Microcontroller
- 1. What is a Microcontroller? A microcontroller is a self-contained system with peripherals, memory and a processor that can be used as an embedded system. Most programmable microcontrollers that are used today are embedded in other consumer products or machinery including phones, peripherals, automobiles and household appliances for computer systems. Due to that, another name for a microcontroller is "embedded controller." Some embedded systems are more sophisticated, while others have minimal requirements for memory and programming length and a low software complexity. Input and output devices include solenoids, LCD displays, relays, switches and sensors for data like humidity, temperature or light level, amongst others. Pavithran Puthiyapurayil , Maldives National University 1
- 2. 2 Microprocessor • CPU is stand-alone, RAM, ROM, I/O, timer are separate • designer can decide on the amount of ROM, RAM and I/O ports. • expensive • versatility • general-purpose • High processing power • High power consumption • Instruction sets focus on processing-intensive operations • Typically 32/64 – bit • Typically deep pipeline (5-20 stages) Microcontroller • CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O and timer are all on a single chip • fixed amount of on-chip ROM, RAM, I/O ports • for applications in which cost, power and space are critical • single-purpose (control-oriented) • Low processing power • Low power consumption • Bit-level operations • Instruction sets focus on control and bit-level operations • Typically 8/16 bit • Typically single-cycle/two-stage pipeline Microprocessor vs. Microcontroller Pavithran Puthiyapurayil , Maldives National University
- 3. 3 Some Popular Microcontrollers… • 8051 • Microchip Technology PIC • Atmel AVR • Texas Instruments MSP430 (16-bit) Pavithran Puthiyapurayil , Maldives National University
- 4. Microcontrollers • Embedded Systems – Operations managed behind the scenes by a microcontroller • Microcontroller (MCU) – Integrated electronic computing device that includes three major components on a single chip • Microprocessor (MPU) • Memory • I/O (Input/Output) ports 4 Pavithran Puthiyapurayil , Maldives National University
- 5. A microcontroller basically contains one or more following components: Central processing unit(CPU) Random Access Memory)(RAM) Read Only Memory(ROM) Input/output ports. Timers and Counters. Interrupt Controls. Analog to digital converters. Digital analog converters. Pavithran Puthiyapurayil , Maldives National University 5
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- 7. 7 CPU General- Purpose Micro- processor RAM ROM I/O Port Timer Serial COM Port Data Bus Address Bus General-purpose microprocessor: • CPU for Computers • Commonly no RAM, ROM, I/O on CPU chip itself Many chips on motherboard Pavithran Puthiyapurayil , Maldives National University
- 8. 8 RAM ROM I/O Port Timer Serial COM Port Microcontroller CPU • A single-chip computer • On-chip RAM, ROM, I/O ports... • Example：Motorola’s 6811, Intel’s 8051, Zilog’s Z8 and PIC 16X A single chip Microcontroller : Pavithran Puthiyapurayil , Maldives National University
- 9. Definition of Embedded Systems • Embedded system: is a system whose principal function is not computational, but which is controlled by a computer embedded within it. 9 Pavithran Puthiyapurayil , Maldives National University
- 10. Examples: Refrigerator 10 Pavithran Puthiyapurayil , Maldives National University
- 11. Examples: Car Door 11 Pavithran Puthiyapurayil , Maldives National University
- 12. Examples: Electronic Ping-pong 12 Pavithran Puthiyapurayil , Maldives National University
- 13. Examples: Derbot Autonomous Guided Vehicle 13 Pavithran Puthiyapurayil , Maldives National University
- 14. Examples: Derbot Autonomous Guided Vehicle 14 Pavithran Puthiyapurayil , Maldives National University
- 15. Microcontrollers 15 Pavithran Puthiyapurayil , Maldives National University
- 16. Microcontroller Packaging and Appearance 16 From left to right: PIC 12F508, PIC 16F84A, PIC 16C72, Motorola 68HC05B16, PIC 16F877, Motorola 68000 Pavithran Puthiyapurayil , Maldives National University
- 17. Microcontrollers • Support Devices – Timers – A/D converter – Serial I/O • Common communication lines – System Bus 17 Pavithran Puthiyapurayil , Maldives National University
- 18. Block Diagram 18 Pavithran Puthiyapurayil , Maldives National University
- 19. Microprocessor (MPU) • MPU (CPU) – Read instructions – Process binary data 19 Pavithran Puthiyapurayil , Maldives National University
- 20. Memory • Storage Device – Addresses – Registers • Major Categories – Read/Write Memory (R/W) – Read-only-Memory (ROM) D7 D0 20 Pavithran Puthiyapurayil , Maldives National University
- 21. Input/Output (I/O) • Input Devices – Switches and Keypads – Provide binary information to the MPU • Output devices – LEDs and LCDs – Receive binary information from the MPU 21 Pavithran Puthiyapurayil , Maldives National University
- 22. Microprocessor-Based Systems 22 Pavithran Puthiyapurayil , Maldives National University
- 23. Microprocessor Architecture • MPU communicates with Memory and I/O using the System Bus – Address bus • Unidirectional • Memory and I/O Addresses – Data bus • Bidirectional • Transfers Binary Data and Instructions – Control lines • Read and Write timing signals 23 Pavithran Puthiyapurayil , Maldives National University
- 24. Microprocessor-Based System 24 Pavithran Puthiyapurayil , Maldives National University
- 25. Example Microprocessor System 25 Pavithran Puthiyapurayil , Maldives National University
- 26. ATMEL MICROCONTROLLER • Highest performance -- AVR runs 20 MIPS • Best code density AVR designed for C programme, and C compilers • Lowest power – 0.1 micro amps power down , 0.6 Micro amps power safe , 220 micro Amps /MIP fully running, less than 1 micro second wakeup time • Best memory technology • Best integration • Best tools and supports network • True RISC architecture HARVARD architecture • True single cycle execution • 20 IPS at 20 MHz • 32 General purpose registers Pavithran Puthiyapurayil , Maldives National University 26
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- 37. • Mega famaliy is ranges any where 32 up to 100 pin • Flash memory goes from 4 K to 256 K Pavithran Puthiyapurayil , Maldives National University 37
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- 40. Atmel family - Tiny and mega • Tiny specify is small parts ,28 pins • Mega is bigger than the tiny in terms of pin count • Mega has hardware supply MOS on board ,and tiny has programming flash memory • Tiny has many types, but pin count is same Pavithran Puthiyapurayil , Maldives National University 40