Mulberry and raspberry
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This document provides information about red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.). It discusses the plant's botanical name, family, origin, chromosome number, description of plants, flowers, pollination, and fruit. The core objectives of raspberry breeding programs are also summarized, which include high quality fruit, good yield, shelf life, adaptation to the local environment, and improved pathogen resistance. Breeding methods mentioned include hybridization, mutation, conservation of germplasm, and use of genetic markers.
Mulberry and raspberry
- 2. Pawan Nagar (M.Sc {Horti.} Fruit Science) B.A College of Agriculture, (Department of horticulture) Anand- 388 110. Anand Agricultural University
- 4. Botanical Name: Morus alba Family: Moraceae Origin: Northern china Chromosome Number: 2n=28 1. Morus alba L. var. multicaulis (Perr.) Loudon 2. Morus alba L. var. tatarica (L.) Ser. 3. Morus tatarica L.
- 5. Mulberry is a fast growing deciduous woody perennial plant. It has a deep root system. The leaves are simple, alternate, stipulate, petiolate, entire or lobed. Plants are generally dioecious. Inflorescence is catkin with pendent or drooping peduncle bearing unisexual flowers. Inflorescence is always auxiliary. The chief pollinating agent in mulberry is wind. Mulberry fruit is a sorosis, mainly violet black in colour. Most of the species of the genus Morus and cultivated varieties are diploid, with 28 chromosomes. However, triploids (2n=(3x)=42) are also extensively cultivated for their adaptability, vigorous growth and quality of leaves.
- 6. There are about 68 species of the genus Morus. In India, there are many species of Morus, of which Morus alba, M. indica. M. serrata and M. laevigata grow wild in the Himalayas. Several varieties have been introduced belonging to M. multicaulis, M. nigra, M. sinensis and M. philippinensis. Most of the Indian varieties of mulberry belong to M. indica. S-1, S-7999, S-1635, S-146, Tr-10 and BC-259 varieties are recommended for the hilly regions of north and northeastern India.
- 7. Mode of pollination: Cross pollination Mechanism of pollination: Through wind Pistillate flowers.The staminate (male) flowers are more compact than those of Red or Paper Mulberry.
- 8. Male phase
- 9. Flower: Normally Dioecious; small, green catkins, male flowers narrow, 1 to 2 inches long; female flowers plump, 1 inch long.
- 10. Reported from the China-Japan Center of Diversity, white mulberry,. Japan has about 700 types of which 21 are extensively cultivated. Most important cv. grown in India is M. alba var. muticaulis Loud., fast growing, adapted to field culture, and giving high yield of large, tender, thick leaves.
- 11. Survey, exploration, collection and introduction of mulberry germplasm resources CSGRC at Hosur has been aptly established in the year 1990 by Central Silk Board (CSB), Ministry of Textiles, and Government of India under prestigious National Sericulture Project. It is the nodal agency for mulberry germplasm management in India and recognised as National Active Germplasm Site (NAGS) for mulberry by National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR), New Delhi, India under Indian National Plant Genetic resources System (IN PGRS).
- 12. CSGRC, Hosur so far conducted 46 survey and exploration trips covering more than 50 districts from Himalayan belt to Andaman and Nicobar Islands covering forest areas, biosphere reserves, national parks, back yards, kitchen gardens, agricultural lands and farmhouses etc. and collected 516 diverse mulberry germplasm resources which mainly belong to 4 Indian species. Out of 4 species of genus Morus reported in India, M.laevigata is distributed throughout India both under natural and managed habitats and M. serrata is confined to northwest India in wild condition. M. indica and M. alba are mostly available in cultivated forms .
- 13. The sericulture research institutes like Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute (CSRTI) at Berhampore (West Bengal), Mysore (Karnataka) and Pampore (Jammu and Kashmir) have started collection of Morus species in Central Himalayas, North-Eastern India, North- Western Himalayas, Kumaon and North Eastern India and Western ghats and Kerala. All these germplasm resources are collected and introduced in the field gene bank.
- 15. Development of high yielding mulberry varieties with quality leaves suitable to different agro- climatic zones of India especially for southern states. Developing mulberry varieties for productive areas. Developing mulberry varieties for tolerance to water stress under semi-arid condition. Breeding mulberry varieties suitable under fertilizer and irrigation constraints. Developing mulberry varieties for disease resistance with special reference to Root-rot and Root-knot diseases.
- 17. Mulberry (Morus spp.) is a crop plant of economic importanceinsericulture. Mulberry improvement through conventional breeding has substantially contributed to the success of sericulture industry. However, the application of biotechnology in mulberry crop improvement holds a great promise especially in those areas where conventional research has not achieved the desiredsuccess.
- 18. The biotechnological research in genome characterization with isozyme and DNA markers, micropropagation, regeneration from callus, somatic hybridization, in vitro conservation technologies like slow-growth storage and cryopreservation, genetic transformation etc., have contributed to the success in mulberryimprovement. Besides discussing the progress achieved so far in mulberry biotechnology, the article also emphasizes the future priorities in this direction both in terms of
- 19. Challenges in improving mulberry productivity and leaf quality IPR issues and biodiversity Mulberry breeding strategies for development of varieties for diverse environments Screening and evaluation techniques for different abiotic and biotic stress conditions Biochemical and Molecular techniques for crop improvement Genetic enhancement of mulberry germplasm through pre-breeding efforts
- 21. Botanical Name: Rubus idaeus L. Family: Rosaceae. Origin: Ide Mountains of Tukey. Chromosome Number: 2n=14.
- 22. Rubus is one of the most diverse genera of flowering plants in the world, consisting of 12 subgenera, some with hundreds of species. Three species with greatest horticultural importance are recognized as: i. Blackberry – “Rubus spp.” ii. Red Raspberry – R. idaeus L. iii. Black Raspberry - R. occidentalis L.
- 23. Red raspberries are widely distributed in all temperate regions of Europe, Asia and North America with the Greatest diversity in China, the likely centre of origin of the subgroup. There are 15 recognized subgenera within Rubus; the domesticated raspberries are part of the Idaeobatus subgroup that contains more than 200 wild species. Cultivated red raspberries are derived mainly from two Subspecies of R. idaeus var. vulgaris from Europe and R. Idaeus var. strigosus from North America.
- 24. Cultivated forms of raspberries are very different from their relatives. Wild forms produce large number of canes that are shorter and thinner than the cultivated forms. The cultivated forms produce large fruits while the wild forms produce small, soft, crumbly fruit with fewer but larger drupelets.
- 25. Plants: Raspberries are erect, semi-erect, or trailing, generally thorny shrubs, producing renewal shoots from the ground called “canes”. The plants are perennial, composed of biennial canes which overlap in age. Individual canes grow vegetative for one year, initiate flower buds in late summer, fruit the following summer, then die. The first year canes are called “primo canes”, and in the second year when they flower, “floricanes”. Within raspberries, black and purple have more prominent thorns than red raspberries. Leaves are palmately compound with 3-5 leaflets, the middle one being the largest. Leaf margins are finely serrate.
- 26. Flower: White to pink flowers (1″ diameter) are borne terminally on current season’s growth. Inflorescences are cymose, and some flowers are borne singly in axils of leaves on fruiting laterals. Flowers are initiated in late summer in biennial types, early to mid-summer in primocane fruiting types. The gynoecium consists of 60-100 ovaries, each of which develops into a drupelet. There are 60-90 stamens, five sepals and five petals.
- 28. Pollination: Raspberries are self-fruitful and do not require pollinizers. Honey bees are naturally attracted to brambles, and wind also aids pollination. Fruit: The fruit is an aggregate of drupelets. Fruiting begins in the second year of the planting, and continues for >10 years if properly managed. Fruit development occurs rapidly, taking only 30-50 days for most raspberries.
- 30. Rubus breeding is hampered by several genetic problems including polyploidy, apomixes, pollen incompatibility and poor seedling germination. The highly heterozygous nature of the germplasm requires evaluation of large seedling populations. Breeding is based on a generation by generation improvement in breeding stock through selection and intermating individuals showing promise of producing superior progeny. This average improvement in the progeny of breeding stock resulting from intermating selected parents is called response to selection.
- 31. The core primary objectives in raspberry breeding programmes include: • High quality fruit. • Good yield. • Shelf life. • Suitability for shipping, if for the fresh market. • Suitability for mechanical harvesting for the processing Market. • Adaptation to the local environment. • Improved pathogen resistance.
- 32. Hybridization • Interspecific hybridization between cultivated raspberries and wild Rubus germplasm frequently exposes a large numer of gene and chromosome organization. • This leads to a bewildering complexity of variation in the segregating generations. Mutation • Spontaneous mutations for yellow fruit and large fruit size have been reported. • Two yellow fruiting mutations are ‘Kiwigold’ from ‘Heritage’ and ‘Allgold’ from ‘Autumn Bliss’. • ‘Glen Garry’s’ large fruit size traces to a spontaneous mutation of ‘Malling jewel’.
- 33. Rubus Conservation Seed Storage Field Genebanks In Vitro Methods Micropropagation Genetic Variation • Cryopreservation Markers and Their Uses in Rubus • Morphological Markers • Molecular Markers Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) was the first DNA- based marker developed. Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers and their variants are the most commonly used PCR-based marker type. Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) is a DNA fingerprinting technique based on the amplification of subsets of genomic restriction fragments using PCR .