompt gives a list of available options


Managing Protocols
• Each network connection in Windows Server 2008 has
protocols and services associated with it
• Services / protocols can be unbound (disabled) or bound
(enabled) to a connection in the connection’s Properties
dialog box, by selecting or deselecting the check box next to
the service or protocol
• List of services / protocols
– Client for Microsoft Networks
– QoS Packet Scheduler
– File and Printer Sharing for Microsoft Networks
– Internet Protocol Version 6 (TCP/IPv6)
– Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4)
– Link-Layer Topology Discovery Mapper I/O Driver
– Link-Layer Topology Discovery Responder


Managing Protocols (cont.)


Network Bindings
• By default, every installed service and protocol is
bound to every network connection
• Protocol bindings can be rearranged by selecting
the protocol to be moved, and then by clicking the
up or down arrows in the Adapters and Bindings
tab
• Network connections are then prioritized in the
order shown under this tab


Network Bindings (cont.)


Network Providers
• A network provider is a software component that
allows Windows applications to connect to
resources on other computers
• Different OSs may require different procedures,
which requires different network providers
• Network providers exist for Windows networks,
virtual networks (VMware), Novell networks, Linux
networks, and more
• Performs actions such as making and breaking
network connections


Network Providers (cont.)


Internet Protocol Version 6
• Previous Windows OSs use a Dual-stack
architecture, meaning that IPv4 and IPv6 use
separate implementations of the protocols in the
TCP/IP suite
• Windows Server 2008 and Vista use dual-IP layer
architecture, which means that the IP protocol is
the only component of the TCP/IP suite that’s
different in IPv6


Internet Protocol Version 6 (cont.)

Dual-stack architecture


Internet Protocol Version 6 (cont.)

Dual-IP layer architecture


IPv6 Overview
• Originally named IPng (IP next generation), IPv6
was created in 1994 by the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF)
• IPv6 includes the following improvements
– Large address space
– Hierarchical address space
– Autoconfiguration
– Built-in Quality of Server (QoS) support
– Built-in security


IPv6 Address Structure
• Subnetting as done in IPv4 is no longer applicable
• Uses 128 bits, instead of IPv4’s 32 bits, for an
address
• IPv6 addresses are written as eight 16-bit
hexadecimal numbers separated by colons:
– Fe80:0:0:0:18ff:0024:8e5a:60
– Things to note about IPv6 addresses:
• One or more consecutive 0 values can be written as a double
colon, but only one double colon can exist in an IPv6 address
• Leading 0s are optional
• Addresses that start with fe80 are called link-local
addresses and are self-configuring

The IPv6 Host ID
• Host ID of an IPv6 is typically 64 bits and uses the
interface’s 48 bit MAC address for a large portion
of the address, as well as a 16 bit value of FF-FE
that is inserted after the first 24 bits of the MAC
address
• First two zeros in a MAC address are replaced with
02
• This autoconfigured 64-bit host ID is referred to as
an Extended Unique Identifier (EUI)-64 interface ID
• Windows Server 2008 and Vista don’t use EUI-64
by default


Subnetting with IPv6
• Subnetting will still exist in IPv6, but due to the
large address space available, most address
allocations will have a /48 prefix
• This leaves 80 bits for assigning subnets and host
IDs
• 80 bits allows 16 subnet bits (since the interface ID
requires 64 bits), allowing up to 65,536 subnets


Subnetting with IPv6 (cont.)

Typical IPV6 address structure


Chapter Summary
• The Network and Sharing Center can view the status of
network connections and configure their properties
• The network map is a visual representation of computers
and connecting devices in your network
• TCP/IPv4, the predominant networking protocol in use today,
is actually a suite of protocols and services, such as DNS,
DHCP, TCP, IPv4, ICMP, and ARP, among others
• TCP/IP communication is a multi-step process that often
involves the use of several different protocols in the TCP/IP
suite


Chapter Summary (cont.)
• An IP address is a 32-bit dotted decimal number
divided into four octets. Every IP address must
have a subnet mask to indicate which part of the
address is the network ID and which part is the
host ID. Three IP classes exist: A, B, C
• Subnetting uses a modified subnet mask to divide
a large network into smaller, more manageable
networks
• You can configure multiple IP addresses and
default gateways on a network connection


Chapter Summary (cont.)
• Several command-line tools are available for
checking status and troubleshooting IP
configuration, including Ping, Ipconfig, Arp, Tracert,
and Nslookup


Mcts chapter 8

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