Nanomedicine
- 1. SAHYADRI SCIENCE COLLEGE DEPT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY TOPIC: NANOMEDICINE GUIDEDBY: Ms. SYEDAMISBAFATHIMA Dept.of Biotechnology, SSC SUBMITEDBY: RACHANAM R (PS203017) 1st YEARMSc
- 2. OUTLINE 1. INTRODUCTION 2. BACKGROUND 3. METHODOLOGY 4. APPLICATION 5. CONCLUSION 6. REFERENCE
- 3. 1. INTRODUCTION TO NANOMEDICINE The field of ‘Nanomedicine’ is the science and technology of diagnosing, treating and preventing disease and traumatic injury, of relieving pain, and of preserving and improving human health, using molecular tools and molecular knowledge of the human body The emerging discipline of nanomedicine brings nanotechnology and medicine together in order to develop novel therapies and improve existing treatments. In nanomedicine, atoms and molecules are manipulated to produce nanostructures of the same size as biomolecules for interaction with human cells.
- 4. 2. BACKGROUND The prefix “nano” derives from the Greek word for dwarf. One nano-meter (nm) is equal to one-billionth of a meter, or about the width of 6 carbon atoms or 10 water molecules A human hair is approximately 80,000 nm wide, and a red blood cell is approximately 7000 nm wide. Atoms are smaller than 1 nm, whereas many molecules including some proteins range between 1 nm and larger. The term “nanotechnology” was first coined in 1974 by Norio Taniguchi, a researcher at the University of Tokyo.
- 5. 3. METHODOLOGY Current applications of nanotechnology involve drugs, drug delivery, gene therapy cell therapy, and cancer diagnosis and therapy Two examples of nanodrugs that seek to disrupt malignant processes are cyclic peptides and molecular nano-generators. 1. Cyclic peptides Cyclic peptides contain altered specific amino acids that allow them to insert themselves into a foreign bacterial membrane and self-assemble into a nanostructure. The nanostructure disrupts the bacteria's cellular functioning, killing it in the process.
- 6. 2. Molecular nanogenerator A molecular nanogenerator is a cage of molecules surrounding a single radioactive atom. An antibody is attached to the nanogenerator to direct it to cancer cells. When the nanogenerator reaches a cancer cell the radioactive atom inserts itself into the cell and breaks down to release radiation, which kills the cell
- 7. 4. APPLICATIONS 1. Quantum dots (Q dots): Q dots are tiny crystal particles which grow when stimulated by ultraviolet radiation and used to detect cancer and identify the location of cancer cells in the body Mechanism: Wavelength or colour of the emitted visible light from the Q dots depends on the particle size. Scientists can design quantum dots that bind to sequences of DNA that are associated with the disease When the quantum dots are stimulated with light, they emit their unique bar codes, or labels, making the critical, cancer-associated DNA sequences visible. They can be used in the body, eliminating the need for biopsy
- 8. 2. Nanoparticles Nanoparticles attach to cells affected by various diseases and allow a lab to identify disease Nanoparticles also deliver chemotherapy drugs directly to cancer cells to minimize damage to healthy cells. Nanoparticles used in medicine as: Contrast agents for medical imaging Therapeutics for treating cancer In vivo and In vitro biomedical research and applications. Diagnostic devices, Analytical tools, Physical therapy applications, and drug delivery vehicles.
- 9. Mechanism: The Nanoparticles such as nano shells are placed in the bloodstream of a patient with a cancerous tumour, and because of the leaky characteristics of a tumour’s blood vessels, the nanoparticles accumulate in the tumour and frame it. Subsequent exposure to a near-infrared laser generates heat and bursts the cancer cells’ walls. The light is harmless, and because the heating is localized, it affects only cells immediately adjacent to the nano shells, and destroys cancerous cells without harming healthy surrounding tissue. The nano shells eventually are eliminated safely from the body
- 10. Nanoparticulate technology can prove to be very useful in cancer therapy It can be used for effective and targeted drug delivery by overcoming the many biological, biophysical and biomedical barriers that the body experiences during standard intervention such as the administration of drugs or contrast agents . Some nanoscale delivery devices, such as dendrimers (spherical, branched polymers), Nano shells, ceramic nanoparticles, and cross-linked liposomes can be targeted to cancer cells
- 11. 3. Nanotubes Nanotubes are carbon rods about half the diameter of a molecule of DNA, help to identify DNA changes associated with cancer. Nanotubes also used in broken bones to provide a structure for new bone material to grow Nanotubes have the following features: Can detect the presence of altered genes and pinpoint the exact location of those changes. Seek out specific mutations in the DNA and bind to them. Trace physical shape of DNA Pinpoint mutated region Creates a map showing DNA molecules, including the tags identifying important mutations These techniques will be important in predicting disease.
- 12. 5. ADVANTAGES: • Drug delivery at the exact location • Lesser side effects, high efficacy • Molecular targeting by nano engineered devices • Detection/ Diagnosis of diseases relatively easy and fast • No surgery required • Diseases can be easily cured 6. DISADVANTAGES: • Not practical yet. • High cost. • Implementation difficulties • Nanotoxicity
- 13. 7. CONCLUSION: Although realization of the full potential of nanomedicine may be years or decades away, recent advances in nanotechnology-related drug delivery, diagnosis, and drug development are beginning to change the landscape medicine. The possibilities are endless, but will take time to develop. Nano therapies could, in the long term, be much more economical, effective and safe and could greatly reduce the cost of current medical procedures . So, Nanomedicine is the future medicine.
- 14. 8. REFERENCE: www.serious-science.org www.researchgate.net www.nanowerk.com www.sciencedirect.com www.asme.org www.azonano.com
- 15. THANK YOU