Mobile communication fundamental
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This document discusses mobile communications and cellular systems. It describes the basic components like subscribers, base stations, and different communication modes. It then explains the fundamentals of cellular systems including cell structure, base stations, mobile units, and wireless components. Finally, it outlines the process of making and receiving telephone calls through a cellular network including call handoff between base stations.
![Common Air Interface (CAI)
Common Air Interface: A Standard that
defines Communication between a Base Station
and Mobile
Specifies Four Channels [Voice Channels
and Control / Setup Channels]
FVC: Forward Voice Channel Reverse Channel
RVC: Reverse Voice Channel
FCC: Forward Control Channel
RCC: Reverse Control Channel Forward Channel](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/mobilecommunicationfundamental-121211121156-phpapp01/85/Mobile-communication-fundamental-22-320.jpg)
![Paging System:
For Transmission of Brief Numeric/Alpha-
numeric/Voice Messages [Pages] to Subscriber
To Notify/Alert the User
Simplex Service
Modern Paging Systems Can Send News
Head-Lines, Stock Info, or Fax
Application Dependent System Range [2
Km to World-wide]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/mobilecommunicationfundamental-121211121156-phpapp01/85/Mobile-communication-fundamental-55-320.jpg)
Mobile communication fundamental
- 1. Mobile Communications Prepared by: R – THANDAIAH PRABU M.E., LECTURER / ECE Mobile Communications 1
- 2. • Subscriber – Mobile or portable user. • Base stations – Link mobiles through a backbone network. • Simplex – Communication is possible only in one direction, (e.g., paging systems). • Half Duplex – Two way communication, but uses the same radio channel for both transmission and reception. User can only transmit or receive information. • Full Duplex – Simultaneous two-way radio transmission and reception between subscriber and base station.
- 3. Fundamentals of Cellular Systems Ideal cell area (2-10 km radius) BS Cell MS Alternative MS Hexagonal cell area shape of a cell used in most models Illustration of a cell with a mobile station and a base station 3
- 4. Base Station (BS): A network element that interconnects the mobile station (or Mobile unit (MU)) to the network via the air interface. Each cell in the network has a BS associated with it. The primary function of a BS is to maintain the air interface, or medium, for communication to any mobile unit within its cell. Other functions of BS are call processing, signaling, maintenance, and diagnostics. Mobile Communications 4
- 5. Mobile Units (MU): Also called Mobile Systems (MS) or Mobile Hosts (MH). It consists of three components: (a) transceiver, (b) antenna, and (c) user interface. The user interface exists only at MU, which consists of a display, a keypad for entering information, and an audio interface for speaking and hearing voice conversation. This can be a laptop, a palmtop, or a cell phone, or any other mobile device. A MU also stores (a) Mobile Identification Number (MIN), (b) Electronic Serial Number (EIN), and (C) Station Class Mark (SCM). These are transmitted upon power on, cell initiated sampling, and cell origination. Mobile Communications 5
- 6. Wireless Components MSC (MTSO) BS MS Wireless MS component Cell
- 7. Functions of Cellular System • Provides wireless connection to the PSTN for any user location within the radio range of the system. • High capacity is achieved: – by limiting the coverage of each base station transmitter to a small geographical area called a cell, and – by reusing the same radio channels in another base station located some distance away – Frequency reuse.
- 8. ...Functions of Cellular System • Switching system, called handoff, enables call to proceed uninterrupted when the user moves from one cell to another. • Typical MSC handles 100,000 cellular users and 5,000 simultaneous conversations at a time.
- 9. Cellular System Infrastructure Service area BS (Zone) Early wireless system: Large zone 9
- 10. Cellular System: Small Zone Service area BS BS BS BS BS BS BS 10
- 11. MS, BS, BSC, MSC, and PSTN Home phone PSTN MSC … MSC BSC … BSC BSC … BSC … … … … BS MS BS MS BS MS BS MS BS MS BS MS BS MS BS MS 11
- 12. Cellular System Base stations (towers) provide radio access between mobile users and MSC. Mobile Switching Center PSTN
- 13. Mobile cells The entire coverage area is a group of a number of cells. The size of cell depends upon the power of the base stations. MSC PSTN Mobile Communications 13
- 14. Telephone Call Made To Mobile User...
- 15. Base Stations Base Stations Incoming Incoming Telephone Telephone Call to Call to Mobile X Mobile X Step 1 2, 6 2, 6 Step 1 Mobile 5 Switching 5 Center 4 4 3, 7 3, 7 Mobile X Mobile X PSTN PSTN
- 16. Brief Outline of Cellular Process: Telephone Call Placed to a Mobile User Step 1 – The incoming telephone call to Mobile X is received at the MSC. Step 2 – The MSC dispatches the request to all base stations in the cellular system. Step 3 – The base stations broadcast the Mobile Identification Number (MIN), telephone number of Mobile X, as a paging message over the FCC throughout the cellular system.
- 17. ...Telephone Call Placed to Mobile User Step 4 – The mobile receives the paging message sent by the base station it monitors and responds by identifying itself over the reverse control channel (RCC). Step 5 – The base station relays the acknowledgement sent by the mobile and informs the MSC of the handshake. Step 6 – The MSC instructs the base station to move the call to an available voice channel within the cell.
- 18. ...Telephone Call Placed to Mobile User Step 7 – The base station signals the mobile to change frequencies to an unused forward and reverse voice channel pair. At the point another data message (alert) is transmitted over the forward voice channel (FVC) to instruct the mobile to ring. Now the call is in progress. The MSC adjusts the transmitted power of the mobile and changes the channel of the mobile end and base stations in order to maintain call quality. This is called handoff.
- 19. Mobile Switching 3 3 Center 2 2 PSTN PSTN 1 1 Telephone Telephone Call Placed Call Placed by Mobile X by Mobile X
- 20. Telephone Call Placed by Mobile Step 1 – When a mobile originates a call, it sends the base station its telephone number (MIN), electronic serial number (ESN), and telephone number of called party. It also transmits a station class mark (SCM) which indicates what the maximum power level is for the particular user. Step 2 – The cell base station receives the data and sends it to the MSC.
- 21. ...Telephone Call Placed by Mobile Step 3 – The MSC validates the request, makes connection to the called party through the PSTN and validates the base station and mobile user to move to an unused forward and reverse channel pair to allow the conversation to begin.
- 22. Common Air Interface (CAI) Common Air Interface: A Standard that defines Communication between a Base Station and Mobile Specifies Four Channels [Voice Channels and Control / Setup Channels] FVC: Forward Voice Channel Reverse Channel RVC: Reverse Voice Channel FCC: Forward Control Channel RCC: Reverse Control Channel Forward Channel
- 23. Base Station - Mobile Network RVC FVC RCC FCC Forward Voice Channel Reverse Voice Channel Forward Control Channel Reverse Control Channel
- 24. Handoff A process, which allows users to remain in touch, even while breaking the connection with one BS and establishing connection with another BS. MSC MSC New BS Old BS New BS Old BS MSC MSC Old BS New BS Old BS New BS
- 25. Handoff To keep the conversation going, the Handoff procedure should be completed while the MS (the bus) is in the overlap region. Cell overlap region G Old BS New BS
- 26. Handoff issues Handoff detection Channel assignment Radio link transfer
- 27. Handoff detection strategies Mobile-Controlled handoff (MCHO) Network-Controlled handoff (NCHO) Mobile-Assisted handoff (MAHO)
- 28. Mobile-Controlled Handoff (MCHO) In this strategy, the MS continuously monitors the radio signal strength and quality of the surrounding BSs. When predefined criteria are met, then the MS checks for the best candidate BS for an available traffic channel and requests the handoff to occur.
- 29. Network-Controlled Handoff (NCHO) In this strategy, the surrounding BSs, the MSC or both monitor the radio signal. When the signal’s strength and quality deteriorate below a predefined threshold, the network arranges for a handoff to another channel.
- 30. Mobile-Assisted Handoff (MAHO) It is a variant of NCHO strategy. In this strategy, the network directs the MS to measure the signal from the surrounding BSs and to report those measurements back to the network. The network then uses these measurements to determine where a handoff is required and to which channel. MACHO is used in GSM and IS-95 CDMA.
- 31. Handoff types with reference to the network Intra-system handoff or Inter-BS handoff The new and the old BSs are connected to the same MSC. MSC Old BS New BS
- 32. Intra-system handoff or Inter-BS handoff Steps 1. The MU (MS) momentarily suspends conversation and initiates the handoff procedure by signaling on an idle (currently free) channel in the new BS. Then it resumes the conversation on the old BS. MSC Old BS New BS
- 33. Intra-system handoff or Inter-BS handoff 2. Upon receipt of the signal, the MSC transfers the encryption information to the selected idle channel of the new BS and sets up the new conversation path to the MS through that channel. The switch bridges the new path with the old path and informs the MS to transfer from the old channel to the new channel. MSC Old BS New BS
- 34. Intra-system handoff or Inter-BS handoff 3. After the MS has been transferred to the new BS, it signals the network and resumes conversation using the new channel. MSC Old BS New BS
- 35. Intra-system handoff or Inter-BS handoff 4. Upon the receipt of the handoff completion signal, the network removes the bridge from the path and releases resources associated with the old channel. MSC Old BS New BS
- 36. Handoff types with reference to the network Intersystem handoff or Inter-MSC handoff The new and the old BSs are connected to different MSCs. PSTN BS1 BS2 BS1 BS2 MSC A MSC B MSC A MSC B Trunk Trunk
- 37. Handoff types with reference to link transfer Hard handoff The MS connects with only one BS at a time, and there is usually some interruption in the conversation during the link transition. Soft handoff The two BSs are briefly simultaneously connected to the MU while crossing the cell boundary. As soon as the mobile's link with the new BS is acceptable, the initial BS disengages from the MU.
- 38. Roaming • All cellular systems provide a service called roaming. This allows subscribers to operate in service areas other than the one from which service is subscribed. • When a mobile enters a city or geographic area that is different from its home service area, it is registered as a roamer in the new service area.
- 39. … Roaming • Periodically, the MSC issues a global command over each FCC in the system, asking for all mobiles which are previously unregistered to report their MIN and ESN over the RCC for billing purposes. • If a particular mobile user has roaming authorization for billing purposes, MSC registers the subscriber as a valid roamer.
- 40. Roaming Roaming is a facility, which allows a subscriber to enjoy uninterrupted communication from anywhere in the entire coverage space. A mobile network coverage space may be managed by a number of different service providers. They must cooperate with each other to provide roaming facility. Roaming can be provided only if some administrative and technical constraints are met.
- 41. Roaming Administrative constraints Billing. Subscription agreement. Call transfer charges. User profile and database sharing. Any other policy constraints.
- 42. Roaming Technical constraints Bandwidth mismatch. For example, European 900MHz band may not be available in other parts of the world. This may preclude some mobile equipment for roaming. Service providers must be able to communicate with each other. Needs some standard. Mobile station constraints.
- 43. Roaming Technical constraints Integration of a new service provider into the network. A roaming subscriber must be able to detect this new provider. Service providers must be able to communicate with each other. Needs some standard. Quick MU response to a service provider’s availability. Limited battery life.
- 44. Roaming Two basic operations in roaming management are Registration (Location update): The process of informing the presence or arrival of a MU to a cell. Location tracking: the process of locating the desired MU.
- 45. Roaming Registration (Location update): There are six different types of registration. Power-down registration. Done by the MU when it intends to switch itself off. Power-up registration. Opposite to power-down registration. When an MU is switched on, it registers. Deregistration. A MU decides to acquire control channel service on a different type of network (public, private, or residential).
- 46. Roaming Registration (Location update): There are six different types of registration. New system/Location area registration: when the location area of the MU changes, it sends a registration message. Periodic registration: A MU may be instructed to periodically register with the network. Forced registration: A network may, under certain circumstances, force all MUs to register.
- 47. Registration Two-Tier Scheme HLR: Home Location Register A HLR stores user profile and the geographical location. VLR: Visitor Location Register A VLR stores user profile and the current location who is a visitor to a different cell that its home cell.
- 48. Registration Two-Tier Scheme steps. MU1 moves to cell 2. Cell 1 Cell 2 MU1 MU1
- 49. Location tracking Steps 1. VLR of cell 2 is searched for MU1’s profile. 2. If it is not found, then HLR is searched. 3. Once the location of MU1 is found, then the information is sent to the base station of cell 1. 4. Cell 1 establishes the communication.
- 50. Mobile cells Metropolitan area Metropolitan area BS Base Station BS BS Coverage area in one cell Coverage area in three cells Large cells. Low density Small cells. High density Smaller cells. Higher density
- 51. Frequency reuse A A 2 2 7 3 2 7 3 1 1 D7 3 A 6 4 1 A 6 4 A 5 5 6 4 5 A A D = 3N R D = distance between cells using the same frequency R = cell radius N = reuse pattern (the cluster size, which is 7). Thus, for a 7-cell group with cell radius R = 3 miles, the frequency reuse distance D is 13.74 miles.
- 52. Cordless Telephone Systems • Full duplex communication • Few hundred meters wireless Public link Fixed Switched Port Telephone (Base Network Station) cordless (PSTN) handset
- 53. Paging Systems: Wide Area System The paging control center dispatches pages received from the PSTN throughout several cities at the same time.
- 54. City 1 Land Line Link Paging Terminal PSTN City 2 Land Line Link PAGING CONTROL Paging Terminal CENTRE City N Paging Terminal
- 55. Paging System: For Transmission of Brief Numeric/Alpha- numeric/Voice Messages [Pages] to Subscriber To Notify/Alert the User Simplex Service Modern Paging Systems Can Send News Head-Lines, Stock Info, or Fax Application Dependent System Range [2 Km to World-wide]
- 56. Wide Area Paging System Landline link Landline link City 1: City 1: Paging Paging terminal terminal PSTN PSTN Landline link Landline link City 2: City 2: Paging Paging Paging Paging control control terminal center terminal center City N: City N: Paging Paging terminal terminal Satellite link Satellite link
- 57. Paging systems are communication systems that send brief messages to a subscriber... • Numeric messages • Alpha-numeric message • Voice message • News headlines • Stock quotes • Faxes
- 58. Paging Systems Coverage Area • 2 to 5 km • Within individual buildings • Worldwide coverage
- 59. Problems with cellular structure How to maintain continuous communication between two parties in the presence of mobility? Solution: Handoff How to maintain continuous communication between two parties in the presence of mobility? Solution: Roaming How to locate of a mobile unit in the entire coverage area? Solution: Location management