The Microstructural Analysis and Tribological Behavior of Plasma Nitrided 316Ln Stainless Steel
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The document discusses the microstructural analysis and tribological behavior of plasma nitrided 316LN stainless steel, emphasizing its importance for engineering applications, particularly in high-performance environments like nuclear and thermal power plants. Plasma nitriding is found to enhance surface hardness significantly while improving corrosion and wear resistance, positioning it as a more effective treatment compared to traditional methods. The study performed various tests, including microhardness and wear tests, demonstrating notable improvements in the treated samples' properties.
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Abstract
Abbreviations
Challengesof316LnStainlessSteel
ChemicalCompositionandMechanicalPropertiesof316LnSS[5]
PlasmaNitridingProcess
TestsPerformedforthisStudy
TestResultsTestResults
MicroHardnessTest
XRDTestResults
WearTestResults
ScanningElectronMicroscope(SEM)
EDAXTestResults
Inference
ConclusionConclusion
Reference
AuthorInfo
3
3
4
4
4
5
66
6
7
8
8
9
9
1010
11
11
TableofContents](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/microstrucral-analysis-141223010400-conversion-gate01/85/The-Microstructural-Analysis-and-Tribological-Behavior-of-Plasma-Nitrided-316Ln-Stainless-Steel-2-320.jpg)
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316Lnstainlesssteelhaswideengineeringapplications,particularlyinnuclearandthermalpowerplants,to
carryandcontroltheflow ofsteam,whichispronetofrequentleakageleadingtomajorexplosions.The
surfaceofthematingpartsinflow controlvalvessticktogetheratahighsteam temperatureof400°Cto
500°C.Thiserodesthesurfaceandleadstotheleakageofsteam.Inordertoavoidthis,the316Lnstainless
steelsurfaceneedstobetreatedandplasmanitridingisthepreferredsurfacetreatingmethodcomparedto
powdercoating,carburizingandcasehardeningbecausethenitridingprocessisdoneatplasmastate,which
increasesincreasesthediffusionrateofthechrome-nitridecontentatthesurfaceofthesubstratematerialtoincrease
thehardnessatsurfaceandtoincreasethecorrosionandwearresistance.
Thiswhitepaperillustratesamicrostructuralanalysisstudythatwasconductedtounderstandthetribological
behaviorofplasmanitrided316Lnstainlesssteelwiththenitridinglayerthicknessof30–40microns.The
plasmanitridingmethodiscost-effectiveastreatmenttimesarereducedbyafactorbetween3and5;there
isa50%reductioninenergyconsumption,anda50to100timesreductionintheuseofothersurfacetreat-
mentmethods[12].Thehardnessandthedepositsoftheplasmanitrided316Lnstainlesssteelwere
measuredusingaVickersmicrohardnesstest.Themicrostructureofthedepositwascharacterizedbyoptical
microscopemicroscope(OP),scanningelectronmicroscope(SEM),X-raydiffraction(XRD),andenergydispersiveX-ray
analysis(EDAX).TheTribologicalbehaviorsweretestedbywear,fatigueandcracktests.Thesereal-timetests
wereconductedatIITMadras,IISBangaloreandAnnaUniversity,Chennai.
Sl.No
1
2
3
4
5
6
77
8
XRD
SEM
OP
MAD
FEG
LNG
EDAXEDAX
OM
X-RayDiffraction
ScanningElectronMicroscopy
OpticalProfilometer
Multi-wavelengthAnomalousDiffraction
FieldEmissionGuns
LiquidNaturalGas
EnergyDisperseX-RayAnalysisEnergyDisperseX-RayAnalysis
OpticalMicroscope
FullFormAcronyms
Abstract
Abbreviations
TheMicrostructuralAnalysisandTribologicalBehaviorofPlasmaNitrided316LnStainlessSteel |3](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/microstrucral-analysis-141223010400-conversion-gate01/85/The-Microstructural-Analysis-and-Tribological-Behavior-of-Plasma-Nitrided-316Ln-Stainless-Steel-3-320.jpg)
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While316Lnstainlesssteels(SS)arewidelyusedintheindustrybecauseoftheirdistincttoughnessandductil-
ityundercryogenictemperatures,theyarepronetopittingcorrosionespeciallyinthepresenceofhalideions
andacidicenvironments.Itiswellknownthat300seriesausteniticstainlesssteelprovideshighresistanceto
corrosionand oxidation,andretainshighstrengthandexcellentductilityoverawidetemperaturerange
[1,2].Thishaslimitedtheiruseinawiderangeofengineeringapplicationsparticularlyinnuclearandthermal
powerplants,chemicaltankersandchemicalindustries.Infact,corrosiondependsstronglyonthemicro-
structureandcompositionofthematerialatthenear-surfaceregion.Thedrivingcauseforpittingcorrosion
isthedepassivationofasmallarea,whichbecomesanodicwhileanunknownbutpotentiallyvastarea
becomescathodic,leadingtoverylocalizedgalvaniccorrosion.Thecorrosionpenetratesthemassofthe
metal,withlimiteddiffusionofions.Theoccurrenceofsuchextremelylocalizedcorrosionleadstothe
creationofsmallholesinthemetalandleadstothefailureofcomponents,whichcauseseriousaccidentsin
theindustry.
Plasmanitridingisaheattreatingprocessthatdiffusesnitrogenintothesurfaceofametaltocreateacase
hardenedsurface.Theintenseelectricfieldsareusedtogenerateionizedmoleculesofthegasaroundthe
surfacetobenitrided.Suchhighlyactivegaswithionizedmoleculesiscalledplasma.
Surfacehardnessandcorrosionresistancecanbeincreasedbytheplasmanitridingprocess,byintroducing
CrNatthesurfaceofthe316Lnstainlesssteelbytheplasmadiffusionmethod[3].Beforetheplasmanitriding
process,specimenswerecleanedultrasonicallyinacetonefor30minutesandputintothedeposition
chamber.Afterthesampleswereplacedonthecathodeplate,thechamberwasevacuatedto1x10-2
mbar.
Grade
316Ln
Min
Max
-
0.03
-
2.0
-
1.00
-
0.045
-
0.03
16.0
18.0
2.00
3.00
10.0
14.0
-
0.10
C Mn Si P S Cr Mo Ni N
Grade
Tensile
Stress
(MPa)min
YieldStress
0.2% Proof
(MPa)min
Elongation
(% in50mm)
min
RockwellB
(HRB)(*)max
RockwellB
(HRB)(*)max
Hardness
316Ln
(*)-PropertiesconsideredforAnalysis.
485 170 40 95 228
Challengesof316LnStainlessSteel
ChemicalCompositionandMechanicalPropertiesof316LnSS[5]
PlasmaNitridingProcess
TheMicrostructuralAnalysisandTribologicalBehaviorofPlasmaNitrided316LnStainlessSteel |4](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/microstrucral-analysis-141223010400-conversion-gate01/85/The-Microstructural-Analysis-and-Tribological-Behavior-of-Plasma-Nitrided-316Ln-Stainless-Steel-4-320.jpg)
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Theglowdischargeplasmawasgeneratedbyapulsedcpowersupplyof25kW andfrequencyof30kHz.The
gasflowratewascontrolledbyamassflowcontroller.Thesampleswereheatedtothetemperatureof570°C
byionbombardment.Plasmanitridingtemperaturewasmeasuredusingachromel–alumelthermocouple,
placedatthebottom ofthenitridedsample.Thespecimenswereplasmanitridedat570°Cfor24hoursina
gasmixtureof80%N2–20%H2underaworkingpressureof5mbar[7].
Sl.No TestName Purpose Pre-treatmentorPre-requisite
1 MicroHardness
test
To measure the surface
hardnessmadewithverylow
staticloads,whichislessthan
orequalto1kgf.
Thesurfacebeingtestedwas
madetometallographicfinish
anditisachievedbydiamond
pastepolishingfollowedbythe
etchingprocess.
2 X-RayDiffraction
(XRD)
To determine the orientation
anddistributionofcrystalline
grainsin316Lnstainlesssteel.
AlsoXRDwasusedtomeasure
residualstrain,crystallitesize
and micro strain.The index
peakpositionstatesthedistri-
butionbution ofdifferentelements
presentonthesample
Nopre-treatmentwas
required.
3 ScanningElectron
Microscope(SEM)
Itisused to produce largely
magnifiedimagesofthe316Ln
stainless steel with plasma
nitrided and non-nitrided
samples, to analyze and
comparethecrystalstructures
ofboththespecimens.
Thesampleswerewellcleaned
before the process by using
chemical etching and were
driedtoavoidtheevaporation
of water inside the SEM
chamberduetovacuum.
4 EnergyDisperse
X-Analysis(EDX)
Itisperformed with SEM to
characterize the elemental
composition ofthe analyzed
volume for 316Ln stainless
steel.
Thesampleswerewellcleaned
by the chemical etching
process and dried to avoid
evaporationinaVacuum envi-
ronment.
5 WearTest(Pin-on
-disctribometer)
Tocomparethewearrateand
volume of metal removal
between the coated and
non-coated samples.Surface
profileoftheweartrackonthe
ring was measured using
Opticalprofilometer(OP).
The wear test analysis was
donebyusingthePin-On-Disc
tribometer.In thissetup the
stationarypinwasslidagainst
the samplesatthe speed of
0.0753m/sat11.2N noraml
loadsatroom temperature.
TestsPerformedforthisStudy
TheMicrostructuralAnalysisandTribologicalBehaviorofPlasmaNitrided316LnStainlessSteel |5](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/microstrucral-analysis-141223010400-conversion-gate01/85/The-Microstructural-Analysis-and-Tribological-Behavior-of-Plasma-Nitrided-316Ln-Stainless-Steel-5-320.jpg)
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Theweartestswereconductedforbothuntreated(316Lnstainlesssteel/316Lnstainlesssteel)andplasma
nitrided(CrN/CrN)samples,withanormalloadof11.2N,slidingspeedof0.0753m/sandat250°Cforone
hour.
Thefrictioncoefficientofuntreatedmetalmating(0.81454)ishigherthantheplasmatreatedmetalmating
(0.69004).Thecross-sectionlengthoftheweartrackandtheworndepthoftheweartrack foruntreated
metalsarealsohigh.Thevolumeofmetallossofuntreatedmetal(7.56x10-10
m3
)isoneorderofmagnitude
higherthantheplasmatreatedmetal(4.096x10-11
m3
).
Thewearoftheuntreated316LNSS-316LnSScombinationwassevere,resultinginaveryroughmetallic
surface,andmicro-cracksandsmallweardebrisdistributedsporadicallyonthetrack.Thisistypicalofthe
resultofadhesivewear,whichisestablishedforausteniticstainlesssteelsslidingagainststeels[12].Dueto
itsrelativelylowhardness,theuntreated316stainlesssteelsurfacewasseverelydeformedduringthewear
test.Theroleofnitridinginreducingwearistoproduceahardlayertoresistplasticdeformationandto
changethesurfacechemistrysoastoeliminateadhesionbetweenthecontactsurfaces.Indeed,noadhesion
andplasticwereobservedatthenitridedsurfacesandsubsurface.andplasticwereobservedatthenitridedsurfacesandsubsurface.
WearTestResults
ScanningElectronMicroscope(SEM)
Figure8.WearTestforCoated
XProfile
XProfile
X2.450mm
X1.650mm
1.8
1.5
1.2
0.9
0.6
0.3
0.00.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.4
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.9
3.7
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
mm
mm
mm
mm
Figure9.WearforNon-Coated
TheMicrostructuralAnalysisandTribologicalBehaviorofPlasmaNitrided316LnStainlessSteel |8](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/microstrucral-analysis-141223010400-conversion-gate01/85/The-Microstructural-Analysis-and-Tribological-Behavior-of-Plasma-Nitrided-316Ln-Stainless-Steel-8-320.jpg)
The Microstructural Analysis and Tribological Behavior of Plasma Nitrided 316Ln Stainless Steel
- 3. ©2014,HCLTechnologies.ReproductionProhibited.ThisdocumentisprotectedunderCopyrightbytheAuthor,allrightsreserved. 316Lnstainlesssteelhaswideengineeringapplications,particularlyinnuclearandthermalpowerplants,to carryandcontroltheflow ofsteam,whichispronetofrequentleakageleadingtomajorexplosions.The surfaceofthematingpartsinflow controlvalvessticktogetheratahighsteam temperatureof400°Cto 500°C.Thiserodesthesurfaceandleadstotheleakageofsteam.Inordertoavoidthis,the316Lnstainless steelsurfaceneedstobetreatedandplasmanitridingisthepreferredsurfacetreatingmethodcomparedto powdercoating,carburizingandcasehardeningbecausethenitridingprocessisdoneatplasmastate,which increasesincreasesthediffusionrateofthechrome-nitridecontentatthesurfaceofthesubstratematerialtoincrease thehardnessatsurfaceandtoincreasethecorrosionandwearresistance. Thiswhitepaperillustratesamicrostructuralanalysisstudythatwasconductedtounderstandthetribological behaviorofplasmanitrided316Lnstainlesssteelwiththenitridinglayerthicknessof30–40microns.The plasmanitridingmethodiscost-effectiveastreatmenttimesarereducedbyafactorbetween3and5;there isa50%reductioninenergyconsumption,anda50to100timesreductionintheuseofothersurfacetreat- mentmethods[12].Thehardnessandthedepositsoftheplasmanitrided316Lnstainlesssteelwere measuredusingaVickersmicrohardnesstest.Themicrostructureofthedepositwascharacterizedbyoptical microscopemicroscope(OP),scanningelectronmicroscope(SEM),X-raydiffraction(XRD),andenergydispersiveX-ray analysis(EDAX).TheTribologicalbehaviorsweretestedbywear,fatigueandcracktests.Thesereal-timetests wereconductedatIITMadras,IISBangaloreandAnnaUniversity,Chennai. Sl.No 1 2 3 4 5 6 77 8 XRD SEM OP MAD FEG LNG EDAXEDAX OM X-RayDiffraction ScanningElectronMicroscopy OpticalProfilometer Multi-wavelengthAnomalousDiffraction FieldEmissionGuns LiquidNaturalGas EnergyDisperseX-RayAnalysisEnergyDisperseX-RayAnalysis OpticalMicroscope FullFormAcronyms Abstract Abbreviations TheMicrostructuralAnalysisandTribologicalBehaviorofPlasmaNitrided316LnStainlessSteel |3
- 4. ©2014,HCLTechnologies.ReproductionProhibited.ThisdocumentisprotectedunderCopyrightbytheAuthor,allrightsreserved. While316Lnstainlesssteels(SS)arewidelyusedintheindustrybecauseoftheirdistincttoughnessandductil- ityundercryogenictemperatures,theyarepronetopittingcorrosionespeciallyinthepresenceofhalideions andacidicenvironments.Itiswellknownthat300seriesausteniticstainlesssteelprovideshighresistanceto corrosionand oxidation,andretainshighstrengthandexcellentductilityoverawidetemperaturerange [1,2].Thishaslimitedtheiruseinawiderangeofengineeringapplicationsparticularlyinnuclearandthermal powerplants,chemicaltankersandchemicalindustries.Infact,corrosiondependsstronglyonthemicro- structureandcompositionofthematerialatthenear-surfaceregion.Thedrivingcauseforpittingcorrosion isthedepassivationofasmallarea,whichbecomesanodicwhileanunknownbutpotentiallyvastarea becomescathodic,leadingtoverylocalizedgalvaniccorrosion.Thecorrosionpenetratesthemassofthe metal,withlimiteddiffusionofions.Theoccurrenceofsuchextremelylocalizedcorrosionleadstothe creationofsmallholesinthemetalandleadstothefailureofcomponents,whichcauseseriousaccidentsin theindustry. Plasmanitridingisaheattreatingprocessthatdiffusesnitrogenintothesurfaceofametaltocreateacase hardenedsurface.Theintenseelectricfieldsareusedtogenerateionizedmoleculesofthegasaroundthe surfacetobenitrided.Suchhighlyactivegaswithionizedmoleculesiscalledplasma. Surfacehardnessandcorrosionresistancecanbeincreasedbytheplasmanitridingprocess,byintroducing CrNatthesurfaceofthe316Lnstainlesssteelbytheplasmadiffusionmethod[3].Beforetheplasmanitriding process,specimenswerecleanedultrasonicallyinacetonefor30minutesandputintothedeposition chamber.Afterthesampleswereplacedonthecathodeplate,thechamberwasevacuatedto1x10-2 mbar. Grade 316Ln Min Max - 0.03 - 2.0 - 1.00 - 0.045 - 0.03 16.0 18.0 2.00 3.00 10.0 14.0 - 0.10 C Mn Si P S Cr Mo Ni N Grade Tensile Stress (MPa)min YieldStress 0.2% Proof (MPa)min Elongation (% in50mm) min RockwellB (HRB)(*)max RockwellB (HRB)(*)max Hardness 316Ln (*)-PropertiesconsideredforAnalysis. 485 170 40 95 228 Challengesof316LnStainlessSteel ChemicalCompositionandMechanicalPropertiesof316LnSS[5] PlasmaNitridingProcess TheMicrostructuralAnalysisandTribologicalBehaviorofPlasmaNitrided316LnStainlessSteel |4
- 5. ©2014,HCLTechnologies.ReproductionProhibited.ThisdocumentisprotectedunderCopyrightbytheAuthor,allrightsreserved. Theglowdischargeplasmawasgeneratedbyapulsedcpowersupplyof25kW andfrequencyof30kHz.The gasflowratewascontrolledbyamassflowcontroller.Thesampleswereheatedtothetemperatureof570°C byionbombardment.Plasmanitridingtemperaturewasmeasuredusingachromel–alumelthermocouple, placedatthebottom ofthenitridedsample.Thespecimenswereplasmanitridedat570°Cfor24hoursina gasmixtureof80%N2–20%H2underaworkingpressureof5mbar[7]. Sl.No TestName Purpose Pre-treatmentorPre-requisite 1 MicroHardness test To measure the surface hardnessmadewithverylow staticloads,whichislessthan orequalto1kgf. Thesurfacebeingtestedwas madetometallographicfinish anditisachievedbydiamond pastepolishingfollowedbythe etchingprocess. 2 X-RayDiffraction (XRD) To determine the orientation anddistributionofcrystalline grainsin316Lnstainlesssteel. AlsoXRDwasusedtomeasure residualstrain,crystallitesize and micro strain.The index peakpositionstatesthedistri- butionbution ofdifferentelements presentonthesample Nopre-treatmentwas required. 3 ScanningElectron Microscope(SEM) Itisused to produce largely magnifiedimagesofthe316Ln stainless steel with plasma nitrided and non-nitrided samples, to analyze and comparethecrystalstructures ofboththespecimens. Thesampleswerewellcleaned before the process by using chemical etching and were driedtoavoidtheevaporation of water inside the SEM chamberduetovacuum. 4 EnergyDisperse X-Analysis(EDX) Itisperformed with SEM to characterize the elemental composition ofthe analyzed volume for 316Ln stainless steel. Thesampleswerewellcleaned by the chemical etching process and dried to avoid evaporationinaVacuum envi- ronment. 5 WearTest(Pin-on -disctribometer) Tocomparethewearrateand volume of metal removal between the coated and non-coated samples.Surface profileoftheweartrackonthe ring was measured using Opticalprofilometer(OP). The wear test analysis was donebyusingthePin-On-Disc tribometer.In thissetup the stationarypinwasslidagainst the samplesatthe speed of 0.0753m/sat11.2N noraml loadsatroom temperature. TestsPerformedforthisStudy TheMicrostructuralAnalysisandTribologicalBehaviorofPlasmaNitrided316LnStainlessSteel |5
- 6. ©2014,HCLTechnologies.ReproductionProhibited.ThisdocumentisprotectedunderCopyrightbytheAuthor,allrightsreserved. Microhardnessmeasurementsshowedasignificantincreaseinhardnessfrom 210.94HV0.02(foruntreated samples)upto859.45HV0.02(plasmanitridedsamples).Thesupersaturationofnitrogenthatexistsbeneath thesurface,leadstotheformationofafinedispersionofchromium-richparticles,givingrisetothepeak hardness.Thelowerhardnessnearertothesurfacemaybeattributedtothepresenceofmainlyironnitrides ofarelativelylargeparticlesizecomparedwiththesubsurfacestructure.Thelargerparticleshaveprobably resultedfrom thecontinuoussputtering,whichischaracteristicofplasmanitriding.However,theformation ofnitrideprecipitatesbeneaththesurfaceisessentiallyadiffusioncontrolledreaction.ofnitrideprecipitatesbeneaththesurfaceisessentiallyadiffusioncontrolledreaction. Thephotomicrographshowsthewhitelayerofthenitridedzonewiththecompoundedzone,formingalloy nitride.Thegrainsofaustenitearebehindthenitridedlayer.Thelayerthicknessisbetween30–40microns. Theparentmetalshowslargeequaledaustenitegrains.Someslipbandsarenoticedonscanningthematrix. ImagesinFigure3weretakenbyanOpticalMicroscope(OM). TestResults MicroHardnessTest MicroHardnessTest Figure3.Photomicrograph DEPTH,Micron HARDNESSVALUE Figure2.MicroHardnessGraphFigure1.MicroHardnessSurey 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400400 300 200 100 0 TheMicrostructuralAnalysisandTribologicalBehaviorofPlasmaNitrided316LnStainlessSteel |6
- 8. ©2014,HCLTechnologies.ReproductionProhibited.ThisdocumentisprotectedunderCopyrightbytheAuthor,allrightsreserved. Theweartestswereconductedforbothuntreated(316Lnstainlesssteel/316Lnstainlesssteel)andplasma nitrided(CrN/CrN)samples,withanormalloadof11.2N,slidingspeedof0.0753m/sandat250°Cforone hour. Thefrictioncoefficientofuntreatedmetalmating(0.81454)ishigherthantheplasmatreatedmetalmating (0.69004).Thecross-sectionlengthoftheweartrackandtheworndepthoftheweartrack foruntreated metalsarealsohigh.Thevolumeofmetallossofuntreatedmetal(7.56x10-10 m3 )isoneorderofmagnitude higherthantheplasmatreatedmetal(4.096x10-11 m3 ). Thewearoftheuntreated316LNSS-316LnSScombinationwassevere,resultinginaveryroughmetallic surface,andmicro-cracksandsmallweardebrisdistributedsporadicallyonthetrack.Thisistypicalofthe resultofadhesivewear,whichisestablishedforausteniticstainlesssteelsslidingagainststeels[12].Dueto itsrelativelylowhardness,theuntreated316stainlesssteelsurfacewasseverelydeformedduringthewear test.Theroleofnitridinginreducingwearistoproduceahardlayertoresistplasticdeformationandto changethesurfacechemistrysoastoeliminateadhesionbetweenthecontactsurfaces.Indeed,noadhesion andplasticwereobservedatthenitridedsurfacesandsubsurface.andplasticwereobservedatthenitridedsurfacesandsubsurface. WearTestResults ScanningElectronMicroscope(SEM) Figure8.WearTestforCoated XProfile XProfile X2.450mm X1.650mm 1.8 1.5 1.2 0.9 0.6 0.3 0.00.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.4 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.9 3.7 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 mm mm mm mm Figure9.WearforNon-Coated TheMicrostructuralAnalysisandTribologicalBehaviorofPlasmaNitrided316LnStainlessSteel |8
- 9. ©2014,HCLTechnologies.ReproductionProhibited.ThisdocumentisprotectedunderCopyrightbytheAuthor,allrightsreserved. Plasmanitridingwasdoneon316Lnstainlesssteeltostudythemicrostructure,hardnessandtribological parametersofthefrictioncoefficient,thewearmechanism andwearrate. Microhardnessmeasurementsshowedsignificantincreaseinhardnessfrom 210.94HV0.02(for untreatedsamples)upto1040.45HV0.02(plasmanitridedsamples). EDAXTestResults Element CK OK AlK SiK SK CrK FeKFeK NiK Matrix 26.16 08.43 01.40 01.07 00.40 10.18 46.2646.26 06.11 Correction 55.34 13.38 01.32 00.97 00.32 04.97 21.0521.05 02.65 ZAF Wt% At% Element CK NK OK SiK CrK FeK NiKNiK Matrix 24.43 04.20 08.78 01.03 09.99 45.56 06.0106.01 Correction 50.48 07.43 13.62 00.91 04.77 20.25 02.5402.54 ZAF Wt% At% Inference Figure10.Non-CoatedSample Figure11.CoatedSample Figure13.EDAXforcoatedFigure12.EDAXforNon-coated TheMicrostructuralAnalysisandTribologicalBehaviorofPlasmaNitrided316LnStainlessSteel |9
- 11. Formoredetailscontact:ers.info@hcl.com Followusontwitter:http://twitter.com/hclersand Ourbloghttp://www.hcltech.com/blogs/engineering-and-rd-services Visitourwebsite:http://www.hcltech.com/engineering-rd-services Hello,I’m from HCL’sEngineeringandR&DServices.Weenabletechnologyledorganizationstogotomarketwithinnovativeproducts andsolutions.Wepatnerwithourcustomersinbuildingworldclassproductsandcreatingassociatedsolutiondeliveryecosystems to help bringmarketleadership.Wedevelop engineeringproducts,solutionsand platformsacrossAerospaceand Defense, Automotive,ConsumerElectronics,Software,Online,IndustrialManufacturing,MedicalDevices,NetworkingandTelecom,Office Automation,SemiconductorandServers&Storageforourcustomers. ThiswhitepaperispublishedbyHCLEngineeringandR&DServices. Theviewsandopinionsinthisarticleareforinformationalpurposesonlyandshouldnotbeconsideredasasubstituteforprofessional businessadvice.TheusehereinofanytrademarksisnotanassertionofownershipofsuchtrademarksbyHCLnorintendedtoimply anyassociationbetweenHCLandlawfulownersofsuchtrademarks. FormoreinformationaboutHCLEngineeringandR&DServices, Pleasevisithttp://www.hcltech.com/engineering-rd-services Copyright@ HCCopyright@ HCLTechnologies Allrightsreserved. Chandrahasan.K.V. HCLEngineeringandR&DServices Reference AuthorInfo 1.Sourcebookonstainlesssteels.Ohio:Am SocMet;1976. 2.LulaRA.Stainlesssteel.Ohio:Am SocMet;1966. 3.LeeKJ,ChunMS,Kim MH,LeeJM.Anewconstitutivemodelofausteniticstainlesssteelforcryogenicapplications. ComputMaterSci2009;46:1152–62. 4.BrooksJW,LorettoMH,SmallmanRE.ActaMetall1979;27. 5.DieterGE.Mechanicalmetallurgy.Thirded.McGraw-HillBookCo;1986. 6.RowcliffeAF,ZinkleSJ,StubbinsJF,EdwardsDJ,AlexanderDJ.JNuclMater1998;258–263:183.6.RowcliffeAF,ZinkleSJ,StubbinsJF,EdwardsDJ,AlexanderDJ.JNuclMater1998;258–263:183. 7.LucasGE,BilloneM,PowelJE,HamiltonML.JNuclMater1996;233–237:207. 8.YiminLin,JianLu,LipingWang,TaoXu,QunjiXue,ActaMater.54(2006)5599. 9.MahfujurRahman,JulfikarHaider,M.S.J.Hashmi,Surf.Coat.Tech.200(2005)1645. 10.WangLiang,AppliedSurfaceScience211(2003)308–314. 11.RobertsJTA.Structuralmaterialsinnuclearpowersystem. 12.Monometer.co.uk/plasma-nitriding TheMicrostructuralAnalysisandTribologicalBehaviorofPlasmaNitrided316LnStainlessSteel |11