Mechanism of writing thesis and dissertation

MECHANISM OF WRITING THESIS AND DISSERTATION
Dr.R.Kalidasan
Assistant Professor (SG)
Department of Physical Education & Yoga
Bharathidasan University
Tiruchirappalli-620 024
4/5/2017 1Dr.SACPE - Kalidasan

Research is scientific and systematic
approach to find an answer.
A logical, methodical procedure for solving
problems and discovering knowledge.
RESEARCH
The word research derives from the French recherche, from
rechercher, to search closely where "chercher" means "to
search".

It is a process of careful, systematic and
scientific way of solving a problem
Meaning of Research
Problem & answer
Searching – in ‘n’ number of ways to get
the answer

Communicating the Research findings
•Journal
•e-resources
•Book
•Periodicals
•Magazines
•Thesis
•Dissertation

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
Bio-data, Resume and Curriculum Vitae (C.V.)
Project, Thesis and Dissertation

BIO-DATA RESUME CURRICULUM VITAE
Short form - Biographical
data
Personal particulars like
date of birth, gender,
religion, race, nationality,
residence, marital status
Chronological listing of
education and
experience
French word -
"summary".
Summary of one's
education, skills and
employment when
applying for a new job.
Usually 1 or at the max 2
pages long.
Latin word - "course of
life".
More detailed than a
resume.
C.V. lists out every skill,
all the jobs and positions
held, degrees,
professional affiliations
the applicant has
acquired, and in
chronological order.

Bio-data - Project
Resume - Thesis
Curriculum Vitae - Dissertation

USA UK
Graduate & Masters – Thesis
Doctoral - Dissertation
Graduate & Masters – Dissertation
Doctoral - Thesis
The words “thesis” and “dissertation” are often
used interchangeably, leading to some confusion
in academia about what each individual word
actually means.
Academic degree - Thesis & Dissertation

Back Materials
Body
Front Materials
General format
Three major sections

Front materials or Preliminary materials
Title page
Certificate by the supervisor (Approval page)
Declaration (by the investigator)
Vita
Dedication (God, Father, Mother and Wife)
Acknowledgement or Preface (to those helped)
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures (Diagram, Graphs and Photo)
List of Flow charts
Abstract
Abbreviations4/5/2017 11Dr.SACPE - Kalidasan

Body of the thesis / dissertation
Chapter-I Introduction
Chapter-II Review of related literature
Chapter-IIIMethodology / Procedure / Methods
Chapter-IVAnalysis and interpretation of data /
Analysis of data, result and discussion
Chapter-V Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations

Back materials (or) Supplementary materials
Bibliography
(All references combined in alphabetical order)
Appendix / Appendices
(Extra materials – raw data, training schedules,
questionnaire, certificates and so on)
Reprints4/5/2017 13Dr.SACPE - Kalidasan

Titles page
Titles must be informative, meaningful, and
descriptive—rather than just indicative of the
content of the material.
The method, process, instrument, device, etc.,
developed or used should be identified in the
title if it’s a significant part of the research.
In India most of the University generally
provides format.4/5/2017 14Dr.SACPE - Kalidasan

Vita
A vita page, not over one page in length
•Place and date of birth.
•Place and date of high school graduation.
•Place and date of college graduation—with degree and major.
•Place and date of receipt of master’s degree—with major.
•Vocational and professional experience (not summer jobs)—including
dates, nature of position, and school or organization.
•Military experience, with indication of professional relevance—if any.
•Scholarly publications, exhibits of creative work, membership in
professional organizations and honorary societies.

Abstracts
A. Must be on a single, separate page, adhering to margin requirements.
B. Limit to 250 to 350 words—preferably not to exceed 300 words for a
thesis, or 350 words for a dissertation.
C. Text will be single-spaced.
D. The Abstract page comes after the Title Page and before the Table
of Contents or just before chapter-I.
E. At least four key words in case of journal /Conference / Seminar
(italicized)
The abstract summarizes three major elements of the full document:
—Objectives of the research
—Methodology used in the research
—Findings, including results, conclusions, and recommendations.4/5/2017 16Dr.SACPE - Kalidasan

Introduction
•Out line
•State of knowledge of particular study
•Key studies from literature
•Rationale behind selecting the problem (justification)
•Statement of the problem
•Objectives
•Hypothesis – (Null & Directional)
•Significance of the problem (Contribution to the field)
•Limitations (Uncontrolled events, drawbacks, major
shortcomings)
•Delimitations – Scope / Boundary (what, who, where of the
study)
•Definition of terms (technical/operational/functional) –
multiple meaning

Review of related literature
•Analysis of the literature
•Organised around the concept
•Is to description of understanding of the state of
knowledge about the topic
•Can be classified into subdivision
•Purpose-Sample-Variables-Design-Statistics-Result
•Book, Periodicals, journals, e-resources, unpublished
works, proceedings and so on
•Chronological order
•Own studies – reference
•Summary4/5/2017 18Dr.SACPE - Kalidasan

http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/
Shodhganga
FULL TEXT THESES - 66475
SYNOPSES-2131
UNIVERSITIES CONTRIBUTING-231
MOU SIGNED-249

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed
PubMed

https://doaj.org/
Directory of Open Access Journals

http://www.academicjournals.org/
Academic Journals

Web of Science Database
http://wokinfo.com/4/5/2017 23Dr.SACPE - Kalidasan

http://www.scopus.com/
Scopus Database

http://jgateplus.com/
jgateplus

Engineeringvillage2 Database

Methodology / Procedure / Methods
•Highly technical
•Subjects – no. of sample, sex, age, experience, level of representation
•Classification of groups
•Treatment
•Selection of variables and justification for selecting the variables.
•Selection of tests and justification for selecting the test.
•Pilot work
•Reliability of the data, reliability of the instrument, tester
competency, orientation of the subjects, consent form, ethical
clearance, Flow chart
•Administration of test
•Diagram
•Testing schedule
•Collection of data
•Level of Significance
•Design
•Statistical technique

Name of the Subject:……………………………..Investigators name: Dr. R. KALIDASAN
Name of the Sponsor……NA
Name of the Institution: BHARATHIDASAN UNIVERSITY, TIRUCHIRAPPALLI.
I, the undersigned, Mr/Miss/Mrs………………………………………………
S/o, D/o. or W/o………………………………………………aged…………………..
Resident of……………………………………………………………………………………………………
Exercising my free power of choice, hereby give my consent to be included as a subject in the
study entitled “BIOMECHANICAL AND KINANTHROPOMETRICAL ANALYSIS OF PENALTY CORNER PUSH–IN”
to see the factors dominating in the performance of penalty corner push-in. I have been informed to my
satisfaction by my attending researcher the purpose of my enrolment in the study.
I have read the information sheet provided to me and I have also been given full explanation by
the researcher about the nature and purpose of the investigative procedures being undertaken. I have been
given the freedom to question the attending researcher on all aspects of the study.
Hereby give consent to the researcher of the study to release the information obtained as a
result of my participation in this study to any scientific forum for the betterment of understanding about
performance of penalty corner push-in. However, privacy and confidentially will be maintained. I will retain
the right to abstain from further participation in the research at any time. I have been explained and have
understood the necessity and the nature of all the investigative procedures.
Thus, having fully understood the procedure and implication of the above study, I agree to
participate in the same.
Signature of the Subject:………………………Date:……………………….
I confirm that I have explained the nature and purpose of the above study to
Signature of Investigator…………………………Date………………….
Witness:
CONSENT FORM

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Composition of ‘Institutional Ethics Committee’
Today most of the institution has ‘institutional ethics
committee’ separately for human and animals.
Generally this committee will have 9 members.
For human experimentation the composition of the
members is as follows.
•Chairperson (1)
•Basic Medical Scientists (2)
•Clinicians (2)
•Legal expert (1)
•Philosopher/Ethicist/Theologian (1)
•Lay person from the community (1)
•Member Secretary (1)

Analysis and interpretation of data / Analysis of Data, Result and Discussion
•Analysis of the data
•Interpretation of the results
•Tables and graphs
•Discussion on finding
•Supporting studies to be quoted
•Discussion on hypothesis

Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations
Summary - Overview of the study
(Purpose, subjects, method & techniques employed)
Conclusion from the study
Recommendation from the study

 on standard-sized paper (8.5”x11”)
 with 1” margins on all sides (1.5” on left side margin)
 in 10-12 pt. Times New Roman or a similar font
be typed, double-spaced, with two spaces after
punctuation between sentences
include a page header (title) in the upper left-hand of
every page and a page number in the upper right-
hand side of every page
General Format

Develop the outline
Gather mountain of information
(500 literatures – at Ph.D. level)
All will not find a place in the thesis
General tips

Size of a thesis - norms
Ph.D. thesis 75,000 to 1,00,000 words
P.G. thesis 5,000 to 25,000 words
M.Phil. thesis in-between

First draft is not your best draft – improve the text –
clarity, vagueness
Ask the friends to read and get back the feed back
Accuracy of the statement. Accurate information –
new area of knowledge
Graphics4/5/2017 37Dr.SACPE - Kalidasan

Articles (or) thesis – use of vocabulary
Paragraph can carry at least one idea.
Clear, concise and effective presentation of ideas is more
important than any thing else.
Reducing bias
Transition from one paragraph to the next has to be smooth
Logical order

Use of Computer
Edit the contents or modify
Cut & paste – alignment
Literatures - e-mail - back-up

American or British English – Mixing
Ex. Programme, organised, colour
Grammatical mistake
Clarity
Avoid vague words
Repetition (length sentences)
Use of uncommon words
Misused commas

COMMON FAULTS IN WRITING
Good writing is an art
Practice make perfect

Use standard abbreviations - USA
Scientific terminology
Thesis – Past tense
Proposal – Future tense
Use of numbers – points on a scale, time, age,
dates and amount of money - below ten use
word otherwise use the figures in numbers

STYLE MANUALS
•American Psychological Association (APA)
•Chicago Manual of Style (CMS or CMOS or Chicago)
•Modern Language Association of America (MLA)

OTHER STYLES
•American Medical Association (AMA)
•American Chemical Society (ACS)
•Associated Press Style book (AP)
•American Sociological Association (ASA)

Modern Language Association of America (MLA)
MLA (1985)
•Humanities especially English studies
•Study of other modern languages & literatures
•Comparative literature
•Media Studies
•Cultural studies and related disciplines
http://www.mlaformat.org
Manual - 3rd Edition (2008) & 7th Edition (2009)

Chicago Manual of Style (CMS or CMOS or Chicago)
University of Chicago (1906)
•Humanities particularly in the field of History
•Comparative polities
http://www.chicagomanual of style.org
CMOS - 16rd Edition
Turabian – 7th Edition

MOST COMMON & POPULAR STYLE
Originated 1929
•Psychology / Behavioural Science
•Social Sciences
•Anthropology
•Comparative political studies
•Communication studies
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association 6th Edition
Online resource: http://www.apastyle.org
American Psychological Association (APA)

•Reference list is different from a bibliography.
•The only difference is that a reference list includes
what you have cited within the text, and sources you
have used, but nothing else.
•Any other sources you have read or seen, but later
discarded because they are irrelevant, outdated, etc.,
should never be included in a reference list, but can
be included in the bibliography.
References Vs Bibliography

Books
Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital
letter also for subtitle. Location: Publisher.
Single Author
Kalidasan, R. (2015). Yoga for Human Excellence.
Tiruchirappalli: Yogam publication.
More than one Author
Kalidasan, R. & Sureshkumar, M. (2014). ABCs of Ball
Badminton. Karaikudi: Vinisi publication4/5/2017 49Dr.SACPE - Kalidasan

Volley ball Centre of Excellence. (2016). Sports
Science for Physical Education Trainees.
Tiruchendur: Dr.Sivanthi Aditanar College of
Physical Education.
Book Chapter
Tizol, W.P. (1976). Brain function and memory. In J.M.O.
Corney & H.L. Center (Eds.), An inside look at
what we think we know. (pp. 154-184). Springfield,
IL: American Psychiatric Press.

Bauzá, R.H. (1982). Manitoba nematodes. Journal of
Cool Nematodes, 10, 252-264.
Gillespie, R.C., & Tupac, R.M. (1976). How confident
people dance. American Dancing, 225, 82-90.
The lamb business. (1992, September 11). Willamette
Valley Lamb, 97, 47-48.
Magazine Article
Pozo, E. R. (2008, November 19). The way she loved
me. Personal Literature, 290, 1113-1120.
Journal articles

Encyclopedia Article
Parker, S.A. (1947). Fetal development. In International
encyclopedia of pregnancy (Vol. 7, pp. 202-207). New
York: Aesculapius Publishers.
Newspaper Article
Amazing women. (1955, January 12). The Journal News, pp.
D11, D14.

Electronic Journal Article From a Database
Tjader, J.W., Coltrane, J.A., & Taylor, A.A. (1995). A history of mockery.
American Psychologist, 50, 750-765. Retrieved from PsycINFO
database.
Electronic Journal Article (print version)
Rodriguez, G., Puente, S., & Mayfield , J. (2001). Role of upbringing in
family attitudes. [Electronic version]. Journal of Family
Research, 5, 117-123.
Website
Summers, M. (2007) Cool scenes. Retrieved August 27, 2007, from
http://coolscenesilove.edu/

Preventing Plagiarism
Plagiarism is the practice of stealing
and passing off the work, ideas and
thoughts of another as one’s own.
Claiming credit for work not done or
done by other. (unintentional)
Academic Dishonesty4/5/2017 54Dr.SACPE - Kalidasan

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Citation machine
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Mechanism of writing thesis and dissertation

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