Mind blowing theories about the universe and reality
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The document discusses several scientific theories about the universe and reality, including: - The Big Bang Theory, which proposes that the universe began as an infinitesimally small, infinitely hot and dense singularity around 13.7 billion years ago. - The Bubble Theory or Eternal Inflation theory, which extends the Big Bang Theory by proposing the inflationary phase of the universe's expansion lasts forever in some regions, producing an infinite multiverse. - String Theory, which proposes that elementary particles are different vibrational states of fundamental strings and aims to be a theory of quantum gravity by unifying quantum mechanics and general relativity.
Mind blowing theories about the universe and reality
- 1. MIND-BLOWING THEORIES ABOUT THE UNIVERSE AND REALITY
- 2. THE BIG BANG
- 6. Reality isn’t as plain and simple as we often like to think. Several things we take for granted as true are, in reality, patently false. Scientists and philosophers have done their best to overthrow the theories of common sense
- 7. BIG BANG THEORY Big Bang Theory - The Premise The Big Bang theory is an effort to explain what happened at the very beginning of our universe. Discoveries in astronomy and physics have shown beyond a reasonable doubt that our universe did in fact have a beginning. Prior to that moment there was nothing; during and after that moment there was something: our universe. The big bang theory is an effort to explain what happened during and after that moment. According to the standard theory, our universe sprang into existence as "singularity" around 13.7 billion years ago. What is a "singularity" and where does it come from? Well, to be honest, we don't know for sure. Singularities are zones which defy our current understanding of physics, are thought to exist at the core of "black holes." Black holes are areas of intense gravitational pressure. The pressure is thought to be so intense that finite matter is actually squished into infinite density (a mathematical concept which truly boggles the mind). These zones of infinite density are called "singularities." Our universe is thought to have begun as an infinitesimally small, infinitely hot, infinitely dense, something - a singularity. Where did it come from? We don't know. Why did it appear? We don't know. After its initial appearance, it apparently inflated (the "Big Bang"), expanded and cooled, going from very, very small and very, very hot, to the size and temperature of our current universe. It continues to expand and cool to this day and we are inside of it: incredible creatures living on a unique planet, circling a beautiful star clustered together with several hundred billion other stars in a galaxy soaring through the cosmos, all of which is inside of an expanding universe that began as an infinitesimal singularity which appeared out of nowhere for reasons unknown. This is the Big Bang theory.
- 10. BUBBLE THEORY • Eternal Inflation is an inflationary universe model, which is itself an outgrowth or extension of the BIG BANG THEORY. • In theories of eternal inflation, the inflationary phase of the universe's expansion lasts forever in at least some regions of the universe. • Because these regions expand exponentially rapidly, most of the volume of the universe at any given time is inflating. • All models of eternal inflation produce an infinite MULTIVERSE, typically a Fractal.
- 11. STRING THEORY
- 12. STRING THEORY • Think of a guitar string that has been tuned by stretching the string under tension across the guitar. Depending on how the string is plucked and how much tension is in the string, different musical notes will be created by the string. • These musical notes could be said to be excitation modes of that guitar string under tension. In a similar manner, in string theory, the elementary particles we observe in particle accelerators could be thought of as the "musical notes" or excitation modes of elementary strings. • In string theory, as in guitar playing, the string must be stretched under tension in order to become excited. However, the strings in string theory are floating in space-time, they aren't tied down to a guitar. • Nonetheless, they have tension. The string tension in string theory is denoted by the quantity 1/(2 p a'), where a' is pronounced "alpha prime "and is equal to the square of the string length scale. • If string theory is to be a theory of quantum gravity, then the average size of a string should be somewhere near the length scale of quantum gravity, called the Planck length, which is about 10-33 centimeters, or about a millionth of a billionth of a billionth of a billionth of a centimeter. • Unfortunately, this means that strings are way too small to see by current or expected particle physics technology (or financing!!) and so string theorists must devise more clever methods to test the theory than just looking for little strings in particle experiments. • String theories are classified according to whether or not the strings are required to be closed loops, and whether or not the particle spectrum includes fermions. • In order to include fermions in string theory, there must be a special kind of symmetry called super symmetry, which means for every boson (particle that transmits a force) there is a corresponding fermion (particle that makes up matter). • So super symmetry relates the particles that transmit forces to the particles that make up matter. • Super symmetric partners to currently known particles have not been observed in particle experiments, but theorists believe this is because super symmetric particles are too massive to be detected at current accelerators. • Particle accelerators could be on the verge of finding evidence for high energy super symmetry in the next decade. • Evidence for super symmetry at high energy would be compelling evidence that string theory was a good mathematical model for Nature at the smallest distance scales.
- 13. • THERE ARE TWO BASIC TYPES OF STRING THEORIES: 1. THOSE WITH CLOSED STRING LOOPS THAT CAN BREAK INTO OPEN STRINGS 2. THOSE WITH CLOSED STRING LOOPS THAT CAN'T BREAK INTO OPEN STRINGS
- 14. • A coincidence (often stated as a mere coincidence) is a collection of two or more events or conditions, closely related by time, space, form, or other associations which appear unlikely to bear a relationship as either cause to effect or effects of a shared cause, within the observer's or observers' understanding of what cause can produce what effects. • The word is derived from the Latin cum- ("with", "together") and incidere (a composed verb from "in" and "cadere": "to fall on", "to happen"). In science, the term is generally used in a more literal translation , e.g., referring to when two rays of light strike a surface at the same point at the same time. In this usage of coincidence, there is no implication that the alignment of events is surprising, noteworthy or non-causal. • From a statistical perspective, coincidences are inevitable and often less remarkable than they may appear intuitively. An example is the birthday problem, where the probability of two individuals sharing a birthday already exceeds 50% with a group of only 23. THEORY OF COINCIDENCE
- 15. THEORY OF NOTHING • The "Theory of Nothing" explores the radical idea that the reality we see around us is but one of an infinite "library" of alternate realities, the sum of which contains no information and is in fact "Nothing". • The necessity for observed reality to be consistent with the observer's existence implies a strong connection between fundamental physics and cognitive science. • A revolutionary understanding of why physics has the form it does, and why our minds are the way they are is forged.
- 16. THEORY OF EVERYTHING • A theory of everything (ToE) or final theory, ultimate theory, or master theory is a hypothetical single, all-encompassing, coherent theoretical framework of physic that fully explains and links together all physical aspects of the universe. • Finding a ToE is one of the major unsolved problems in physics. Over the past few centuries, two theoretical frameworks have been developed that, as a whole, most closely resemble a ToE. • The two theories upon which all modern physics rests are General Relativity (GR) and Quantum Field Theory (QFT). • GR is a theoretical framework that only focuses on the force of gravity for understanding the universe in regions of both large-scale and high-mass: stars, galaxies, clusters of galaxies, etc. • On the other hand, QFT is a theoretical framework that only focuses on three non-gravitational forces for understanding the universe in regions of both small scale and low mass: sub-atomic particles, atoms, molecules, etc. • QFT successfully implemented the Standard Model and unified the interactions (so-called Grand Unified Theory) between the three non-gravitational forces: weak, strong, and electromagnetic force.
- 18. THEORY OF RELATIVITY • The theory of relativity, or simply relativity in physics, usually encompasses two theories by Albert Einstein: special relativity and general relativity • Concepts introduced by the theories of relativity include: • Measurements of various quantities are relative to the velocities of observers. In particular, space contracts and time dilates • Space-time: space and time should be considered together and in relation to each other. • The speed of light is nonetheless invariant, the same for all observers. • Special relativity • Relativity of simultaneity: Two events, simultaneous for one observer, may not be simultaneous for another observer if the observers are in relative motion. • Time dilation: Moving clocks are measured to tick more slowly than an observer's "stationary" clock. • Relativistic mass • Length contraction: Objects are measured to be shortened in the direction that they are moving with respect to the observer. • Mass–energy equivalence: E = mc2, energy and mass are equivalent and transmutable. • Maximum speed is finite: No physical object, message or field line can travel faster than the speed of light in a vacuum. • General relativity: General relativity is a theory of gravitation developed by Einstein in the years 1907–1915. The development of general relativity began with the equivalence principle, under which the states of accelerated motion and being at rest in a gravitational field (for example when standing on the surface of the Earth) are physically identical. The upshot of this is that free fall is inertial motion: an object in free fall is falling because that is how objects move when there is no force being exerted on them, instead of this being due to the force of gravity as is the case in classical mechanics. This is incompatible with classical mechanics and special relativity because in those theories inertially moving objects cannot accelerate with respect to each other, but objects in free fall do so. To resolve this difficulty Einstein first proposed that space-time is curved. In 1915, he devised the Einstein field equations which relate the curvature of space-time with the mass, energy, and momentum within it. • Some of the consequences of general relativity are: • Clocks run slower in deeper gravitational wells.This is called gravitational time dilation. • Orbits precess in a way unexpected in Newton's theory of gravity. (This has been observed in the orbit of Mercury and in binary pulsars • Rays of light bend in the presence of a gravitational field • Rotating masses "drag along" the space-time around them; a phenomenon termed "frame-dragging". • The universe is expanding, and the far parts of it are moving away from us faster than the speed of light. •
- 19. TH
- 21. PARTICLE THEORY • The kinetic theory of matter (particle theory) says that all matter consists of many, very small particles which are constantly moving or in a continual state of motion. • The degree to which the particles move is determined by the amount of energy they have and their relationship to other particles. • The particles might be atoms, molecules or ions. Use of the general term 'particle' means the precise nature of the particles does not have to be specified. • Particle theory helps to explain properties and behavior of materials by providing a model which enables us to visualize what is happening on a very small scale inside those materials. • As a model it is useful because it appears to explain many phenomena but as with all models it does have limitations. STATUS SOLID LIQUID GAS PARTICLES are held tightly and packed fairly close together - they are strongly attracted to each other are fairly close together with some attraction between them have little attraction between them are in fixed positions but they do vibrate are able to move around in all directions but movement is limited by attractions between particles are free to move in all directions and collide with each other and with the walls of a container and are widely spaced out The properties of matter: what happens during physical changes such as melting, boiling and evaporating PROPERTIES SOLID LIQUID GAS SHAPE Have a definite shape, as it maintains the same. do not have a definite shape Do not have a definite shape. expand to fill any container COMPRESSION are difficult to compress as the particles are already packed closely together Flow and fill the bottom of a container. They maintain the same volume unless the temperature changes are easily compressed because there are only a few particles in a large volume DENSITY are often dense as there are many particles packed closely together are difficult to compress because there are quite a lot of particles in a small volume are often low density as there are not many particles in a large space
- 22. BIG RIP THEORY • The universe continues to expand until every thing in it is ripped to shreds, atom by atom, by an unknown “phantom energy”, possibly anti-gravity or dark energy, or even that over time the rate of acceleration increases so much that everything just falls apart.
- 23. BIG CRUNCH THEORY • The opposite of the Big Bang, the Big crunch is all the matter in the universe crashing back in on itself. • Because all the matter is crashing into itself, the heat in the universe will be enormous • Finally, everything will be smashed together into an infinitely dense point, a singularity.
- 24. BIG FREEZE • The “Big Freeze” is a scientific theory of the end of the universe. • Though it doesn’t entail gigantic tubs of ice cream drowning everyone, it does spell disaster for everyone. • The universe has a fixed amount of energy in it, and as this energy runs out—so the theory goes—the universe slows down. In other words, there is a slow loss of heat, because heat is produced by the movement of energy particles. • There is also a slowdown in movement, and supposedly, everything would eventually come to a halt. • Which brings to mind the lines by T. S. Eliot: “This is the way the world ends: not with a bang but with a whimper.” • Universe expands for an infinite amount of time. • Eventually, after the last stars burn out, there is no more heat in the Universe . • This would cause it to drop to absolute zero, the point where it can’t possibly get any colder and nothing can move.
- 25. MULTIVERSE • There are an infinite number of universes, with possibly different dimensions and laws of physics, in the Multiverse. • There is no defined end of the Multiverse because new universes are continually created.
- 26. The Steady Sate theory It states that the counting of the galaxies in our Universe is constant and new galaxies which are forming continuously are filling the empty spaces which are created by those heavenly bodies which have crossed the boundary lines of observable Universe.
- 27. The Pulsating Theory 1. In this theory it is assumed that there is continuous expansion and contraction in universe. A word which can replace the above definition is ‘Pulsating’. 2. Pulsating theory states that it is the possibility that after some passage of time the expansion in the universe may stop. 3. Then their may be the possibility of contraction. When this contraction will approaches to a particular size. 4. Again the explosion will take place. 5. As a result of this explosion the expansion of universe will start again. 6. Hence it results in a pulsating universe in which there is alternate expansion and contraction of universe.
- 28. ATOMIC THEORY • In chemistry and physics, atomic theory is a scientific theory of the nature of matter, which states that matter is composed of discrete units called atoms. • It began as a philosophical concept in ancient Greece and entered the scientific mainstream in the early 19th century when discoveries in the field of chemistry showed that matter did indeed behave as if it were made up of atoms. • The word atom comes from the Ancient Greek adjective atomos, meaning "uncuttable". • 19th century chemists began using the term in connection with the growing number of irreducible chemical elements. • While seemingly apropos, around the turn of the 20th century, through various experiments with electromagnetism and radioactivity, physicists discovered that the so-called "uncuttable atom" was actually a conglomerate of various subatomic particles (chiefly, electrons, protons and neutrons) which can exist separately from each other. • In fact, in certain extreme environments, such as neutron stars, extreme temperature and pressure prevents atoms from existing at all. • Since atoms were found to be divisible, physicists later invented the term "elementary particles" to describe the "uncuttable", though not indestructible, parts of an atom. • The field of science which studies subatomic particles is particle physics, and it is in this field that physicists hope to discover the true fundamental nature of matter.
- 29. ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY • The history of electromagnetic theory begins with ancient measures to deal with atmospheric electricity, in particular lightning. • People then had little understanding of electricity, and were unable to scientifically explain the phenomena. • In the 19th century there was a unification of the history of electric theory with the history of magnetic theory. • It became clear that electricity should be treated jointly with magnetism, because wherever electricity is in motion, magnetism is also present. • Magnetism was not fully explained until the idea of magnetic induction was developed. • Electricity was not fully explained until the idea of electric charge was developed.
- 30. ULTIMATE FATE OF THE UNIVERSE