Module 7 bacilli
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This document provides a taxonomic classification of various bacteria, organized by their gram staining characteristics and other properties. It discusses gram positive non-spore forming bacilli like Mycobacterium, Corynebacterium, Lactobacillus, Erysipelothrix, and Listeria. It also covers gram positive spore forming bacilli such as Bacillus, Clostridium, and anaerobic bacteria. Finally it summarizes some characteristics of gram negative bacilli.
Module 7 bacilli
- 1. Bacilli Gram (+) non-spore forming Gram (+) spore forming Gram (-) bacilli Microbiology HTL
- 2. Taxonomical Classification: x Gram (+) non-spore x Gram (+) spore formers: formers x Aerobic - Bacillus x Mycobacterium x B. anthracis x Corynebacterium x B. subtilis x gravis x Anaerobic-Clostridium x mitis x Intermedius x C. tetani x Lactobacillus x C. botulinum x Erysipelothrix x C. perfringens x Listeria Microbiology HTL
- 3. Taxonomical Classification: (2) x Gram (-) bacilli - Enterics x Citrobacter x Escherichia x Edwardsiella x Salmonella x Serratia x Shigella x Proteus x Klebsiella x Morganella x Arizona x Providencia x Vibrio Microbiology HTL
- 4. Small gram (-) bacilli x Bordatella x Hemophilus x Brucella x Pasteurella Microbiology HTL
- 5. Mycobacterium: (1) x M. tuberculosis x Types: (Koch’s bacilli) x Human -man x long, slender, x Bovine - hogs & granular curved or cattle rounded end x Avian - birds x AFS (+), Gm (+) x Pathogenecity: no x *glycerine toxins produced x Lowenstein, x Productive Lesions Petroffs, Dorset’s , x Exudative Lesion Corpers Microbiology HTL
- 6. AFS property of Mycobacterium: x Due to the presence of mycolic acid. x Mycolic acid gives M. tuberculosis many characteristics that defy medical treatment. x They lend the organisms increased resistance to chemical damage & dehydration. x Prevent the effective activity of hydrophobic antibiotics x Allows it to grow within macrophages which makes it resistant to the immune system action Microbiology HTL
- 8. Mycobacterium (2) x Types of tuberclosis x M. leprae ( Leprae bacilli, Hansen’s bacilli) x Primary infection x long, slender, usually x Reactivation TB straight, non-motile, x Millary TB grouped like cigarette x Diagnosis: packets x microscopic exam x Pathognesis: Leprosy x chest x-ray x Acute nodular x tuberculin test x Anesthetic or nerve x culture of sputum Microbiology HTL
- 10. Mycobacterium (3) x M. leprae ( Leprae x transmission: bacilli, Hansens prolonged contact bacilli) x organisms found in x grouped like packet mucous membrane of cigarettes x diagnosis: Mitsuda, x leprosy: Lepromin test x acute nodular - x Stains: leproma x Ziehl Neelsen x anesthetic - nerve x Baumgarten leprosy x Papenheim’s Microbiology HTL
- 11. Microbiology HTL
- 12. Corynebacterium: (1) x C.diptheriae: Kleb x more in children Loefler’s bacilli x Pathogenesis: toxin x pleomorphic, globular, is absorbed -- club shaped, bard-shaped, destruction of cells -- irregular swelling & inflammatory staining ---Babe Ernst response -- formation bodies of pseudomembrane x Gram (+), AFS (-) -- bleeding -- edema x Culture: BAP, Pai’s x Specimen : nose & Tellurite throat swabs Microbiology HTL
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- 14. Corynebacterium: (2) x Diagnosis: x Methods of x direct Acquired immunity microscopic exam x fetal transfer x culture x attack or x virulence test -in infection vivo & in vitro x Artificial x DPT vaccine: immunization Diptheria Pertussis from infection & Tetanus combination Microbiology HTL
- 15. Corynebacterium: (3) gravis mitis intermedius short in long , granular long , barred tellurite in tellurite in tellurite (-) hemolysis (+) hemolysis (-) hemolysis large colonies small colonies small colonies forms pellicle grows granular in broth diffusely sediments Microbiology HTL
- 16. LACTOBACILLUS -Most species of this non-spore-forming bacterium ferment glucose into lactose, hence the name Lactobacillus. -The most common application of Lactobacillus is industrial, i.e. for dairy production. -This genus also contains several bacteria that make up part of the natural flora of the human vagina.. Microbiology HTL
- 17. x Because of their ability to derive lactic acid from glucose, these bacteria create an acidic environment which inhibits growth of many bacterial species which can lead to urogenital infections. x Lactobacillus is generally harmless to humans, rarely inciting harmful infections or diseases. x Treatment of this vancomycin-resistant microbe usually consists of high doses of penicillin in combination with gentamicin Microbiology HTL
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- 19. ERYSIPELOTHRIX x E. rhusiopathiae, the only species of this genus, is better known as a veterinary pathogen than as a human pathogen. x When cultured on blood agar or some other nutrient medium, Erysipelothrix forms notably large colonies. x This ubiquitous microbe has been found in many farm animals such as pigs, horses, and turkeys. Microbiology HTL
- 20. x Occasionaly, though, it can infect a human host and cause an inflammatory skin disease, Erysipeloid. x Treatment usually consists of penicillin G, ampicillin, or cephalothin. x Most clinical strains have been found to be resistant to the super-antibiotic, vancomycin. Microbiology HTL
- 21. Microbiology HTL
- 22. LISTERIA: x Gram-positive rod which is not capable of forming endospores. x Although several species of this bacterium exist, our discussion will focus only on the two species of human pathogenic significance: L. monocytogenes and L. ivanovii. x In particular, L. monocytogenes has been implicated in several food poisoning epidemics. This is a normal inhabitant of the gastrointestinal tract and of animal feces Microbiology HTL
- 23. x Infected suffers from vomiting, nausea, and diarrhea. x Those at high risk include newborns, pregnant women and their fetuses, the elderly, and persons lacking a healthy immune system. x The bacterium usually causes septicema and meningitis in patients with supressed immune function. x Causes Listeriosis, an inflammation of the brain. x Antibiotics are recommended for treatment of infection because most strains of Listeria are sensitive to ampicillin and gentamicin. Microbiology HTL
- 24. Microbiology HTL
- 25. Bacillus : (1) xcultural char.: x B. anthracis (anthrax x medusa head colonies bacillus) x inverted fir tree in stab x Gram (+) , aerobic, x Biochemical char.: central spore, motile, non-pathogenic except x ferment dextrose anthracis, thermophilic x indole is not produced x ends are concave or x gelatin is liquefied square, forms long x Note: Find differences chains, “jointed bamboo” with B. subtilis Microbiology HTL
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- 27. Bacillus : (2) x Anthrax - lesion like x Pulmonary - wool carbuncle, large , sorters disease black, necrotic x Intestinal x death due to x Specimen - blood, mechanical clogging swab w/ pus, of capillaries sputum, feces x Types: x Diagnosis: x Bacteremia - x direct microscopic blood x culture x Cutaneous - skin x animal inoculation Microbiology HTL
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- 29. Clostridium : (1) x C. tetani (tetanus or drumstick bacillus) x Diagnosis: x motile x culture x medium in length x secretion from x terminal spore lesion - BAP, x Thioglycolate broth Thioglycolate x pathogenesis: fever, x Prevention: pain , Lockjaw, x active immunity sardonic smile, with toxoid spasm Microbiology HTL
- 30. Microbiology HTL
- 31. Clostridium: (2) x C. botulinum (Von x Pathogenesis: Ermengen’s bacilli) x food intoxication x motile x food infection x long x food poisoning x subterminal spore x Culture of leftover x Culture: food or stool x Chopped meat x History of patient x BA medium Microbiology HTL
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- 33. Clostridium: (3) x C. perfringens (C.welchii, x pathogenesis Frankel’s or gas x gas gangrene gangrene) x non-motile x food infection x short x Diagnosis: x central spore x swab from lesion x Culture media: & culture x microscopic exam x same as C. botulinum x culture of pus Microbiology HTL
- 34. Clostridium: (4) x Clostridium difficile: x Diarrhea, to marked x Causes diarrhea to necrosis of pseudomembrane mucosa colitis x Diagnosis x Relatively resistant to x Demonstrate most antibiotics neutralizeable toxin in stool x Produces cytopathic x Detecting enterotoxin toxins and enterotoxin by immunoassay Microbiology HTL
- 35. Microbiology HTL
- 36. Actinomyces israelii x Causes actinomycosis x Vary considerably in length x Maybe branched or un branched x Grows slowly, on agar some strains produce colonies similar to molar teeth x Sometimes confused with corynebacterium x Sensitive to penicillin & erythromycin Microbiology HTL
- 37. Propionibacterium acne: x Normal flora of the skin but can cause disease when they infect shunt and appliances x On gram stain, highly pleomorphic x Participates in the genesis of acne x May contaminate blood and CSF once it penetrates the skin Microbiology HTL
- 38. Eubacterium, Bifidobacterium & Arachnia: x These 3 genera are made up of anaerobic, pleomorphic, gram positive rods x There are several species x Are found in mixed infections associated with oropharyngeal or bowel flora Microbiology HTL
- 39. Gram - Bacilli x Enteric Bacteria x Media: (Enterobacter family) found x Selenite broth in intestines of man & x Tetrathionate broth animals, parasitic & x Peptone saprophytic, mostly x Tryptone pathogenic x causes intestinal diseases & septicemic infections x produce Hydrogen sulfide Microbiology HTL
- 40. Microbiology HTL
- 41. Gram (-) bacilli x Plating media: x Indicators: x Desoxycholate, x Neutral red: Citrate Red/colorless x SSA, EMB, BAP x Phenol red: x McConkey, yellow/red Brilliant green x Andrades: pink/ colorless Microbiology HTL
- 42. Escherichia x Escherichia coli x found in the normal flora of GIT, outside the GIT it causes cystitis, peritonitis x index for food & water pollution x IMViC - ++-- x A.aerogenes - --++ Microbiology HTL
- 43. x Qualitative analysis of water: x Organolytic - physical x Presumptive - lactose broth for gas x Confirmatory - EMB x Completed - RDS, TSI, KIA Microbiology HTL
- 44. Salmonella x Salmonella typhosa x circular, small, smooth surface w/ even edge colonies x Indole (-), Citrate (+), no lactose fermentation, ferments glucose, maltose Microbiology HTL
- 45. Antigenic Structure: H-flagellar O-somatic Vi-capsular Widal’s Test: ^titer O - active infection ^titer H - post vaccination ^Vi -carrier Microbiology HTL
- 46. Salmonella x Resistance: x killed at 60 degrees for 15 - 20 minutes x can survive whole winter, 7 days in well water x Typhoid & enteric fever- S.typhosa, S. para A, S. para B Microbiology HTL
- 47. Salmonella x Characteristics in food x Paratyphoid fever - poisoning: no taste or S. paratyphosa smell, grow rapidly in x Gastroenteritis & meat, toxins resistant food poisoning - S. over 100 degrees, not derby, S. enteritidis destroyed with ordinary x Bacteremia, cooking septicemia- S. x Sources: water, milk & Cholrasuis dairy products, frozen eggs, meat Microbiology HTL
- 48. Salmonella Shigella Motility non-motile motile Hydrogen positive negative sulfide Indol negative variable Citrate positive negative Mannitol non fermenter fermenter Microbiology HTL
- 49. Microbiology HTL
- 50. Shigella x Shigella dysenteriae: x small, convex, circular, colorless, glistening colonies x non-lactose fermenter, body temp. , aerobic x ferment glucose, mannitol, citrate (-) Microbiology HTL
- 51. x Mannitol fermentation x (-) Indole x (-) S. dysenteriae x (+) S. ambigua x (+) Lactose x (-) Indole x (-) S. flexner x (+) S. boydii x (+) Indole x (-) S. sonnei Microbiology HTL
- 52. Diagnosis : Stool exam, rectal swab -- culture in McConkey, SSA or EMB Pathogenesis: bacillary dysentery- abdominal pain, cramps, diarrhea, fever Microbiology HTL
- 53. Arizona x Arizona hinshawii x SPACE x Gram (-) , motile, similar to Salmonella x FOR x Slow lactose x RENT!!! fermenter, sucrose & Indole (-) x IMViC - -+-+ x Pathogenesis: causes gastroenteritis or sepsis Microbiology HTL
- 54. Klebsiella x Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. oxytoca or Friedlander’s bacilli) x short, Gram (-) , non- motile, posess thick capsule of polysaccharide, facultative anaerobes, killed at 55 degrees Microbiology HTL
- 55. x Cultural char.: x large, mucoid colonies, tenaceous colonies, repeated culture loses capsule x Biochemical: x ferment lactose, sucrose, maltose, mannitol & salicin x IMViC - --++ Microbiology HTL
- 56. x Pathogenesis: causes bacterial pneumonia, enteritis, Pharyngitis, sinusitis, septicemia, meningitis, peritonitis, UTI x Antigenic structure: x 72 capsular types x Type 1&2 - respiratory x Type 8,9,10 - UTI Microbiology HTL
- 57. x Diagnosis: culture of stool, blood, urine, pus, CSF x other members: x K.ozanae-produce fetid odor & progressive atrophy x K.rhinoscleromatis - granuloma in nose & fever Microbiology HTL
- 58. Providencia x Providencia ( morgani, retgerii, vulgaris & mirabilis) x Gram (-), pleomorphic, motile at 25 degrees, weak & non-motile at 31 x Biochem: urea (+), non lactose fermenter Microbiology HTL
- 59. x Antigenic structure: x OxK Ag - Weil Felix Test -- (+) Ox2, Ox19 x Pathogenesis: (+) in stool, pneumonia & bacteremia, nosocomial infection x Diagnosis: culture urine, stool, lesion & sputum Microbiology HTL
- 60. Vibrio x Vibrio cholera: small curved bacilli, comma- shaped, monotrichous, motile, aerobic, alkaline pH x pinpoint black glistening colonies x Biochem: ferment sugars, Indole (+), Greig’s Test (-) Microbiology HTL
- 61. x Pathogenesis: Asiatic cholera - incubation 2-5 days x Symptoms: x preliminary diarrhea x intense LBM,dehydrate exhaustion x face & skin shrinks x rice watery stool x coma Microbiology HTL
- 62. x Strains of Cholera: x El tor x Diagnosis : x symptoms x Celebes strain x Rice watery stool x Camphylobacter x culture of stool fetus x Agglutination test x Gram stain x Biochemical test - Greig’s Test Microbiology HTL
- 63. EDWARDSIELLA x Edwardsiella tarda is the only species in this genus of enteric bacteria which is important to our discussion. x E. tarda is biochemically similar to E. coli with the exception that E. tarda produces hydrogen sulfide. x This bacterium is usually found in aquatic animals and reptiles. However, it has been known to cause gastroenteritis and wound infections in humans. x Microbiology HTL
- 64. LABORATORY INDICATIONS x Lysine + x Hydrogen sulfide + x -/+ TSI reaction (with gas) x Indole + x Citrate - Microbiology HTL
- 65. CITROBACTER x Citrobacter is not considered to be an enteric pathogen because it is normal gut flora. x When plated, Citrobacter colonies bare a strong resemblance to E. coli colonies. x C. freundii is suspected to cause diarrhea and possibly extraintestinal infections. C. diversus has been linked to a few cases of meningitis in newborns Microbiology HTL
- 66. LABORATORY INDICATIONS: x Lysine - x Hydrogen sulfide + (C. freundii) x +/+ TSI reaction (with gas) x Citrate + x Slow urease Microbiology HTL
- 67. SERRATIA x Members of the Serratia genus were once known as harmless organisms that produced a characteristic red pigment. x Today, Serratia marcescens is considered a harmful human pathogen which has been known to cause urinary tract infections, wound infections, and pneumonia. Microbiology HTL
- 68. x Serratia bacteria also have many antibiotic resistance properties which may become important if the incidence of Serratia infections dramatically increases. x Serratia can be distinguished from other genera belonging to Enterobacteriaceae by its production of three special enzymes: DNase, lipase, and gelatinase. Microbiology HTL
- 69. LABORATORY INDICATIONS: x Lysine + x Citrate + x Indol - x +/+ TSI (No gas) x DNase + Microbiology HTL
- 70. PROTEUS x Proteus, like almost every other bacterium in this family, can cause urinary tract infections and hospital-acquired infections. Proteus is unique, however, because it is highly motile and does not form regular colonies. Microbiology HTL
- 71. x Proteus forms what are known as "swarming colonies" when plated on non-inhibitory media. The most important member of this genus is considered to be P.mirabilis, a cause of wound and urinary tract infections. Fortunately, most strains of P. mirabilis are sensitive to ampicillin and cephalosporins. Microbiology HTL
- 72. x Unlike its relative, P. vulgaris is not sensitive to these antibiotics. However, this organism is isolated less often in the laboratory and usually only targets immunosuppressed individuals. P. mirabilis and P. vulgaris can be differentiated by an indole test for which only P. vulgaris tests positive. Microbiology HTL
- 73. LABORATORY INDICATIONS: x Lysine - x Hydrogen sulfide + x Motile x Urease Microbiology HTL
- 74. MORGANELLA x Not much exciting going on here. Morganella morganii is the only important species of this genus. It can cause urinary tract and wound infections, as well as diarrhea. Chloramphenicol is a good choice for treating Morganella infections. x Indole + , Ornithine + x Citrate + Microbiology HTL
- 75. Pleomorphic Small Gram (-) bacilli: x group of short bacilli, Gram (-) , bipolar staining, “safety pin” x Bordatella pertussis (Bordet Gengon bacilli) x Bordatella parapertussis (Whooping cough) Microbiology HTL
- 76. x small, plump cocco- bacilli, non motile, possess capsule x Cultural char: Potato glycerol agar, acid pH, easily die when exposed to outside factors ( sunlight, drying) Microbiology HTL
- 77. x Pathogenesis: incubation- 2 weeks, caterrhal stage, explosive cough, lymphocytes (16-30000) x Symptoms: spasmodic cough, bulging eyes, red conjunctiva, emaciated child Microbiology HTL
- 78. Hemophilus x Hemophilus influenza (Pfeiffer’s bacilli) x 8-9 species x small aerobic, non- motile, non-spore former x media requires blood & derivatives x seen in pairs or singly Microbiology HTL
- 79. x “satellite phenomenon” in BAP x Pathogenesis: capsulated forms produce suppurative respiratory infections: x sinusitis x laryngitis x epiglotitis x meningitis Microbiology HTL
- 80. x H. ducreyi - (chancroid bacilli) x aerobic, 37 degrees, non-motile, seen in chains x no “ satellite phenomenon” x Transmisssion: direct contact w/ lesion Microbiology HTL
- 81. x Pathogenesis: x cause chancroid x angry hyperemia x pustule--ulcer-- bubo x Diagnosis: x smear pus from lesion x Dmelco’s test x Ducreyi’s skin test Microbiology HTL
- 82. Brucella x Brucella (abortus, melitensis, suis, canis) x non-motile, aerobic , obligate parasites to man, located intracellularly x Biochemical char: ferments CHO, Hydrogen sulfide (+) Microbiology HTL
- 83. x Resistance: sensitive to heat & acids , killed in milk by pasteurization x Pathogenesis: port of entry -- lymphatic channels -- thoracic duct -- blood streams - parenchymatous organ Microbiology HTL
- 84. x Diseases: x Brucellosis x Malta fever x Undulent fever x Diagnosis: x specimen - acute x Clinical findings: phase x Incubation period x blood culture - - 1-6 weeks -- TSB onset is incidious w/ fever, aches & x biopsy sweating, x Agglutination Test splenomegaly, x Skin test jaundice Microbiology HTL
- 85. Pasteurella, Yersinia & Francisella x Pasteurella , Yersinia & Francisella ( pestis, tularemia, multocida, enteritis) x short ovoid, plump, non- motile, prolonged incubation, pleomorphic x enrich- blood, tissue fluid, yolk sac Microbiology HTL
- 86. x Biochemical char.: ferment CHO, w/out gas, catalase activity x Pathogenesis: rodent- rodent, rodent-man ----fleas x Types of plague: x bubonic, pneumonic x septicemic, cutaneous Microbiology HTL
- 87. x Tularemia: x Oculoglandular x ulceroglandular x pneumonic x febrile systemic x Diagnosis: x culture x staining x serological test Microbiology HTL