Module 4B - EN - Promoting data use II: use in key scientific and policy areas
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The document discusses three key cases: invasive alien species including building an official list for Mexico; conservation planning including examples from Mexico of using species occurrence data and software to identify priority sites; and climate change impacts and adaptation. It also discusses using data on invasive species, conservation planning, and climate impacts in key scientific and policy areas.
Module 4B - EN - Promoting data use II: use in key scientific and policy areas
- 1. Patricia Koleff Contents: • Introduction • KEY CASE I: Invasive Alien Species • KEY CASE II: Conservation planning • KEY CASE III: Climate change impacts and adaptation Promoting data use II Use in key scientific and policy areas Room Cambridge. Trainer:
- 2. Aichi Biodiversity Targets http://www.cbd.int/sp/targets/ Enhance implementation through participatory planning, knowledge management and capacity building Enhance the benefits to all from biodiversity and ecosystem services Address the underlying causes of biodiversity loss by mainstreaming biodiversity across government and society Reduce the direct pressures on biodiversity and promote sustainable use To improve the status of biodiversity by safeguarding ecosystems, species and genetic diversity
- 3. Article 8(h) of the CBD establishes that the parties shall “Prevent the introduction of, control or eradicate those alien species which threaten ecosystems, habitats or species.” Source: Virginia Gwein. News in Focus: Tsunami triggers invasion concerns. 7 March 2013. Nature 14(495):13-14. (Source: Modified from Reise et al., 2006). Introduction Establishment Dispersal Adaptation Populationsize EcosystemDegradation Cost
- 4. 0 2,500,000 5,000,000 7,500,000 10,000,000 12,500,000 15,000,000 17,500,000 20,000,000 22,500,000 25,000,000 1911 1916 1921 1926 1931 1936 1941 1946 1951 1956 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 2011 SuperficiedelasÁreasProtegidas(km2) Año IUCN and UNEP-WCMC (2012) The World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA): February 2012. Cambridge, UK: UNEP-WCMC Terrestrial Marine 157,897 Protected areas 24 million of km2 Terrestrial 16% Marine 1.6% Total
- 5. Climate is changing How well can we predict impacts on biodiversity?
- 6. Facing the survey sampling bias (e.g. effect of roadside) For some taxa, at certain scales and from certain perspectives information is wide. For other scales, taxonomic groups or perspectives it is insufficient. Survey localities for birds in “Atlas de las Aves de México” and main roads and highways in the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico (Lira-Noriega, 2006).
- 7. Getting from a set of occurrence data (survey localities) to a species distribution model of Icterus abeillei based on ecological niche modeling, considering variables of temperature, precipitation and topography, and using the Genetic Algorithm for Rule-set Prediction (GARP, Stockwell & Noble, 1992; Stockwell & Peters, 1999; DesktopGarp: http//www.lifemapper.org/desktopgarp/). Species distribution modeling
- 8. Key Case I. Invasive Alien Species • General considerations • How to build an official list of IAS • A case study
- 9. Ecological Biological Social Economic Political Factors Donor ecosystem Pathway of introduction (ie. Int commerce)/vector Exotic traits Host ecosystem Host ecosystem -Opportunities of colonization -Habitat availability - Host community Pathway of introduction (ie. Int commerce)/vector Dispersal patterns Species traits (native and exotic) Native and exotic species traits Host ecosystem - Opportunities of colonization - Habitat availability - Resource availability - Host community DONOR POPULATION REGION PROPAGULES WITHIN A VECTOR RELEASE IN A NEW ENVIRONMENT NEW POPULATION IN A NEW ENVIRONMENT POPULATION DOMINATES IN SEVERAL NEW ENVIRONMENTS DISPERSAL IN DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS POPULATION DOMINATES IN NEW ENVIRONMENTS Stage 0 Source Stage 1 Transportation Stage 2 Introduction Stage 4ª scattered-rare Stage 4b local-dominant Stage 5 Prevalence Propagule pressure (+) Propagule pressure (+) Physicochemical factors (+,-) Propagule pressure (+) Physicochemical factors (+,-) Interactions with the community (+,-) Propagule pressure (+) Interactions with the community (+,-) Propagule pressure (+) Local dispersal Propagule pressure (+) Interactions with the community (+,-) Propagule pressure (+) Local dispersal Takeover Survival and release from vector Environmental survival and reproduction Stage 3 Establishment
- 10. Official invasive species list for Mexico • 2010 Changes in the Legislation regarding Invasive Alien species – Identify Invasive species for Mexico – Regulate Imports and within the country – Establish prevention, control, management and eradication programes – Prohibits the introduction of IAS to Protected areas
- 11. What we need • Identify Invasive species that – Are in Mexico (where, status etc.) – Are not in Mexico (Pathways, Risk of entrance) • Additionally we need to detect – Species with unknown status in Mexico (research) – Native species that are introduced to new areas
- 12. Key information needed 1.- General information 2.- Distribution 3.- Environment 4.- Natural history 5.- Invasion background 6.- Impacts and management 7.- Invasiveness 8.- Risk analysis
- 13. Official invasive species list for Mexico 1. Reported as invasive elsewhere 2. Relationship with invasive taxons 3. Vector of other invasive species 4. Risk of introduction 5. Risk of establishment 6. Risk of dispersion 7. Sanitary impacts 8. Socio-economic impacts 9. Environmental impacts 10.Impacts to biodiversity Full risk analysis Potential distribution/climate match model 415 species evaluated so far
- 14. Sources of information on AIS • Scientific literature • Expert advice • Online databases: GBIF, GISD, ISC- CABI, GISIN, NBIS, USFWS, ISSG, Mobot- Tropicos, Fishbase, Algaebase, Th e Plant base, GRIN USDA, WoRMs... • General internet searches • Peer review of all the information sheets Additionally: – Research projects – Networks of experts: Constant collaboration with other sectors: government, academia, NGOs, international organizations
- 15. Example of the results Information from the Invasive Species Information System Model based on data on original distribution by GBIF records
- 16. To date • > 350 species identified as alien invasive species • >1000 exotic • > 200 native/invasive • > 50,000 records for 384 species • 157 detailed information sheets • 415 rapid screenings • 30 research projects 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Requestsperyear Information requests on IAS Information requested more often • Distribution • Species lists • Impacts • Control strategies Users • Governement • Media • Academia • Foreign organisations • General public
- 17. Case study Risk assessment of Bombus impatiens • Native of Eastern United States • Imported to Mexico as a pollinator for green house agriculture • 2000-2009 Conflicting and unconfirmed reports of sightings in the wild in different areas of Mexico • Ministry of Agriculture requested help in determining the situation of the species as it has huge economic implications with tomato growers
- 18. Importance of updating the information • In 2008 CONABIO did a Potential distribution model using GBIF data, however, in spite of the reports of escaped individuals, the data on the natural distribution available at the time, did not produce any results that would indicate that the species could become established in Mexico, so the imports were allowed to continue • In 2010 Bumblebee specialists, producers and the Ministry of Agriculture create a working group to assess the situation of B impatiens in Mexico. • The geographic information of the alleged sightings was sent to CONABIO • We reviewed GBIF and found that new data on the species distribution had been added, documenting the species range towards Florida in the South. • A new PDM was developed and the new results showed that the areas of the alleged sightings were a perfect match. The species is not yet established in the wild, and we are currently working on a project to assess the status of native bumblebees and their susceptibility as greenhouse pollinators, to replace the exotic species and promote sustainable and conservation af native species. This will have to be discussed with the producers... Sightings in the wild
- 20. Systematic Conservation Planning for spaces and species Key Case 2. CONSERVATION Basics concepts Examples of Mexico Final remarks
- 21. Systematic conservation planning consists of the use of specific protocols to identify priority areas and separate them from processes which threaten their persistence. (Margules and Sarkhar 2000) The approach supports the decision-making process, where to establish new protected areas and direct conservation efforts towards more effective conservation.
- 22. Overall planning approach in eleven stages (Margules and Pressey 2000, Cowling and Pressey 2003) 1) Identify stakeholders for the planning region 2) Compile, assess, and refine biodiversity and socio-economic data for the region 3) Identify biodiversity surrogates for the region 4) Establish conservation targets and goals 5) Review the existing conservation area network 6) Prioritize new areas for potential conservation actions 7) Assess prognosis for biodiversity within each newly selected area 8) Refine networks of areas selected for conservation action 9) Examine feasibility 10) Implement a conservation plan 11) Periodically reassess the network
- 23. The concept of biodiversity must be made operational through the use of surrogates that refers to a sub-set of species, communities, or ecological systems (species or other taxa, landscape features, vegetation types,, etc..) that can be quantified (geographic distribution, populations, etc..). Surrogates represent the conservation elements, which are selected to comprehensively represent the biodiversity of a given area. Goals has to be set for the representation of these surrogates (Margules and Sarkar 2009)
- 24. Setting conservation targets 1982, World-Parks-Congress: less than 10% of a country or region. 1987, Brundtland Commission: 12% of an area or region. 25-75% of an areas is adequate to represent all species and ecosystems (Noss and Cooperrider 1994). 50% of a region (Soulé and Sanjayan 1998). 20-30% of an habitat (Fahring, 1997, Andrén 1994), below this threshold the effects of habitat fragmentation become very deleterious and lead to the extinction of species and alteration of ecological processes. Scientists recommend 10, 12, 15% or higher percentages (Margules y Sarkar 2009); 10-100% (Maiorano et al. 2006), 30-40% of each ecosystem. ¿How much is enough?
- 25. ConsNet Systematic conservation planning Area design can take into account: - Detailed spatial information of biogeographic distribution - Spatial economy - Threat factors - Socio-economic data (Sarkar et al. 2006. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour.)
- 26. Biological criteria • Threatened species or ecosystems • Endemism • Biogeographical distribution • Threats to biodiversity • Complementarity Desgin criteria • Form • Size • Dispersion • Connectivity • Replication Social and economical criteria • Cost of land acquisition • Threat factors • Population Prioritization of new potential areas for conservation actions During the planning process you can include the following criteria: - Minimize coincidence with highly impacted areas - Reduce economic costs / social - Implement spatial criteria: connectivity, area configuration.
- 27. Examples for online databases • Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) http://data.gbif.org/species/ • IUCN Red List of Threatened Species www.iucnredlist.org/ • TROPICOS database http://www.tropicos.org/ • SNIB http://www.conabio.gob.mx/remib/doctos/remibnodosdb.html? • WildFinder www.worldwildlife.org/wildfinder/index.cfm • Catalouge of Life http://www.catalogueoflife.org/col/search/all • Species 2000 www.sp2000.org/ • World Biodiversity Database http://wbd.etibioinformatics.nl/bis/index.php Species distributional data information is available from broad-scale distributions to point localities
- 28. Uses of primary species-occurrence data Some examples of Mexico GAP analyses (i.e. Terrestrial priority sites) Priority sites for biological corridors Priority sites for primate species
- 29. Identifying terrestrial priority sites 5 workshops to establish and define: • scale of analysis (planning unit 256 km2) • biodiversity surrogates (1450 cartographic maps for analysis) • criteria to define conservation targets (targets: 5 - 99%) • threats and pressures(19 cartographic maps) • thresholds and values of different parameters • optimization program (MARXAN, 10,000 runs; 1 million iterations)
- 30. Basic inputs Models were generated for most of the described species of Mexico: 83.7% amphibians and 86.4% reptiles (Ochoa-Ochoa, Flores-Villela et al. 2006) 86.0 % birds (Navarro y Peterson 2007) 87.3% mammals (Ceballos et al. 2006) Occurrence data (SNIB) Distribution models Species richness maps Potential distribution of Tapirus bairdii Maps were generated for all vertebrates and endemisms. Data cleaning
- 31. Basic data cleaning (GAP analysis) A) Nomenclatural and Taxonomic Error • Identification certainty (synonyms) • Spelling of names ‐ Scientific names ‐ Author names B) Spatial Data • Data Entry • Georeferencing
- 32. Advanced data cleaning A) Nomenclatural and Taxonomic Error • Identification certainty (synonyms) • Spelling of names ‐ Scientific names ‐ Common names ‐ Infraspecific rank ‐ Cultivars and Hybrids ‐ Unpublished Names ‐ Author names ‐ Collectors’ names B) Spatial Data • Data Entry • Georeferencing C) Descriptive Data D) Documentation of Error E) Visualisation of Error
- 33. 1,450 maps were considered for the analysis out of 2,546 Selected biological variables * Data type Critical vegetation types (68) Polygon Plant families (12) Occurrence data, adjusted to fit the distribution according to grid resolution Threatened plant species NOM-059-2001 (152) Trimmed potential distribution models (endemic and not endemic) Threatened tree species NOM-059-2001 (39) Trimmed potential distribution models Threatened agave species (23) Trimmed potential distribution models Resident birds (273) Trimmed potential distribution models Reptiles (424) Trimmed potential distribution models Amphibians (208) Trimmed potential distribution models Mammals (242) Trimmed potential distribution models Species richness (9) Areas of highest richness of endemic and not endemic groups *9 out of 10 variables were obtained from primary ocurrence data.
- 34. Fine filters (occurrence data and trimmed ecological niche models) Coarse filters (vegetation distribution, species richness maps) Conservation targets Prioritization software (MARXAN) 256 km2 Threats Priority sites
- 35. http://www.uq.edu.au/marxan/ The software was developed to aid in the design of reserve systems which is made up of a selection of planning units which will satisfy a number of ecological, social and economic criteria and targets in the smallest possible area. (Ball and Possingham 2000, Possingham et al. 2000)
- 36. Inputs • Conservation features • Conservation targets for each surrogate • Threat factores • Matrix of features per planning unit • Boundary file Objective function (used by the iterative algorithm and by simulated annealing) Cost: measure of the cost, area, or opportunity of the reserve system BLM (Boundary Length Modifier): importance given to the boundary length relative to the cost of the reserve system CFPF (Conservation Feature Penalty): penalty given for not adequately representing a conservation feature Penalty: additional value associated with each underrepresented conservation feature Cost Threshold Penalty: penalty applied to the objective function if the target cost is exceeded.
- 37. A B Important considerations ScaleComplementarity Marxan preferably selected sites with greater vegetation coverage (A) in order to meet conservation targets in the smallest possible area. However, if the conservation element has a restricted and fragmented distribution, the algorithm may select sites with little cover (B).
- 38. Irreplaceability Pressey (1994): The probability that a site is required to meet the established conservation goals. Values vary from 0-100% (0-1); values represeninf 100% values is essential to achieve the goals for one or more elements for what they are called irreplaceable. Game and Grantham: A unit with 100% selection frequency may or may not be irreplaceable in the strict sense, but it will contribute significantly to provide efficient solutions. Run 1 Run 2 Runs …. 80 % 100% 50% 15% 19% 12% 90% 100% 45% 86% 97% 14% 0 % 0 % > Summed solutions > Irreplaceable unites > 100% selection frequency
- 39. Terrestrial priority sites ● TPS cover 30.4% of the country’s land area, 16.6% is of extreme high priority. ● 12.9 % (3.92 % land area) of TPS coincide with PA.
- 40. Other examples using GBIF-data & MARXAN software
- 41. Mesoamerican Biological Corridor (MBC) The MBC is established in Mexico in the states of Chiapas, Quintana Roo, Yucatan and Campeche, and comprises 5 corridors. The main objectives are: maintain biological diversity, reduce fragmentation, improve the connectivity of the landscape and ecosystems, and promote sustainable production processes that improve the quality of life of the local human populations who utilize, manage and conserve biodiversity. The aim of this study was to assess a conservation area network to guide the establishment of a biological corridor in the states of Tabasco, Oaxaca, Veracruz. Priority sites for biological corridors Example #2
- 42. • Phases1: preparation of input data • Phase 2: analysis with the optimization algorithm (ConsNet v1.01) which established the prioritization and selection of municipalities. • Planning unit 1 km2 Method selection of species Veracruz Tabasco Oaxaca
- 43. Input data: species Gathering species data: potential distribution maps of plants and terrestrial vertebrates with potential distribution in the states. Group # species used for Tabasco # species used for Oaxaca # species used for Veracruz Terrestrial vertebrates Birds 97 174 151 Amphibians 3 66 54 Mammals 28 74 68 Reptiles 19 148 106 Total 147 462 379 Plants Agaves - 12 9 Trees - 24 23 Plants - 88 80 Total - 124 112
- 44. Endemic Rareness (fourth quartile divieded in four) NOM-059 IUCN CITES Total Yes No 4 3 2 1 E P A Pr Cr En Vu I II 20 10 20 16 13 10 25 25 15 0 15 10 5 10 5 90 Example: Oaxaca and Veracruz Conservation targets Total Conservation target 85 – 64 40 63 – 42 30 41 – 22 10 < 21 5
- 45. Other criteria used for site selection • Protected areas • Vegetation cover (primary and secondary arboreal) • Areas designated for agriculture, livestock and forestry • Urban areas • Cohesiveness • Connectivity
- 46. ConsNet Advanced Software for Systematic Conservation Planning http://uts.cc.utexas.edu/~consbio/Cons/consnet_home.html Comprehensive software package for the design and analysis of conservation area networks to represent biodiversity. ConsNet is built on the Modular Abstract Self-Learning Tabu Search (MASTS) framework , a metaheuristic that relies on memory structures to organize and navigate the search space intelligently (Ciarleglio 2008). Inclusion of multiple criteria Different targets for different criteria Design criteria Different search methods
- 47. • The study region is partitioned into "cells." • For each cell, there are data on: • expected presence or abundance of surrogates • potential costs (or benefits) of placing each cell under a conservation plan, and the spatial properties of the cell. • A conservation area network is assembled as a collection of cells which best meets the goals of the planner (Margules and Sarkar 2007).
- 48. Proposal for extension of Mesoamerican Biologicla Corridor in Tabasco, Oaxaca and Veracruz
- 49. Priorities for primate conservation in Mexico Example #3
- 50. Their populations are seriously threatened within and outside protected areas. They play a key role during the process of regeneration of tropical ecosystems. They can bring economic benefits in rural communities (ecotourism) and encourage the creation of private and community protected areas. As emblematic and recognized flagschip species, they are useful e.g. for environmental education campaigns. Mexican primates: a priority for conservation actions
- 51. Method Distribution models (Conabio 2011) ConsNet Vegetation cover (INEGI 2009) Mexbio index (Conabio 2009) Terrestrial priority sites (Conabio 2008) Occurrence data Other criteria Maximize coincidence - Species representation - Vegetation cover - Species ocurrence - Terrestrial priorities Minimize: - Antropogenic impact - Area-perimeter relation
- 52. - Ecological niche models - Identification of areas where environmental conditions are similar to those where presence of species have been confirmed. - Generation of maps using MaxEnt at a spatial resolution of 1 km2. Distribution modelling Georeferenced records Potential distribution Alouatta palliata mexicana Ateles geoffroyi Alouatta pigra 53 102 189
- 53. http://www.biodiversidad.gob.mx/pais/pdf/prioridades_primates.pdf Total extension: 71,808 km2 15,4% of southeastern Mexico The optimization algorithm identified a set of areas that meet the conservation goals defined by the expert group in the smallest possible area and guided the selection of sites to areas covered by vegetation in good conservation status, and those with less human impact.
- 54. Examples of using GBIF data for conservation purpose
- 55. Conservation assessments Projects require extensive amounts of species-occurrence data in order to come up with a meaningful result. Information of biodiversity has become the most important consideration for conservation area selection. Key concepts to consider during the priority setting process: complementarity, replication, representativeness and irreplaceability.
- 56. Do we need more data??? The need to discover and describe species has never been more urgent. (Primm et al. 1995; Dirzo and Raven 2003) Complete inventories are critical: 1) to properly estimate the magnitude of species loss. 2) to accurately formulate conservation assessments and plans.
- 57. • How many species are there? • How many species are known? May (2011) suggest another 480 years to describe all the species on Earth. Completeness (aprox.) 97% for mammals 80–90% flowering plants 79% fish 67% amphibians 30% arthropods <4% nematodes
- 58. Escobar, F. et al. 2009. Evaluación de las capacidades de conocimiento Number of described species Number of species in SNIB • How many species are in Mexico? • How many species are known?
- 59. Consequences of poor-quality or sparse data (and potentially subjected to high uncertainty) Poor decision-making Misuse of the limited resources available Failure of conservation practice “Understanding the limitations and consequences of uncertainties in input data is a key issue in developing robust conservation recommendations from systematic planning.” (Hermoso et al. 2013)
- 60. BUT: do we really need more data? a) Is new data acquisition an adequate strategy to deal with errors in conservation planning outcomes derived from the use of poor datasets? b) Is there a significant improvement in conservation planning outcomes by constraining the data used to those species with low uncertainty?
- 61. Four different predictive models were built: •one on the complete dataset (true distribution model) •three subsets that simulated different data availability scenarios. To test the effect of species uncertainty on conservation outcomes, independent analyses for different subsets of species were run, using the Area Under the ROC Curve to filter species with increasing certainty. Results from Marxan were compared against the true distribution to obtain estimates of three different performance measures: 1) commission and omission errors, 2) effectiveness, and 3) efficiency.
- 62. Concluding remarks • Sparse data might be suitable for portraying the spatial patterns of biodiversity surrogates used for conservation planning. • Data addition led to an increase in effectiveness as more species were adequately represented within priority areas but at the expense of reducing efficiency. • Given that data acquisition is limited by high cost and time required, improve the quality of data for those species with the highest level of uncertainty (rare species) when acquiring new data. Commission and omission errors Effectiveness Efficiency
- 63. Fuller et al. 2006. The cost of postponing biodiversity conservation in Mexico. Biol. Conserv. 134 It requires a larger area in the year 2000 (41-89%, deposing the targets) to represent the habitat of mammals than in 1970. Conservation assessments Species AND Threats
- 64. “Tools for systematic area-based planning and plans have proliferated, but very few have yet led to changes in land use on the ground.” (Balmford and Cowling 2006) Publications in Spanish in: http://www.biodiversidad.gob.mx/pais/vaciosyom.html
- 65. KEY CASE III: Climate change impacts and adaptation
- 66. Currently we know few of the species that have existed on the Earth! Effects of climate change on Earth
- 68. Phenology Population sizes Changes in geographical range Biological responses Community composition Biological interactions
- 69. Presente + ...... Escenarios de clima futuro Potential distribution Future ...... ...... Potential distribution Present Temperature Moisture Analyses methods Niche modeling and species distributions
- 70. Potential distribution Ateles geoffroyi The importance of input data The map resulting is function of input data Errors in input data, can be produce inconsistent results Errors in records of species occurrences: • Observer skill at identification • Comprehensiveness of survey coverage • Georeferencing • Potential biases in recording presence Special attention in climate change assessments : Errors of input data + Inherent uncertainty of climate change Reliable results?
- 71. Vulnerable species to climate change Niche modeling for priorities terrestrial vertebrates Of 1470 species, only 895 was modeled for problems with species records We found that almost 60 species are vulnerable to climate change, due to the fact that their environmental suitability is lower and area distribution decreases.
- 72. Potential distribution under climate change scenarios Quetzal Pharomachrus mocinno mocinno Presente 2030 2050
- 73. Assemble approach for reduce uncertainty Consists in assign as potential distribution area, those cells positively predicted by methods and models most widely used. 100 models were generated for each taxon: – 4 Niche modeling algorithms – 3 Global climates models – 4 climate scenarios – 2 times in the future and one in present. 9 maps for each taxon: • One for the present • 2 times in the future (2030 and 2050) with four stages (A1, A2, B1 and B2)
- 75. Adaptation?
- 76. • Review the recent conservation strategies facing Climate Change (i.e. protected areas, biological corridors) • Design new strategies taking in count (considering) the possible effects of Climate Change in Mexican Biodiversity • What is necessary to know?: – Vulnerable Species and habitats – To what are vulnerable? – Other threats – Actions to reduce their vulnerability Challenges for the conservation of biodiversity
- 77. • Assisted migration? Adaptation strategies for biodiversity More protected areas? or Biological corridors Protection FOR biodiversity
- 78. Protection FROM biodiversity • Forest and emissions reducing Conservation of biodiversity for adaptation • Mangroves • Healthy ecosystems to face climate change
- 79. Schematic diagram showing how producers and consumers of species distribution information interact with the envisioned infrastructure. Jetz et al. 2012
- 80. Thank you! Questions? Patricia Koleff CONABIO pkoleff@conabio,gob.mx Acknowledgements: IAS : Ana I. González, Georgia Born-Schmidt, Yolanda Barrios, Roberto Mendoza GAP Analysis: Tania Urquiza-Haas, Wolke Tobón, Melanie Kolb, Jesús Alarcón, Andrés Lira-Noriega Climate change: Edith Calixto, Enrique Martínez-Meyer