Net Generation

Today’s federal IT workers have a tremendous
opportunity to participate in a new era of
public service. The American people deserve
and expect a government that is efficient,
accountable, and fully worthy of their trust.
The Administration is committed to leveraging
the power of technology to deliver results.

VIVEK KUNDRA
FEDERAL CHIEF INFORMATION OFFICER
AND DIRECTOR, CIO COUNCIL

The information age provides us opportuni
ties to collaborate in ways we never dreamed
possible. But the promise of the future rests
firmly in the hands, hearts, and minds of our
workforce. It is imperative that the Federal
Government attract and retain the “best and
the brightest” of the workforce of the future –
the “Net Generation.” And this will only hap
pen if we are able to provide our workforce
with access to information age tools and ca
pabilities, as well as providing them with an
environment that unleashes and nurtures the
fire of their innovation and creativity.

DAVID M. WENNERGREN
DEPUTY CIO, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
AND VICE-CHAIR, CIO COUNCIL

introduction

The increasingly senior federal workforce, and their anticipated retirement from federal service,
continues to top the list of human capital concerns across government. The Federal Government
needs the right mix of high performing information technology (IT) personnel, with the skills necessary
to meet both current and future mission requirements. As the Baby Boomers in the federal IT
workforce retire, many of their replacements will come from a new, younger generation of workers,
the “Net Generation,” so-named by Don Tapscott in his 1997 book, Growing Up Digital: The Rise of
the Net Generation (and its 2008 sequel, Grown Up Digital: How the Net Generation is Changing Your
World), for being the first generation to have lifelong exposure to the Internet. This large, incoming
generational wave is expected to bring a variety of new dynamics to the federal workplace. In order
to manage the changing generational mix effectively, managers will need to reconcile the distinct, and
sometimes conflicting, expectations, needs, and life experiences of their workforce and to establish a
context for success that allows the strengths of each generation to shine.

Capturing the knowledge of the current workforce, and bracing for the institutional changes resulting
from both a changing workforce and rapidly evolving technology, will present wide-ranging challenges
for Chief Information Officers who must fulfill specific responsibilities under United States Code
(USC) 11315(c)(3) (Clinger-Cohen Act); 44 USC 3506(b)(5) (Paperwork Reduction Act); 44 USC 3501,
Section 209, IT Workforce Development (E-Government Act); 44 USC 3544(a)(4), Information Security
(E-Government Act); and OMB A-130 Circular regarding the assessment, management, and training of
the federal IT workforce. Accordingly, the Federal Chief Information Officers Council initiated a review
of the baseline federal IT workforce, current IT workforce management practices, and collaborated
with nGenera Insight (formerly New Paradigm), an innovator in generational thought research, to
use and expand their research on the Net Generation, the workforce of the future. The Office of the
Department of Defense Deputy Chief Information Officer has spearheaded this effort for the Council.

Chapter 1 Defining the Federal IT Workforce
Chapter 2 Current Workforce Environment
Chapter 3 Forecast of Future Labor Supply and Demand
Chapter 4 Strategic Workforce Planning
Chapter 5 Norms and Characteristics of the Net Generation
Chapter 6 Opportunities and Challenges of a Multi-Generational Workforce
Chapter 7 Management and Employee Engagement
Chapter 8 Professional Development and Career Management
Chapter 9 Shaping the Workplace Through Web 2.0 Technologies
Chapter 10 Workforce Compensation, Benefits, and Flexibilities
Chapter 11 Work and Life Balance
Chapter 12 Conclusion
Appendices A through H

defining
the federal
IT workforce
During the past ten years, information technology has become integral to almost every job performed
within the Federal Government. The automation of functions and services once performed manually,
and the increasing requirement for integrated information, systems, and technologies, have broadened
the scope of functions and equipment that comprise the definition of information technology (IT), and
the range of occupational series that can be considered as part of the federal civilian IT workforce
community.

As defined in title 40 of the United States Code, with respect to an executive agency in the Federal
Government, IT is “any equipment or interconnected system or subsystem of equipment used in the
automatic acquisition, storage, analysis, evaluation, manipulation, management, movement, control,
display, switching, interchange, transmission, or reception of data or information by the executive
agency, if the equipment is used by the executive agency directly or is used by a contractor under
a contract with the executive agency that requires the use of that equipment or of that equipment
to a significant extent in the performance of a service or the furnishing of a product. [This] includes
computers, ancillary equipment (including imaging peripherals, input, output, and storage devices
necessary for security and surveillance), peripheral equipment designed to be controlled by the
central processing unit of a computer, software, firmware and similar procedures, services (including
support services), and related resources; but does not include any equipment acquired by a federal
1
contractor incidental to a federal contract.”

3

Series Employee Title

IT Operations and Information 0332 Computer Operator
Resources Management 0335 Computer Technician
1410 Librarian
1411 Library Technician
1412 Technical Information Specialist
1420 Archivist
1421 Archivist Technician
2210 IT Specialist

Engineering and Scientific 0854 Computer Engineer
0855 Electronics Engineer
0856 Electronics Technician
1550 Computer Scientist

Communications 0390 Telecommunications Equipment Operator
0391 Telecommunications Specialist
0392 Telecommunications Technician
0394 Communications Technician

Table 1.1 Federal Civilian IT Workforce

The federal civilian IT workforce includes government personnel across all federal agencies who provide workforce
capabilities required to:

• Plan, budget, manipulate, control, and archive information throughout its life cycle.
• Develop, acquire, implement, evaluate, maintain, and retire information, information systems, and information
technology, and the technology to transmit information.
• Develop the policies and procedures required for information resources management.
• Apply the measures that protect and defend information and information systems.

Occupational series that may be included in the federal civilian IT workforce are listed in Table 1.1; however, the
definition of the IT workforce community may vary by agency, according to each agency’s mission and the nature
of its work. The Information Security or Information Assurance (IA) workforce is a subset of the overall IT workforce;
individual IA members may be resident in many series, but are predominantly in several specialty areas within the
2210 or IT Management series. Work is ongoing to identify the impact of federal cyber initiatives on the IT workforce
landscape.

4

{ {
Developing the strategies and actions to recruit, develop, and maintain a best-in
class professional IT workforce has been a Federal Chief Information Officers (CIO)
Council priority since the establishment of the Federal IT Workforce Committee in
1999. Over the past decade, we have witnessed tremendous growth and evolution
within the federal civilian IT workforce. That evolution’s going to continue, and so
will the work of the Committee. Web 2.0 transformation will need a Talent 2.0
workforce with the right skills and an innovative, collaborative mindset.

JANET L. BARNES
CO-CHAIR OF THE FEDERAL CIO COUNCIL IT WORKFORCE COMMITTEE
(2003–2009)

Computer Specialists/ Computer Computer Electronics Telecom
IT Specialists Scientists Engineers Engineers Specialists

2
1997 55,301 3,204 2,400 23,566 6,904

2008 68,626 5,404 4,203 19,302 5,787

Percent Change 24% 69% 75% -18% -16%

Table 1.2 Major Federal IT Population Trend

The focus of this report, commissioned by the Federal CIO Council, is on selected employees from the larger
communities within the federal civilian IT workforce, namely, IT Specialists, Computer Scientists, Computer
Engineers, Electronics Engineers, and Telecommunications Specialists. Together, these communities totaled 103,322
personnel in Fiscal Year (FY) 2008. For the purpose of this report, these five series will be known as the “Major
Federal IT Population” or “Major Federal IT Community.” Table 1.2 provides the aggregate populations of these
series, comparing FY2008 figures from the Office of Personnel Management’s (OPM) online tool, FedScope, against
published FY1997 OPM data. The distribution of FY2008 employees by Federal CIO Council member organizations
is contained in Appendix A.

5

current
workforce
environment
Demographically, the federal civilian IT workforce spans five generations: the G.I. Generation,
born before 1925; the Silent Generation or “Greatest Generation,” born 1925 to 1945; the Baby
Boom Generation, born 1946 to 1964; Generation X (or Gen X), born 1965 to 1977; and the Net
Generation (also called Generation Y or the Millennials), born between 1978 and 1994 (or even as
late as the year 2000, depending on the demographic study). For the purposes of this report, the
above definitions apply, however, individual tables and charts may differ slightly, depending on
how the obtainable federal data was aggregated.

7

As Figure 2.1 illustrates, there are federal civilian IT The Boomers, by far the largest segment of the IT
workers located in every state in the Union. Addition workforce, span from age 45 to 63. In 2008, the first
ally, in Fiscal Year (FY) 2008, there were 244 individu wave of the U.S. Baby Boomers became eligible for
als in the U.S. territories and 1,727 employed in foreign social security benefits. As more of these individuals
countries who were part of the Major Federal IT Popula become eligible to retire, there is great potential for a
tion.1 Thirty-four percent of the Major Federal IT Popula cascade of retirements over the next decade or more,
tion works in the Maryland/Virginia/District of Columbia from both the general U.S. population and the Federal
region. Government. This will have many impacts: the need for
additional recruiting and creative retention incentives;
Figure 2.2 provides a generational view of the Major additional training and education requirements; and,
Federal IT Population. The “Pre-Baby Boom” includes many opportunities for advancement. Given this sce
two generations, the G.I. Generation and the Silent nario, succession planning should play a fundamental
or “Greatest Generation.” The Greatest Generation role within every IT organization.
are age 64 to 84. They are not a large segment of the
workforce population, but their knowledge is valued.
Additionally, there was a very small cadre of the G.I.
Generation, aged 85 and above, in the Major Federal IT
Population in FY2008, 14 individuals in total.

200 or less
201–500
501 – 1,000
1,001 – 2,500
2,501 – 4,000
4,001 – 6,500 Alaska
6,501 – 9,000 Hawaii
9,001 and higher District of Columbia

Figure 2.1 FY2008 Geographic Distribution of the Major Federal IT Population

8

The younger generations, Generation X and the Net service ranks, largely through a combination of attrition,
Generation, range from 17 to 44 in age in the federal IT incentives for early retirement, and hiring freezes. The
workforce. This entire age range is significantly under Net Generation (or “Net-Gen”), so-named due to
represented in government when compared against the their deep immersion with technology and use of the
Boomer population. Generation X, as a group, has been Internet, is the youngest generation in the workforce.
less inclined to public service careers. Additionally, the Their representation in the federal IT workforce is
1990s, the period when many Gen X typically might influenced by their specific occupations and the current
have entered public service, was a decade of large- grade structure, and also may be adversely affected by
scale downsizing within the Federal Government. the challenges associated with attracting and recruiting
Almost 400,000 individuals were culled from the civil them to federal service.

47 Year Olds - 4,463




64 Year Olds - 722

Net Generation Generation X Baby Boom Pre-Baby Boom
Ages 17–31 Ages 32–44 Ages 45–63 Ages 64–91
10% - 10,081 28% - 28,455 60% - 61,918 3% - 2,868
Source: OPM
September 2008
Figure 2.2 FY2008 Generational Distribution of the Major Federal IT Population 103,322 personnel

9

2004 64,737
2210 COMMUNITY

2005 65,822
The 2210 series is a fairly new occupational series, 2006 67,814
established in 2001, and largely populated through
2007 67,210
a multi-year migration of individuals from the former
Computer Specialist (0334) series which was not com 2008 68,626
pleted until FY2006. Within the 2210 community are
several specialty areas: Applications Software, Cus
tomer Support, Data Management, Enterprise Archi
tecture, Information Security, Internet, IT Project Man Figure 2.3 2210 Community: Fiscal Year End Strength
agement, Network Services, Operating Systems, Policy
and Planning, Systems Administration, and Systems
Analysis. A breakdown by specialty area is not available
from federal databases, however, separate surveys of
federal IT personnel, the IT Workforce Capability As GS-5 1997 201
sessment, conducted in 2004 and 2006, did provide 2007 199
data for the 2210 specialty areas and eight additional
GS-7 1997 981
areas of interest such as Records Management and 2007 921
Privacy (see www.cio.gov). Within the IT Management
GS-9 1997 4,216
community reside three federally-designated mission 2007 4,404
critical occupations: Enterprise Architecture, IT Project
GS-11 1997 10,119
Management, and Information Security. 2007 10,297
GS-12 1997 19,137
IT Specialists are employed by all Cabinet-level
2007 19,112
agencies and large independent agencies, as well as
most medium independent agencies. From FY1997– GS-13 1997 11,004
2007 15,752
FY2008, and as the community evolved from Computer
Specialists to IT Specialists, there was a 24% growth GS-14 1997 3,500
2007 6,682
in this sector of the IT workforce, with most agencies
gradually increasing their number of 2210 series GS-15 1997 961
employees. At the end of FY2008, there were 68,626 2007 2,131

individuals in this community as shown in Figure 2.3. Other 1997 1,729
2007 7,705
Seventy-five percent of the 2210 community was
under the General Schedule (GS) or a related pay
plan in FY2007, with a median pay grade of GS-12.
Figure 2.4 2210 Community: Grade Distribution
The community has grown its number of senior grade
Comparison of General Schedule and Related Grade
managers over time, as the scope of IT Management
Workforce
duties has become more complex (see Figure 2.4).
Additionally, the average age of workers has increased.
The end result is a large, retirement-eligible population
which is impacting most grade levels.
New Agency
New hires typically make up the majority of annual Hire Transfer-in
2210 accessions, with agency transfers ranging
between 12% –16% during FY2004–FY2008 (Figure
2.5). The age range of hires has skewed older, with 2004 3,232 530
annual hiring (Figure 2.6) contributing significantly to
2005 3,646 621
the generational imbalance within the 2210 series.
2006 3,424 744
The Net Generation has the highest turnover rate with
2007 3,734 730
in the 2210 community. FY2008 turnover for Net-Gen
employees within the 2210 community was 9%, with 2008 5,001 715
271 individuals leaving federal service; an additional
65 employees transferred to other agencies, creat
ing a total “churn” of 11.1% amongst the Net-Geners.
Generation X employees were the most stable, with a Figure 2.5 2210 Community: Fiscal Year Accessions

10

Under 20 6 7 6 11 10 2004

314 300 214 217 279 2005
20–24
392 485 498 473 684 2006
25–29
515 584 579 645 794 2007
30–34
614 684 660 704 872 2008
35–39

40–44 782 842 846 861 1,088

45–49 549 685 666 696 937

50–54 341 391 402 510 601

55–59 182 231 221 243 329

60–64 50 50 63 86 102

65+ 14 8 12 18 20

Figure 2.6 2210 Community: Fiscal Year Accessions by Age Group

3.2% turnover rate. Overall series turnover was 7% for
FY2008.
Retirement Quit
Retirements form the bulk of annual losses from the 2,282 961
2210 community, followed by individuals quitting fed
eral service (Figure 2.7). In general, IT Management
personnel quitting federal service or transferring within
the Federal Government have been rising as a percent
age of overall separations, while retirements have de
Termination
clined in recent years. In part, the reason for the decline 388
in retirements can be attributed to fewer early retirees
from this community. The number of early retirements Death
in a community is directly influenced by the availability 115
of this retirement authority which is controlled by the RIF/Other
Office of Personnel Management (OPM) and agency 23
policy. When agencies “turn on the spigot” of the early
retirement authority, total retirements typically increase
in the short term as more people retire before their Figure 2.7 2210 Community: FY2008 Separations from
normal eligibility date. Since FY2003, early retirements Federal Service
have declined from 24% –10% of all retirements, thus
influencing the total number of retirements. Another,
and more recent factor influencing retirement losses,
has been the downturn in the economy. The average
length of service for voluntary retirees has remained
steady at 31 years of service (see Appendix B for ad Other 379
ditional information on separations and turnover rates GS-15 87
for the 2210 community). GS-14 211
GS-13 493
Forty-nine percent of FY2008 retirements came from GS-12 681
the GS-9 to GS-12/related pay scale (Figure 2.8), indi GS-11 313
cating excellent opportunities for hiring and advance GS-9 118
ment within the mid-grade levels. With structured
workforce planning, agencies can create targeted
internship programs or laddered hiring opportuni
ties through which they can groom and grow a more Figure 2.8 2210 Community: FY2008 Retirement Losses
generationally-balanced workforce. This will take time from General Schedule and Related Grade Workforce

11

since the Net Generation comprised less than 5% of the women will have fewer female peers, but a larger poten
2210 community in FY2008. Without targeted hiring, it tial community of more senior female mentors.
will be difficult to strategically grow this segment of the
population. Some agencies do have programs which Minorities made up 31% of federal IT Specialists in
groom younger individuals and, as Figure 2.9 demon FY2008 (Figure 2.10), with African-Americans compris
strates, there is a small percentage of Net-Geners who ing 18% of the community, Asians 7%, and Hispanic/
have already advanced as high as GS-12/13. Latinos 4%. Other racial/ethnic groups made up the re
maining two percent. When compared with the major
In spite of the size of the IT Management community, ity/white population, Asians had greater representation
and its designation as a critical community, few individu at GS-13/14, while Hispanics had greater representation
als were targeted with funded recruitment and reten at GS-11 and less representation at GS-13/14. Given
tion tools within this community in 2007. Less than 3% that this community typically hires at all age/grade lev
of new 2210 hires (108 of 3,734 individuals) received a els, there is opportunity to increase representativeness
recruitment bonus; 52 personnel received relocation through both hiring and professional development pro
bonuses; and 831 received retention bonuses. Addi grams.
tionally, 218 FY2007 recipients and 156 Calender Year
(CY) 2008 recipients received student loan repayment Other 428 3,937 9,470

benefits (which were either new or recurring awards). GS-15 5 480 1,679

Women comprised 36% of the 2210 community in GS-14 36 1,901 4,474
FY2008, whereas they were 39% of the 0334 series in GS-13 275 4,357 9,967
FY1997. FY2008 hiring and loss patterns provide a good GS-12 685 4,813 11,315
demonstration for why female representation in this
community has decreased. While women were 35% of GS-11 649 3,207 5,729
the 2210 community’s separations from federal service GS-9 617 1,475 1,967 Net-Gen
in FY2008, they were only 24% of new hires, contribut
GS-7 315 323 266 Gen X
ing to a net loss of 745 women over the past two years.
Within the community, women’s representativeness GS-5 104 71 51
Boomer +
increases generationally, peaking at 39% of the Baby
Boomer IT Specialists. With the small percentage of Figure 2.9 2210 Community: FY2008 Generations by
Net-Geners in this community, this means that Net-Gen Pay Grade

White 47,197

Hispanic/Latino 3,348

Multi-Racial/Other 340

Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander 176

Native American/Alaskan Native 874

Black/African-American 12,098

Asian 4,593

Figure 2.10 2210 Community: FY2008 Race/Ethnicity

12

1550 COMMUNITY
2004 4,664
2005 5,103
The 1550 series (Figure 2.11), is one of the smaller
2006 5,195
communities within the Major Federal IT Community.
This community has experienced significant growth 2007 5,216
over the past decade, increasing over two thirds in size 2008 5,404
since FY1997. Even as the overall growth continues,
some organizations have decreased their number of
Computer Scientists, most notably, the Department of Figure 2.11 1550 Community: Fiscal Year End Strength
Commerce (whose 1550 population declined 32% in
FY2007). The 1550 series had 5,404 employees at the
end of FY2008.
GS-5 1997 4
One or more Computer Scientists are employed by 2007 24
most Cabinet-level agencies, with the exception of GS-7 1997 84
the Department of Labor (DOL) and the Department 2007 84
of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). Few other GS-9 1997 93
organizations, outside of the National Aeronautics and 2007 154
Space Administration (NASA) and the Departments GS-11 1997 159
of Commerce, Transportation, and Health and Human 2007 327
Services (HHS), employ significant numbers; the GS-12 1997 1,170
Department of Defense (DoD) employs over 80% of all 2007 913
federal Computer Scientists.
GS-13 1997 938
2007 1,422
Seventy percent of the community was part of the
GS-14 1997 443
General Schedule or a related pay plan in FY2008. 2007 542
Within this segment of the population, there has been
GS-15 1997 207
growth in the senior pay grades over time, as shown in
2007 364
Figure 2.12. Further examination of those in alternative
pay plans might yield additional information on overall Other 1997 106
2007 1,383
pay structure and seniority. The median pay grade
within the GS/Related Schedule community is GS-13.
This community is more youthful than their IT
Comparison of General Schedule and Related Grade
Management counterparts, with their Net-Gen (17%)
Workforce
and Gen X (34%) personnel comprising over half of
their total population. Hiring patterns (Figure 2.13)

Under 20 4 6 3 1 1

20–24 117 85 89 83 83

25–29 49 64 71 88 96

30–34 44 33 44 50 63

35–39 39 28 35 46 58

40–44 36 54 40 42 62
2004
45–49 21 29 36 52 52
2005
50–54 14 14 27 22 38
2006
55–59 14 7 13 20 21
2007
60–64 2 6 6 5 6
2008
65+ 2 1 0 1 5


13

contribute to the more youth-oriented community. New Agency
Hire Transfer-in
Additionally, the 1550 series has positive education
requirements requiring at least a bachelor’s degree 2004 334 8
for all hires. Seventeen percent of new hires received
a recruitment bonus in 2007, while 22 individuals 2005 307 20
received federal student loan repayment program 2006 348 16
benefits in FY2007 and 16 received them in CY2008.
Figure 2.14 provides a five-year pattern of accessions; 2007 391 19
annual accessions have risen the past three years, while 2008 464 21
losses have fluctuated (Appendix B). Total community
personnel strength continued to rise in FY2008.
Figure 2.14 1550 Community: Fiscal Year Accessions
As with the 2210 Community, turnover is highest
among the Net Generation age group. After spiking
to 11.3% in 2006, Net-Gen turnover dropped to less
than 8% in both FY2007 and FY2008. Overall, there is Death Net-Gen 0
less turnover among the Computer Scientists than the Gen X 2
IT Specialists, however, both Net-Gen and Gen X Com Boomer+ 4
puter Scientists who leave their agencies are signifi
cantly more likely to quit federal service than transfer Quit Net-Gen 61
to another job within the Federal Government (Figure Gen X 67
2.15). This could be an area for further exploration by Boomer+ 15
agencies to determine why these individuals are leav
Transfer Net-Gen 7
ing federal service; depending on their reasons, these
younger Computer Scientists could be a better fit at Gen X 15
another agency and might be interested in staying Boomer+ 24
within the Government. Additional turnover and sepa Retire Net-Gen 0
rations data are included in Appendix B.
Gen X 1
Boomer+ 81
As a result of a different generational pattern, retire
ments from the Computer Science community are less Termination Net-Gen 14
than a third of all separations (Figure 2.16). Addition Gen X 6
ally, early retirements have played less of a role in total Boomer+ 19
retirement losses and have been on a decline. Over the
past six years, voluntary retirements have risen from
Figure 2.15 1550 Community: FY2008 Separations by
82% –87% of all retirements and these retirees had had
Generation
an average length of service of 29 years in FY2008.
Thirty percent of FY2008 retirements were from in
dividuals in alternate pay plans, followed by GS-13s
(24%), GS-15s (16%), GS-12s (15%), and GS-14s (13%).
Retirement
82
Currently, women comprise 28% of federal Comput
er Scientists, down from 31% in FY1997. Generation-
ally, female representation peaks within Generation X,
Quit
where women comprise 30% of Gen-Xers. The ability 143
to improve female representativeness will be challeng
ing, given the lower numbers of women who enter this
career field. In FY2008, women were 24% of separa
tions from federal service and 22% of new hires, result
ing in a net gain of 39 women. Of note, on average,
starting salaries for new Computer Scientists within the
Federal Government were higher for women, an indica Death

tion that agencies may be trying to positively influence 6

their representation. Termination

39

Racial/ethnic minorities comprise 26% of all federal
Computer Scientists, with the Asian community rep Figure 2.16 1550 Community: FY2008 Separations from
resenting over half of the minority population (Figure Federal Service

14

2.17). African-Americans account for 8% of Computer Native Am/Alaskan Native 23

Scientists and Hispanics/Latinos, for another 3%. Oth
er racial/ethnic groups totaled less than 1%. Within Black/African-American 410

the General Schedule/Related Schedule, African-
Asian 784

Americans, Asians, and Hispanic/Latinos have greater
representation at GS-12 and less representation at GS White 3,977

13 to GS-15. However, it should be noted that Hispanic/
Latinos and Asians have a greater percentage of their Hispanic/Latino 164

population in alternative pay plans, as shown in Appen

dix C. More in-depth study would be required to deter
mine overall representativeness across the 1550 series. Native Hawaiian/Pacific Is 18

0855 COMMUNITY

The Electronics Engineering community, the 0855 se
ries, is the second largest segment of the federal IT
workforce, ending FY2008 with 19,302 individuals (Fig
ure 2.18). The DoD employs 85% of federal Electronics
Engineers; other federal organizations with large popu
lations include Transportation, NASA, Commerce and
2004 20,076
the Federal Communications Commission. While most
Cabinet-level organizations employ one or more Elec 2005 20,212
tronics Engineers, many have decreased their number
of these employees. During FY1997–FY2008, the size 2006 19,731
of the federal-wide community decreased 18%, with 2007 19,375
the U.S. Department of State implementing the larg
est internal reduction in federal Electronics Engineers 2008 19,302
(from over 200 individuals to less than 10 over four
years’ time). In FY2008, one organization, the Nuclear
Regulatory Commission, more than doubled its 0855
Figure 2.18 0855 Community: Personnel Strength by
population, growing from 9 to 23 employees.
Fiscal Year
About one third of the Electronics Engineering com
munity is in alternative pay plans. This is a significant
shift that occurred during the last 10 years, as shown
in Figure 2.19. Positions graded at the GS-12 and 13 GS-5 1997 24
levels have both declined, most likely as a result of this 2007 23
migration to alternative pay plans, the re-grading of GS-7 1997 237
positions, and the community’s decline in personnel 2007 152
strength. Interestingly, this series is the only occupation GS-9 1997 409
in the Major Federal IT Community where the average 2007 202
salary of those in other pay plans is lower than the aver GS-11 1997 968
age salary of individuals paid under the General Sched 2007 532
ule. It is unclear if locality pay or special salary rates are GS-12 1997 8,849
influencing this, or if the seniority/pay levels of those 2007 2,619
in other pay plans are lower, but further investigation GS-13 1997 8,220
may be warranted. The median grade of GS/Related 2007 5,820
Schedule employees is GS-13. GS-14 1997 2,635
2007 2,178
GS-15 1997 1,268
2007 1,609
Other 1997 865
2007 6,238

Comparison of General Schedule and Related Workforce

15

Under 20 1 0 1 0 0

20–24 239 230 231 182 232

25–29 152 163 168 205 239

30–34 85 86 83 96 121

35–39 99 68 72 70 83

40–44 98 87 80 101 107

45–49 85 72 78 91 96 2004

50–54 31 37 49 46 70 2005

55–59 20 24 17 39 33 2006

60–64 14 11 19 21 15 2007

65+ 1 4 14 10 7 2008


The Electronics Engineering community draws the New Agency
largest segment of its accessions from recent college Hire Transfer-in
graduates which influences generational hiring pat
terns, as shown in Figure 2.20. Significant challenges 2004 765 50
exist in recruiting to this community as 321, or 42% of
2005 722 60
new hires, received a recruitment bonus in FY2007. Ac
cessions have been increasing (Figure 2.21) as the com 2006 753 60
munity’s downsizing levels out.
2007 771 90

Unlike the Computer Science community, retirements 2008 917 86
form the major losses from this community (Figure
2.22). Individuals in other pay plans comprise 33%
of voluntary retirements, followed by GS-13 individu Figure 2.21 0855 Community: Fiscal Year Accessions
als (29%) and GS-15s (17%). The next largest source
of losses is from Net Generation and Generation X
employees who quit federal service (Figure 2.23). Net-
Geners are over four times more likely to quit than to
transfer to another job, a behavior worth further study. Death

Termination 19

48

Overall, Electronics Engineering turnover has been fair
ly stable across the generations, with losses from fed
eral service changing from a downward trend, to slight
ly increasing in FY2008 as shown in Appendix B. Net Retirement
Generation representation within the community has 517
grown from 10% –12% over the past five years, demon Quit
strating some positive momentum and, together, the 258
Net-Gen and Gen X comprised 42% of the Electronics
Engineering Community in FY2008.

Loss rates are being positively influenced by aggres
sive management tactics. In 2007, 2,314 Electronics
Engineers received retention bonuses, comprising
10% of all federal recipients, and making them the top
series targeted with retention bonuses within the Fed
eral Government that year. Twenty-six individuals also Figure 2.22 0855 Community: FY2008 Separations from
received relocation bonuses in 2007. Federal student Federal Service

16

program loan repayment participation dropped in this Death Net-Gen 1
community, with 93 recipients in FY2007 versus 61 in Gen X 0
CY2008. Boomer+ 18

Quit Net-Gen 113
Women currently comprise 10% of the 0855 commu Gen X 86
nity, up from 8% in FY1997. This is the only occupation Boomer+ 59
examined that has seen growth in the number of wom Transfer Net-Gen 27
en within the community, although they still have the Gen X 58
lowest female representation among the five series. Boomer+ 64
Additionally, of the five series within the Major Federal
Retire Net-Gen 0
IT Community, Electronics Engineering has the lowest Gen X 4
female representation among the older generations. Boomer+ 513
Only 7% of federal Baby Boomer Electronic Engineers
Termination Net-Gen 13
are women vice 16% representation in the Net Gen
Gen X 8
eration, as shown in Appendix C. This may have a Boomer+ 27
negative impact on women pursuing a federal career
in engineering as there are fewer senior female role
models. In FY2008, women were 7% of losses from Figure 2.23 0855 Community: FY2008 Separations by
the community and 13% of new hires, for a net gain of Generation
15 women engineers.

Racial/ethnic minorities make up 28% of this commu
nity. Asians comprise 16% of engineers, African-Amer
Native Am/Alaskan Native 107

icans and Hispanic/Latinos each make up about 5.6%
and other ethnicities total the remaining 1%, as shown Black/African-American 1,072

in Figure 2.24. Within the General Schedule, Asians,
African-Americans and Hispanic/Latinos are less rep Asian 3,040

resented at GS-13 through GS-15 when compared
White 13,867

against the White population in these pay grades.
However, it must be noted that a larger percentage Hispanic/Latino 1,089

Hispanic/Latino and Asian Electronics Engineers (35%
each) are in alternate pay plans versus White engi Multi-Racial/Other 59

neers (28%). Thus, further examination on represen
Native Hawaiian/Pacific Is 66

tation would be warranted. Twenty-nine percent of
African-Americans are also in alternative pay plans.


Electronics Engineers traditionally have been considered part of the Science
and Engineering community in government. With the expansion of IT and
integration of technologies, many engineers may now be performing work
considered to be part of the information technology domain, some of which
is already captured in the 0854, or Computer Engineering series. For 2008,
the U.S. Department of Labor’s Bureau of Labor Statistics calculated that
one third of Electronics Engineers were employed as Computer Hardware
Engineers. As the Federal Government progresses in its effort to become a
2

competency-based workforce, personnel surveys and job analyses may be
able to shed further light on the interplay between the disciplines and how
their IT-related work may be best described.
17

2004 3,975
0854 COMMUNITY

2005 4,101

As with the Computer Scientists, the Computer En 2006 4,058
gineering community, the 0854 series, has also ex
perienced significant growth, increasing over 70% 2007 4,125

between FY1997–FY2007. The community continues 2008 4,203
to grow, ending FY2008 with 4,203 personnel in the
federal population (Figure 2.25). The DoD and NASA
employ almost 95% of the federal Computer Engineer Figure 2.25 0854 Community: Fiscal Year End Strength
ing community, although most Cabinet-level agencies
do employ one or more Computer Engineers. The De
partment of the Treasury, the Department of Transpor
GS-5 1997 5
tation and DoD have all experienced steady growth in
2007 11
their Computer Engineering population, while NASA
has decreased its number of Computer Engineers by GS-7 1997 38
2007 92
12% since FY2004.
GS-9 1997 45
2007 98
The 0854 series is the most youth-oriented of the five
series within the Major Federal IT Population. Together, GS-11 1997 114
2007 208
Net Generation (21%) and Generation X (33%) indi
viduals form the majority of the community, with Baby GS-12 1997 587
Boomers and beyond accounting for 46% of the total 2007 969
population. The growth in the Computer Engineering GS-13 1997 1,019
community has been at every grade level, most nota 2007 1,342
bly at GS-12/13, as shown in Figure 2.26. Net-Geners GS-14 1997 355
have excellent opportunity for advancement within this 2007 472
community, outnumbering the other generations in ev GS-15 1997 150
ery grade at GS-11 or below, and with almost identical 2007 281
numbers as Gen X at GS-12 (303 Gen X versus 300 Net- Other 1997 87
Geners). 2007 652

This is a community that bears watching over the next Figure 2.26 0854 Community: Grade Distribution
few years. While this small community has the lowest Comparison of General Schedule and Related Grade
turnover rate among the five communities, there has Workforce
been some internal volatility that may be masked by
overall community growth. With a larger Net-Gen pop
ulation, typically comes a larger quit rate, as seen in
other communities. Net Generation turnover was on Death Net-Gen 1
a rising trend, but stabalized in FY2008 (Appendix B). Gen X 3
As an example, Net-Gen quit numbers exceeded Baby Boomer+ 5
Boomer retirements in FY2007, but then dropped be Quit Net-Gen 49
low them in FY2008 (Figure 2.27). Gen X 32
Boomer+ 10
Accession patterns have also been more volatile in this
Transfer Net-Gen 9
community. Federal Computer Engineers, like their Gen X 17
Electronics Engineer counterparts, have a positive de Boomer+ 8
gree requirement, and a similar youth-oriented hiring
Retire Net-Gen 0
pattern, indicating hiring targeted to recent college
Gen X 0
graduates (Figure 2.28). In FY2004, there was a 30% Boomer+ 60
spike in Net-Gen accessions (Figure 2.29). If recruit
ment incentives were used for this particularly large Termination Net-Gen 4
cohort, their payback period may have recently ended, Gen X 2
Boomer+ 2
making them potentially more susceptible to outside
job offers. At the other end of the generational spec
trum, retirements jumped 44% between FY2004 and
FY2005, and continue to fluctuate, as do transfers. Figure 2.27 0854 Community: FY2008 Separations by
Overall, the use of recruitment and retirement incen Generation

18

20–24 151 97 64 83 80 2004

25–29 52 48 35 49 70 2005

30–34 27 18 18 25 30 2006

35–39 29 31 14 32 24 2007

40–44 25 25 24 38 35 2008

45–49 17 21 16 26 32

50–54 8 10 14 14 12

55–59 6 2 5 6 5

60–64 1 4 2 5 0

65+ 0 0 1 0 1


New Agency
tives currently does not indicate a significant problem Hire Transfer-in
in personnel strength. Only 18% of new hires received
a recruitment bonus in 2007 and 32 individuals par 2004 310 6
ticipated in the federal student loan repayment pro
2005 242 24
gram. Federal-wide, 5 Computer Engineers received
relocation bonuses and 35 received retention bonuses. 2006 177 16
However, given the large number of Net-Geners at the
2007 249 29
GS-12 level (and a small number at GS-13), more rapid
advancement opportunities may be being utilized as 2008 267 22
an incentive. Personnel strength in this community con
tinued to rise in FY2009.
Figure 2.29 0854 Community: Fiscal Year End Strength
In FY2008, women comprised 18% of this community,
showing a small decrease since FY1997. The Computer
Engineering community currently has the smallest
percentage of female Net-Geners across the Major
Federal IT Population. Within the General Schedule, Native Am/Alaskan Native 26
women are under-represented percentage-wise when
compared to their male counterparts, at GS-12 through Black/African-American 278
GS-14, and over-represented at GS-9 through GS-11.
Asian 716

Racial/Ethnic minorities made up 31% of the Com White 2,911
puter Engineering community in FY2008 (Figure 2.30)
and Computer Engineers may be considered the most Hispanic/Latino 238
balanced community in its White/African-American
representation across pay grades when compared to
the other Major Federal IT Series. Although Hispanic/ Native Hawaiian/Pacific Is 7
Latinos and Asians are less represented from GS-13
through GS-15, they have higher population percent
ages at GS-12, creating opportunity for advancement.
See Appendix C for additional data. Figure 2.30 0854 Community: FY2008 Race/Ethnicity

19

2004 5,838
0391 COMMUNITY

2005 5,832

Changing technologies and the integration of capa 2006 5,817
bilities and systems transmitting electronic informa
2007 5.694
tion, have changed the role of the Telecommunications
community, the 0391 series (Figure 2.31), over the past 2008 5,787
several years. This community also experienced an
18% decrease in personnel between FY1997 to FY2007
as telecommunications functions were outsourced or
Figure 2.31 0391 Community: Personnel Strength by
streamlined. Although all of the Cabinet-level agencies
Fiscal year
employ Telecommunications Specialists, most have de
creased their number of employees. The reductions in
overall personnel strength have been taken at every
grade level, as shown in Figure 2.32.

Within the Federal Government, only HHS has experi GS-5 1997 16
enced significant personnel growth, more than tripling 2007 6
the size of their 0391 community between FY2006– GS-7 1997 137
FY2008 (growing from 116 to 367 personnel, mostly 2007 104
through a large transfer into the agency). There were GS-9 1997 976
5,787 personnel in the 0391 series across the Federal 2007 587
Government at the end of FY2008, reversing a previous GS-11 1997 1,380
four-year pattern of declining personnel strength. The 2007 1,170
Department of Defense, the Department of Justice GS-12 1997 2,074
and the Department of Homeland Security employ the 2007 1,325
largest numbers of Telecommunications Specialists. GS-13 1997 1,374
2007 1,102
The Baby Boomers dominate this community, with 70% GS-14 1997 433
of the overall population, and typically, retirements 2007 389
have accounted for over half of annual separations. Re GS-15 1997 133
tirements are impacting every grade level in this com 2007 104
munity, most notably at the GS-12/13 levels. Hiring pat
Other 1997 19
terns greatly influence the generational representation, 2007 481
with many replacement accessions coming from the
Boomer population, as shown in Figure 2.34. Currently
Net-Geners comprise only 3% of the 0391 community.
Given the current federal hiring trends, and the fact Figure 2.32 0391 Community: Grade Distribution
that Net-Gen Telecommunications Specialists have the Comparison of General Schedule and Related Grade
highest turnover rate (24%) within the Major Federal IT Workforce
Population, it is unlikely that their representation will
grow significantly in this community without deliberate
management intervention.
New Agency
Overall, the 0391 series has the highest turnover rates Hire Transfer-in
(Appendix B) within the Major Federal IT Population,
which include the highest retirement and termination
rates. Figure 2.35 displays the distribution of FY2008 2004 379 44
separations. Limited incentives were used for this com 2005 406 41
munity in 2007: 7 individuals received recruiting bo
nuses; 8 received student loan repayment benefits and 2006 416 48
1 employee was given a relocation bonus. More funds 2007 399 303
were directed at retaining people, with 83 individuals
receiving a retention bonus. Another five individuals 2008 497 68
received student loan repayment program benefits in
CY2008.
Figure 2.33 0391 Community: Fiscal Year Accessions

20

Under 20 1 0 1 0 0 2004

20–24 25 17 24 33 13 2005

25–29 25 35 46 78 41 2006

30–34 56 46 33 60 82 2007

35–39 55 55 57 87 115 2008

40–44 95 121 126 142 187

45–49 77 95 95 126 164

50–54 49 38 43 85 117

55–59 26 28 30 42 110

60–64 8 8 4 30 66

65+ 5 4 5 19 18

Figure 2.34 0391 Community: Grade Distribution Comparison of General Schedule and Related Grade Workforce

The telecommunications field has been transitioning Quit
in private industry as well as within the Federal Gov 107
ernment. This community bears more examination to
determine whether additional personnel management Retirement
action is necessary. 198

Women comprised 25% of this community in FY1997
Death

and 20% in FY2008, with greater representation at GS 9

11 and below. The Telecommunications community has
the largest minority population, percentage-wise, of
the Major Federal IT Population; 40% of its individu
als are from a racial/ethnic minority (Figure 2.36). Af Termination
rican-Americans are well-represented through GS-13, 69
while Hispanic/Latinos and Asians are well-represented
through GS-12. All three racial/ethnic groups are less-
represented at GS-14/15.
Figure 2.35 0391 Community: FY2008 Separations from
Federal Service
FY2009 UPDATE

The Major Federal IT Community grew by almost 5,000
people in FY2009, ending the year at 108,260. All five
series included in this population saw in increase in Native Am/Alaskan Native 48
strength, with new hires increasing and federal sepa
rations significantly decreasing. Eighty percent of the Black/African-American 1,016
Federal CIO Council membership increased their IT
Management (2210 series) personnel strength. The Asian 171
Department of Homeland Security had the largest in White 4,102
crease, growing 13%, while DoD and the Department
of Justice’s 2210 populations grew 8% and 7%, respec Hispanic/Latino 377
tively. Appendix H contains a synopsis of key FY2009
statistics.
Native Hawaiian/Pacific Is 24


21

forecast
of future labor
supply
and
demand
Over the next several years, the Federal Government will experience the largest unplanned exodus
of middle and senior management talent in the history of our nation as significant numbers of
older workers currently in federal service become retirement-eligible. It is not known whether these
departures will be as cataclysmic as a tsunami, or will instead ebb and flow over a greater number of
years as the Baby Boomer generation times their retirements to meet individual life choices. Nor is
it fully understood yet how the recent economic turmoil will impact federal retirements. No matter
what the scenario, eventually the need to replace outgoing expertise, and also to fill newly created
jobs, will result in a significant demand for talent within the labor market. This chapter provides a
discussion of several labor force trends and their potential impact on IT workforce management.

23

MAKING SENSE OF FEDERAL RETIREMENT U.S. LABOR MARKET FORECAST: DEMAND UP
PROJECTIONS AND SUPPLY DOWN

Federal workforce retirement behavior is influenced The U.S. labor force annual growth rate peaked in the
by a variety of individual and environmental factors. 1970s at 2.6% and has been decreasing with each sub
The first is individual retirement eligibility, which is sequent decade, largely due to declining birth rates
based on the type of retirement system, age of the and the stabilization of the number of women entering
employee, length of service and minimum retirement the labor market. 6,7 From 1996 to 2006, the growth rate
age. Retirement decisions are further dependent on declined to 1.2% and it is expected to further decrease
how individuals prioritize work, based on several factors to 0.8% between 2006–2016.8 As the Nation’s need to
that could include hours spent at work, desire for recruit replacement workers increases, efforts will be
variety, financial needs, willingness to learn, and level of challenged by this further slowdown in the growth of
acceptable responsibility.1 Additionally, advancements the U.S. labor force.
in technology significantly influence individual career
decisions of personnel in IT-related career fields who Over the next decade, the projected labor force par
may be either positively or negatively impacted by ticipation rate by age shows significant variation. The
changing technology. number of workers in the age range of 55 and older par
ticipating in the labor force is projected to be the fastest
External environment influencers include the state of growing age group, from 38% in 2006 to 42.8% in 2016.9
the economy and labor market demands, neither of Meanwhile, the amount of new entrants coming fresh
which can be controlled by the employee. Finally, the from campuses is growing at a lower rate than workers
traditional retirement model of employees ending who have been in the labor force for some time. In ad
their career after reaching their peak status is gradually dition to targeting the Net Generation for recruitment,
shifting to new models of retirement. The interplay of agency strategic workforce planning efforts will also
all of these changeable conditions creates challenges in need to factor in ways to retain and recruit older work
modeling predictive retirement behavior. The following ers.10 The challenge will be balancing workforce expe
retirement statistics (calculated prior to the recent rience sustainability and re-growth. More information
economic recession) are provided as points of reference: about workforce planning can be found in Chapter 4.

• From FY2006–FY2016, there will be 956,613 re-
tirement-eligible employees throughout the Fed IT OCCUPATIONAL TRENDS

eral Government, but only 586,339 are predicted
to retire during that period. 2 The Department of Labor has analyzed IT occupations
across industry, developing detailed statistics on the
• The average (or mean) continued federal employ 2008 U.S. labor force and projecting IT occupational
ment after reaching retirement eligibility is 3.1 trends through 2018.11 A descriptive summary of the
years, which can be further refined to 3.3 years for IT occupations included in these projections is listed in
males and 2.7 years for females.3 Figure 3.1; more detailed information is listed in Ap
pendix D.
• Fifty-one percent of employees remain in the
Federal Government 4 years after first becoming New IT jobs creation is being driven by changing tech
eligible for retirement, with approximately half of nologies and the increasing demand for secure, trusted
this group continuing to work for 9 more years.4 data and systems. Network Systems/Data Communi
cations Analysts and Computer Applications Software
Engineers will experience the greatest percentage of
Nation-wide and global financial reversals have con
change within their occupations as shown in Figure 3.1.
tributed to significant drops in home equity and re The forecasted impact on the number of jobs created,
tirement fund valuations. The recession, as well as the by IT occupation is shown in Table 3.1. Rankings within
the two data sets may differ, depending on the size of
Boomers’ longer life expectancy, are causing many
the occupation (e.g., Computer Scientists rank fourth in
individuals to delay retirement, or to consider never the percentage of growth, but tenth in the number of
retiring, as indicated in several surveys sponsored by new jobs created). Based on this forecast, from 2008–
2018, Computer Applications Software Engineers will
the American Association of Retired People (AARP).
gain 175,100 new jobs within their occupation, while
This increasingly apparent trend has led Business- Computer Operators will lose 19%, or 20,500 jobs,
Week magazine to label the Boomers as “Gen U,” or within their job field. Recruitment for many of the new
jobs created will focus on Net-Gen college graduates
“Generation Unretired.” 5 who possess the latest knowledge and skills.

24

Network Systems/ 53%
Data Communications Analysts
Computer Applications Software Engineers 34%

Computer Systems Software Engineers 30%

Computer/Information Scientists, Research 24%

Network/Computer System Administrators 23%
(includes Security Specialists)
Database Administrators 20%

Computer Systems Analysts 20%

Computer/Information Systems Managers 17%

Computer Support Specialists: Tech Support 14%
Specialists, Helpdesk Techs
Computer Specialists, All Other 13%

Top Executives 0%
(includes Chief Information Officer)
Computer Programmers -3%

Computer Operators -19%

Figure 3.1 Percentage of IT Job Growth from 2008–2018
(Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics)

Change
IT Occupations 2008 2018 by 2018

Computer Applications Software Engineers 514,800 689,900 175,100
Network Systems/Data Communications Analysts 292,000 447,800 155,800
Computer Systems Software Engineers 394,800 515,000 120,200
Computer Systems Analysts 532,200 640,300 108,100
Network/Computer System Admins (includes Security Specialists) 339,500 418,400 78,900
Computer Support Specialists: Tech Support/Helpdesk Techs 565,700 643,700 78,000
Computer/Information Systems Managers 293,000 342,500 49,500
Computer Specialists, all other 209,300 236,800 27,500
Database Administrators 120,400 144,700 24,400
Computer/Information Scientists, Research 28,900 35,900 7,000
Computer Programmers 426,700 414,400 -12,300
Computer Operators 110,000 89,500 -20,500
NET INCREASE IN IT JOBS 3,827,300 4,618,900 791,700

Table 3.1 Where the IT Jobs Are

(Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics)

25

EDUCATION DIVERSITY

The majority of new IT jobs will require at a minimum The primary dimensions of diversity most typically
a bachelor’s degree. Technical degree requirements measured and analyzed in the federal workforce are
predominantly will include the Computer Science, age, gender, race, and ethnicity. Since it has been
Computer Engineering, Computer Information Systems, established previously that a college degree has
and Information Science areas of study. For more senior become a requirement for many federal IT jobs, this
level IT jobs, increasingly there is a desire for education section will focus primarily on the role that college
that includes both technology and business skills while education trends and workplace attitudes play in
some research positions require a PhD. achieving gender and racial/ethnic diversity in the labor
force. Workplace impacts from a multi-generational
Two exceptions to the degree requirement are Computer workforce are discussed in Chapter 6.
Operators and Computers Support Specialists/System
Administrators. In the case of Computer Operators, on- The Gender Gap - More women have earned degrees
the-job training may continue to be the norm. As for than men since the 1980s and, over the long term, the
Computers Support Specialists/System Administrators, number of women awarded degrees will continue to
recruitment selection will be driven by strong technical outpace men for associate, bachelor’s, and master’s
skills and certifications will be essential. degrees.14 From 2007–2019, the total number of degrees
at all levels is projected to increase for women by 28%
In the dozen years between 1991–2003, annual bach as opposed to 17% for men.15 While women are earning
elor’s degrees conferred in Computer and Informa more degrees in general, significant gender differences
tion Sciences almost doubled, growing from 25,159 to exist in the number of women obtaining bachelor’s
57,433, and then peaked in 2004, with 59,488 degrees degrees in Computer and Information Sciences and
conferred; by 2007, graduation rates had dropped by Computer Engineering. Over the long term, the
30%.12 This trend is troubling, given the expected job number of women completing degrees in Computer
growth within this field and the need for new talent to and Information Sciences has been declining, while
replace retiring Baby Boomers. Additionally, this field there has been only a marginal increase in the number
includes many disciplines that are a source for critical of women receiving Computer Engineering degrees
cybersecurity jobs (e.g., Computer Networking, Sys as demonstrated by data from the National Center for
tems Administration, and Information Systems Security). Education Statistics:

Table 3.2 highlights the overall projected demand for • Computer and Information Sciences and Support
new IT jobs. Some mitigation may be possible from re Services Degrees Earned by Women: 29.4% in
distributing individuals from anticipated Computer Pro 1990-91, 27.5% in 1995-96, and 20.6% in 2005-06.16
gramming and Computer Operator job decreases, but
this action might require additional formal education • Engineering and Engineering Technologies De
for those individuals. Additionally, while general college grees Earned by Women: 14.1% in 1990-91, 16.2%
enrollment rates are high, the graduation rates are not. in 1995-96, and 17.9% in 2005-06.
17

In the United States, although 70% of the Net Genera
tion will start a degree program, only 30% are expected As a result of these trends, women earn less than a quar
to have a college degree by age 30.13 ter of the degrees conferred for Computer and Informa
tion Sciences and Engineering. Figure 3.2 highlights
The shortfalls described assume all new IT jobs require the significant gender gaps for degrees compared to
a four-year degree; in occupations such as Computer the average for all degrees and across the four major IT
Support Specialist and Database Administrator, two- fields of study.
year degrees or commercial certifications may be suf
ficient for some lower skilled jobs.

Number of
IT Job Outlook Through 2018 New IT Jobs

Total Demand (includes total IT job growth) 824,400

Net Demand (assumes offsets from IT job field decreases) 791,700

Table 3.2 Potential IT Growth Requiring A College Education
(Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2010-11 Edition)

26

While industry can often hire scientists, engineers, and In 2008, college enrollment in Computer
technologists from other countries to fill talent gaps, the
tightening U.S. labor market will be further constrained Science programs saw an upswing for the
for federal agencies by the gender gap in IT education.
Also exacerbating the situation, female scientists, engi first time in six years, increasing 6.2% over
neers, and technologists who are already in these oc 19

cupations, are leaving them due to career shifts. Based 2007. While this is good news, the num
on data provided in the the Harvard Business Review
article, “Stopping the Exodus of Women in Science,” ber of women graduates remains steady,
18
the following reasons are cited:
and diversity within this occupation is still
• Hostility in the workplace/machismo atmosphere
an issue. Research shows that female and
• Sense of isolation
ethnic/racial minority interest in science
• Disconnect with women’s preferred work style
and math skill areas may wane as early
• Long hours and excessive travel as sixth grade, presenting a challenge to
• Lack of sponsors to clarify career advancement those federal organizations and academic
Organizations should examine female attrition in IT
technical occupations to determine if problems exist.
institutions actively seeking to improve
At the same time, agencies should encourage female gender and minority representation. 20

students at the high school level to pursue IT degrees
through such outreach events as the Federal IT Shadow
Day or other high school education initiatives.

Bachelor’s Males Average for All Degrees 42.5
Computer Engineer 89.2
Electrical/Electronics Engineer 86.4
Computer/Information Science 79.4
IT Management 71.5

Bachelor’s Females Average for All Degrees 57.5
IT Management 28.5

Master’s Males Average for All Degrees 40
IT Management 68.5

Master’s Females Average for All Degrees 60
IT Management 31.5

Figure 3.2 Percentage of IT Degrees Conferred by Gender for 2005–2006*
(Source: Digest of Education Statistics 2007)

* Computer Engineering also includes Computer Engineering, General, and Computer Software Engineering. IT Management
includes Management Information Systems, General; Information Resources Management/CIO Training; Knowledge Manage
ment; and other Management Information Systems and Services.

27

2006 IT Bachelor’s Degrees
Percent Conferred 2006 Civilian Labor Force
Race/Ethnicity (excludes non-resident) Percent Distribution

White 67.3 68.2

Black/African-American 13.2 11.4

Hispanic/Latino 7.1 13.7

Asian and All Other Groups 12.4 6.7

Table 3.3 Diversity Perspective of U.S. Computer/Information Science Graduates Compared to the U.S. Labor Force*

Race/Ethnicity Trends - In 2003, the Hispanic/Latino CHALLENGES TO IT SKILLS MANAGEMENT

community became the largest minority group within
the United States. Their growth in population, due to As organizations try to sustain their IT bench strength,
higher birth rates and increasing immigration rates, will they will face several workforce management
heavily influence the diversity of future college enroll challenges. Labor supply issues previously discussed
ments. Projected campus diversity between 2006–2017 will create recruiting and retention issues. At the same
includes a 39% increase in Hispanic enrollment, a 26% time, changing job roles, resulting from the continual
increase in both African-American and Asian enroll introduction of new technology and evolving work
ments, a 30% increase in American Indian/Alaska Na practices, have created a community that lacks the
tive enrollments and a 5% increase in White enroll maturity in skill development processes and defined
21
ments. Currently, African-Americans and Hispanics are career paths.23 IT leaders engaged in workforce planning
underrepresented on college campuses in general, and and development need to factor in these variables as
Hispanics are also underrepresented in Computer and they plan for the rising Net-Gen workforce of the future:
Information Sciences and Support Services majors. Ta
ble 3.3 provides a comparison of the largest IT field of Tacit Knowledge Loss - The massive Baby Boomer
study with the general labor force by race/ethnicity. generation is starting to retire but little has been done
to develop a means to capture tacit knowledge. As this
In Figure 3.3, the Computer and Information Sciences highly experienced cadre prepares to leave, the demand
and Support Services field of study is compared to the for replacement skills will be further exacerbated.
average for all degrees conferred. This figure illustrates
similar differences as Table 3.4, while also highlighting Legacy Applications and Technology Support - The
the higher than average rate of these IT degrees con upcoming wave of retirements will impede the ability
ferred to non-resident students. International students of many organizations to maintain skilled workers to
comprise half of the total enrollment in graduate-level support legacy systems. Some agencies like the Social
science and engineering fields, with China and India at Security Administration have taken action to transition to
the forefront. In 2004, China made up 14% of the to newer programming languages and platforms.24 Others
tal worldwide international student population. During still view a technology shift as a long term solution, but
this same period, 25.3% of all international students in the planning for the shift or continued support will need
United States were from India and China. 22 to occur soon.25 As commercial training or education is

* Race/Ethnicity groupings were aggregated to enable comparison between Department of Labor data and data contained
in Table 275 of the “Digest of Education Statistics 2007”. Additionally, non-resident data was not included, which increased
the percentage of IT degrees conferred by race/ethnicity. The field of study for Computer and Information Sciences and
Support Services includes: General and Other Computer and Information sciences; Artificial Intelligence and Robotics; IT;
General, Specific Applications and Other Computer Programming/Programmer; Data Processing; Information Science/Studies;
Computer Systems Analysis/Analyst; Web Page, Digital/Multimedia and Information Resources Design; Data Modeling/
Warehousing and Database Administration; Computer Graphics; Computer Software and Media Applications, Other; Computer
Systems Networking and Telecommunications; Systems Administration/Administrator; System, Networking, and LAN/WAN
Management/Manager; Computer and Information Systems Security; Web/Multimedia Management and Webmaster;
Computer/IT Services Administration and Management; and Other Computer and Information Sciences and Support Services.

28

White 72.4%
62.9%

Black/ 9.6%
African-American
12.4%

Hispanic/ 7.2%
Latino
6.7%

Asian/ 6.9%
Pacific Islander
10.9%

American Indian/ .7%
Native American
.6%

Non-Resident 3.1%
All Degrees
6.5%
Computer/Information Science

Figure 3.3 Diversity Perspective of Bachelor’s Degrees in Computer/Information Sciences Compared to All Degrees

Conferred in 2005–2006*

(Source: Digest of Education Statistics 2007)

no longer available, new entrants into the labor market Intense Competition for Veterans - As the future labor
typically will not have skills in areas like mainframes or market continues to constrict and the demand for talent
COBOL programming language to hire as replacements increases, veterans will become an increasingly sought
26
for the retiring Baby Boomers. after talent pool to fill vacancy needs across govern
ment as well as the private sector. Organizations that
Technology Rate of Change - The introduction of new have relied on this pipeline of talent will face increased
technology will continue to increase, creating a con competition.
stant need to hire or develop employees with the nec
essary skills to meet the demand. Retraining the current IT Degree Shortfalls - As previously discussed, the lev
workforce and creating a culture of continuous learning el of students graduating with IT degrees is less than
will be fundamental principles for organizations. required to meet future demand and is also being neg
atively impacted by the gender imbalance in IT degrees
IT Hiring Increase - Two thirds of federal agencies conferred.29 For 2005–2006, males outpaced females in
listed IT as a mission critical occupation in 2007 and, IT Computer Management, Information Sciences, and
near term, Partnership for Public Service estimates rank Support Services bachelor’s degrees by over 3 to 1. For
IT occupations as one of the top five federal hiring re Computer Engineering degrees, the male to female ra
quirements.27 The U.S. Department of Labor is project tio was over 8 to 1. 30 This further reduces the supply of
ing 791,700 new IT hires across all sectors, including available talent in the labor market. To close the gender
the Federal Government, through 2018; Table 3.1 has a gap in IT-related fields of study, significant intervention
breakout of hiring needs by IT occupation.28 would be required at the high school level or earlier.

Citizenship Requirement - The growth of the available Less Educated IT Workforce - Currently, Federal Gov
U.S. labor pool is shrinking and approximately 25% of ernment employees are significantly better educated
the largest growing ethnic group, the Hispanic/Latino than the private sector. As both sectors face greater
population, are not U.S. citizens. While private industry turnover, the demand for available IT college gradu
can leverage immigrants and global talent to fill crucial ates will increase, creating the potential for steep com
talent gaps, the Government’s requirement for United petition. Agencies not able to provide attractive and
States citizenship restricts the available labor pool. This competitive job offers may need to re-evaluate degree
requirement is not expected to change as the Federal requirements and offer internal degree completion in
Government increases its focus on cybersecurity and centives.
critical information infrastructure protection.

* Computer/Information Science degrees comprise 61.1% of all IT-related degrees. Data for other IT fields of study was not
available by race/ethnicity.

29

Changes in Work Environment - The greater use of al skill gaps identified by CIOs in the AFFIRM-sponsored
ternative work plans and workforce flexibilities, and the survey in 2008 were program management, security,
expansion of new work models, whether a redefinition collaborating across organizational boundaries, EA and
of part-time employees or the implementation of 20 strategic planning. Program management, security and
hour work week positions, will create personnel man EA also ranked in the top five in 2007 (collaboration and
agement challenges as IT leaders adjust to managing strategic planning were not including in the skills survey
31
employees working on different schedules. in 2007).

Greater Need for Supervisory Expertise - In October The Computing Technology Industry Association identi
2009, the U.S. Merit Systems Protection Board (MSPB) fied the following global skills priorities in its “Summary
provided a report to the President and Congress, fo of Skills Gaps in the World’s IT Workforce: A CompTIA
cused on the challenges and opportunities associated International Research Study” (www.comptia.org): 36
with the pending loss of significant numbers of super
visory personnel in the federal workplace. The MSPB • Three most important IT skills gaps: security,
is anticipating extensive losses as current data indicates general networking, and operating systems
that supervisory personnel tend to be older and have
more years of federal experience, thus making them • Widest skill gap proficiency: security, firewalls, and
highly likely to retire during the coming wave of Baby data privacy
Boomer retirements. 32 In addition to noting the loss of
supervisory expertise, the MSPB also described the • Area for most skill growth: radio frequency (RF)
greater burdens being placed upon supervisors due mobile and wireless technology.
to several factors, including changing work structure
models which require more networking and commu • Other skill growth areas of importance included
nication; new personnel performance plans requiring web-based technologies (Web 2.0, Service-Ori
more frequent and detailed observation of individu ented Architecture (SOA), Software-as-a-Service
als’ performance; and the increased need to manage (SaaS), Rich Internet Applications (RIAs), Asynchro
continuous learning and competency development in a nous JavaScript and XML (Ajax) techniques, and
knowledge-based workforce.33 specific programming languages

Business Value Skill Set - As the focus has shifted to
align IT priorities to mission capabilities, so has the THE COMING NET GENERATION EDGE

thinking of the right skill mix for IT professionals. The
need to integrate technology into business processes During the last 50 years, most productivity gains were
has created a greater desire for business acumen and realized through automation and technology integration.
interpersonal skills combined with expected technical While software and hardware enhancements will
skills. This will require a refinement of IT workforce skills continue to reduce IT personnel resources required
and updating of professional development plans. for routine network administration and maintenance
functions, in the future, greater productivity will require
Specific IT Skills Gaps - The Federal Chief Information a more agile IT organization. Increasing agility requires
Officers (CIOs) Council, in partnership with the Office improving the ability of people to effectively respond
of Personnel Management’s Human Capital Leader to the unknown or unexpected; innovating or creating
ship and Merit Systems Accountability Division, has new methods, processes, or products; simplifying
completed three periodic IT workforce capability as communications and information sharing; collaborating
sessments focused on the IT workforce. Based on the with others to execute missions and responsibilities;
IT Workforce Capability Assessment (ITWCA) survey of and most crucial, a supporting culture that inspires
2006, four specialized job activities, enterprise architec imagination and innovation. The agile worker is a good
ture (EA), IT project management, IT security/informa fit to describe Net-Geners; their energy and perspective
tion assurance, and solutions architecture, were identi will bring a needed dynamic to IT organizations.
fied as the highest importance. (The executive summary
can be found at www.cio.gov).

The Association for Federal Information Resources
Management’s (AFFIRM) Top Ten Challenges Survey,
administered annually to Federal CIOs, identified the
ability to hire and retain skilled IT professionals as their
top challenge in both 2007 and 2008, while also pro
ducing similar skill gap results to the ITWCA surveys of
individual federal IT employees.34,35 The five top-ranked

30

ASSESSING THE IT TALENT WAR

It would be natural to think that with unemployment figures in
double digits, job vacancies would have qualified candidates
lining up to fill them and that the time-to-fill jobs would be
greatly reduced; however, neither of these assumptions is
proving true. According to a September 2009 report by Robert
Half International and CareerBuilder, managers continue to face
difficulties in finding qualified applicants and the average time
37
to-fill job vacancies remains unchanged. As Liz Ryan, a columnist
for BusinessWeek, puts it, “Now more than ever, employers
need the sort of employees who can wade confidently into a
messy business situation (a bollixed up database integration, a
disintegrating tech-support function, or a six-months-delayed
product launch) and clean it up.” 38 And, Todd Thibodeaux,
president and Chief Executive Officer of the Computing
Technology Industry Association, agrees that while there are a
tremendous number of IT individuals looking for work, finding
39
those with the right qualifications remains challenging.

As the economy begins to improve, jumpstarting technology
projects will be a top priority of many employers, and CIOs
40,41
may be looking to improve their current understaffing. The
problem many managers will face is that even while they look to
expand staff, current employees may see an economic upswing
as an opportunity to jump ship to a new employer, especially if
the economy quickly improves. This may be particularly true in
those organizations that cut salaries, raises, bonuses, or training
during the recession while increasing the workload of those
individuals still employed.

Jennifer Deal, a Senior Research Scientist at the Center for
Creative Leadership in San Diego, California, cautions that talent
management strategies, targeted to generational requirements,
will be critical during the economic recovery period, particularly
if the nation experiences a long, slow recovery.42 Additionally,
generational differences, exacerbated by differing levels of
economic well being, and slower turnover by Baby Boomers who
choose to extend their working years, may result in increased
friction in the workplace, ultimately leading to greater attrition
by the Net Generation.43

strategic

workforce

planning

Strategic workforce planning is a systematic process that includes forecasting both short- and
long-term organizational human capital requirements, measuring current workforce capabilities
and competency gaps, formulating strategies to close gaps for both current and future workforce
needs, and measuring the effectiveness of those actions. The objective ultimately is to ensure that
an organization has the right number of people at the right place with the right skills at the right time
to fulfill the agency’s strategic plan. Addressing the Federal Government’s human capital challenges
is a responsibility shared by many parties, including the President, federal agencies and their Chief
Human Capital Officers, the Office of Personnel Management (OPM), and the Office of Management
and Budget (OMB). Additionally, certain federal positions, such as Chief Information Officers, have
specific functional workforce management responsibilities.

33

In the past, there has been a tendency for workforce The importance of a strong, workforce planning pro
planners to look at workforce behavior from a neat, gram should not be underestimated in the successful
3-generation perspective, discussed below: management of a cohesive, multi-generational work
force. OPM has developed a workforce planning model
• Older generation: retirement-eligible and focused which can assist IT organizations in strategic workforce
on their pensions planning. Additionally, in May 2008, OPM published
“Best Practices in Workforce Planning,” which can be
• Middle generation: the typical workforce major found on their website, www.opm.gov. This guide is a
ity, focused primarily on their compensation and concise workforce planning resource for all workforce
benefits package managers.

• Younger generation: future workforce, working Strategic workforce planning can pay
their way up the ladder by gaining experience on-
the-job or through skills training and education dividends by helping agencies to create
a stronger, more highly skilled workforce.
This model no longer fits. Net-Geners, the youngest
generation in the workforce, are not patiently working According to a September 2009 report by
their way through the organizational hierarchy, but are the U.S. Merit Systems Protection Board,
instead sampling professional opportunities and moving
on quickly when they see no clear cut advantages, previous psychological study has con
personally, professionally, or financially, to staying. cluded that “a superior skilled worker pro
As a result, many organizations are experiencing the
loss of younger workers before they can recover their duces 32% more output than an average
recruitment investment. On the other hand, even worker, and a superior manager or profes
with a large, retirement-eligible population, older 1
generations are now staying longer in the workforce, sional produces 48% more output.”
for both personal fulfillment and financial needs. With
these changing generational behaviors, there are
many implications for federal IT workforce recruitment, FEDERAL IT WORKFORCE REPORTING

retention and professional development including:
During the last decade, periodically, federal agencies
• Turnover will increase as retirements rise over the have been required to review the state of their IT
next decade. workforce and their ability to meet agency mission
requirements. At first, IT workforce initiatives were
• More of the replacements will come from Gen X directed and reviewed separately by OPM and OMB,
and the Net Generation and lower-to-mid level but, over time, evaluating the status of the federal IT
turnover may rise due to the number of new workforce was folded into the overarching framework
entrants into the federal workforce. of the President’s Management Agenda (PMA) and
its human capital scorecard. In May 2008, significant
• Some older employees will extend their careers workforce reporting elements of the PMA, as well as
or be willing to stay under more flexible working provisions of the Chief Human Capital Officers Act of
arrangements. 2002, were codified in title 5 of the Code of Federal
Regulations, part 250. Those areas of the federal IT
• Advancement opportunities will increase as workforce considered mission critical have ongoing
current employees are promoted to fill gaps from agency human capital management and annual
increased turnover. reporting requirements directed by these regulations.

• More replacement hiring will come from private
industry.

• More mentoring will be required which will need
to be factored into managers’ work schedules.

• Leaders will need to adopt and embrace different
practices to retain their workforce.

• The need for resources required to recruit, train
and retain will rise.

34

norms
and characteristics
of the
net generation
Both the federal IT workforce, and the U.S. workforce at large, span five generations, with the Baby
Boomers historically representing the largest working cohort. This majority representation changed in
2010 in the U.S. civilian labor force, as shown in Figure 5.1 on page 38.1 Although the Net Generation is
currently significantly under-represented in federal service, their presence will start to grow as replace
ment workers are hired behind the retiring Baby Boom generation. As part of the initiative to become
better informed about the coming changes in workforce dynamics, the Federal CIO Council entered
into a partnership with the nGenera Corporation (which includes the former New Paradigm Learning
Corporation) in order to leverage nGenera’s research and experience in this area. This chapter ad
dresses the eight “norms” that characterize the Net Generation, and the attitudes and expectations
that Net-Geners are bringing to the working world.

37

Pre-Boomer 1980 49%
1990 28%
2000 13%
2010 3%

Baby Boomer 1980 51%
1990 54%
2000 48%
2010 37%

Generation X 1980 0%
1990 18%
2000 22%
2010 22%

Net Generation 1980 0%
1990 0%
2000 16%
2010 38%

Figure 5.1 The Changing Representation of Generations at Work in the U.S. Labor Force
(Source: The Bureau of Labor Statistics as reported by nGenera Insight Research)

tention. Understanding the implications of these norms
THE EIGHT NORMS OF THE NET GENERATION
within the workplace is critical to successfully manag
ing the Net Generation. The eight norms are:
The Net Generation is slowly but surely coming to the
federal workplace. The oldest of them are over 30, with Freedom - The Net Generation, more than any other
education and some job experience under their belt. generation, expects to set and abide by its own
As a generation, they are over 80 million strong, larger priorities. Net-Geners place high priority on time with
in fact, than the Baby Boomer generation. They cannot family and friends, so much so that they see their job
be ignored as the major source of talent to recruit, fitting into their personal and social lives/lifestyles,
develop and retain over the next decades. Additionally, instead of the opposite, more traditional behavior.3 As
there is much to admire about this generation. They discussed in Chapter 6, they are not the only generation
are ambitious and innovative, enjoy teamwork, and wanting more flexibility in the workplace, but they may
understand technology. In short, they have sampled be the driving force behind the routinization of more
the best characteristics of each generation, while still flexible schedules in the workplace.
creating their own identity and worth to the workplace.
Customization - Living in a custom-created world is
In October 2006, the New Paradigm Learning second nature to the Net Generation. They choose how
Corporation (now nGenera) conducted 1,750 interviews they get their information or entertainment, when they
with Net-Geners aged 13 through 29, in the U.S. and get it, the color, configuration, and applications on the
Canada. This research, as well as a follow-on global delivery device, and the picture on the credit card used
study, revealed and validated what Don Tapscott, to pay for it. In selecting a workplace, Net-Geners will
nGenera Chairman, refers to as the “Eight Norms of look for choices in job benefits and will want to customize
the Net Generation.” 2 These norms are patterns of the jobs they select.4 The Net-Gen will gravitate to jobs
behavior, which if properly channeled, can form the that allow them to do more of what they enjoy and take
basis for a revitalized, innovative work culture that will an interest in, possibly even affording dedicated time
benefit all employees, young and old. for specialization.5 While it currently may be infeasible to
enable customized technology in a federal workspace,
The eight norms demonstrate the Net-Geners’ work engaging the Net-Gen in designing and improving
place needs for flexible work schedules and overtime; work processes could yield substantial dividends.
social connection with their peers and a place to be
long; variety in their work; leading by example and Scrutinizers - The Net Generation is highly adept at
involvement, with positive feedback and public rec online comparative analysis. Net-Geners in the hunt
ognition; and training as a tool for productivity and re for work will carefully consider which occupations best

38

fit their professional goals and work style preferences; Speed - Owing to their demand for speed of commu
and they will thoroughly research jobs available and the nication, Net-Geners tend not to use more traditional
associated employers’ culture, benefits and emphasis methods such as the telephone and email in their per
on career development.6 Once hired, Net-Geners sonal communications, preferring the speed of instant
will demand trusting and transparent relationships messenging.16 They will look for avenues to speed their
with their organization.7 Because of this scrutiny, productivity and response time wherever possible. This
organizations should understand the benefit of a well- includes everything from feedback on performance to
designed, current website and easily understandable their rate of professional growth within an organization.17
job announcements as initial marketing efforts to future Net-Geners will value those who provide the timely
employees. However, the Partnership for Public Service feedback they desire.
recommends using both high-tech and high-touch,
human interaction in educating young people about Innovation - Members of the Net Generation are “digi
federal job and career opportunities.8 tal natives.” Having grown up with technology in ev
ery aspect of their lives, IT capabilities are often second
Based on their current scrutiny of the labor sectors, nature to them.18 And, with their desire to customize,
the Net Generation, in the past, had limited interest in they work hard to provide the solutions to adapt things
working for the public sector as a whole, as shown in to suit their own needs.19 As a generation, they have
Table 5.1. However, the former Council for Excellence the greatest facility for the IT capabilities needed in the
in Government concluded that interest in public service workforce, both today and in the future.
could significantly rise if young people were asked to
serve by individuals whose opinions they respect, most Interest in Sectors as “Ideal Employers” | Ages 13–30
notably, their parents or teachers.9
Public Sector 20%
Integrity - As part of the scrutiny Net-Geners apply to
their job hunts, they will be keen to uncover the record
Non-Profit Organizations 25%
and reputation of potential employers with respect to
their commitment to integrity and ethical practices.10
Private Sector 55%
They will not embrace a company/organization that has
questionable ethics or that does not appear to translate
words (policy) into action (practice), nor will they follow Table 5.1 Net-Gen Interest in Labor Sectors as “Ideal Employers”
questionable leadership.11 (Source: nGenera Insight Research)

Collaboration - The Net Generation has grown up in
an interactive world. They are used to pulsing their so GENERAL NET-GEN CHARACTERISTICS

cial networks for information and feedback and working
collaboratively on tasks. Additionally, they want to pro
12
The Net Generation can be generally characterized as
vide their stamp on product and process development.13 the most demanding generation in history, demanding
Their preference for applications and technologies that challenge, meaningful work with impact, committed co
support collaboration, such as Facebook, text messag workers, and the ability to reach personal and financial
ing, and wikis, along with their inherent proclivity for col goals. While recognizing that Net-Geners prefer to be
laboration itself, are creating a need for organizations to viewed as individuals vice “a group,” federal managers
identify and acquire technical and non-technical solu can benefit by understanding where this generation is
tions for enhancing communications. This is discussed coming from and where they want to go.
more in-depth in Chapter 9.
Many Net-Geners are products of hectic, dual-career
Entertainment - Enjoyment of the job and the work families and grew up during a time of significant eco
place is also very important to Net-Geners. They want nomic prosperity when Boomer parents were able to
to learn new things and be a part of the action, and they bankroll their technology-driven lifestyle. Additionally,
expect to have fun while doing it.14 Equally important, this was a generation exposed to a concerted, nation
they tend to work hard at tasks and then want to de wide movement by parents, teachers and counselors
compress. Blocking social networking sites and discour in the 1980s to build their self-esteem.20 During this
aging any non-work internet usage basically prevents period, it became general practice for trophies and
them from taking a break on their own terms, whether it certificates to be awarded for every participatory en
be for gaming, blogging, surfing, or chatting.15 deavor, regardless of skill or contribution. The result is

39

a generation with a strong sense of entitlement and In their quest to succeed, Net-Geners will be looking
21
self-confidence, as well as a need to be recognized. for genuine mentoring. This is a generation that when
asked to write about someone they respect, often
Both employers and employees will need to manage selects their own parents. They respect the knowledge
their expectations, and strive to achieve mutually that others have to share, and while they may overplay
beneficial expectations. For the Net-Gener, this means their own assets, they do not underplay the skill sets that
coming to the realization that they probably won’t older generations have. The challenge for coaching this
become superstars in the workplace overnight. At the generation will be to know when they need supervision
same time, employers must understand the Net-Geners and when they need growing room and to make time
expect to receive challenging assignments shortly after to help them improve.
arriving onboard, to be recognized for achievement,
and to be paid for performance. Growing up on the Net-Geners are also used to being heard. They will want
go, Net-Geners have been steered to maximize their to share their ideas with senior leaders and decision-
time, particularly with parental influence and guidance, makers. Organizations would do well to determine
and may not have learned how to set work priorities how to balance protocol and openness to ensure they
themselves.22 They believe they can do it all and expect do not stifle the creativity and energy that the Net
managers to feel the same.23 Generation will bring to the workplace. At the same
time, Net-Geners may need some mentoring on office
Fame and fortune are high on the list of Net-Geners’ politics and the chain of command. There is a place
personal goals. In a January 2007 report from the Pew for both protocol and openness, but the balance is
Research Center, 81% of 18 to 25 year olds polled said starting to tilt toward the Net-Geners as organizational
that getting rich is their generation’s most, or second hierarchies begin to flatten under the positive weight
most, important life goal; 51% said the same about be of collaboration.
coming famous.24 Money, in fact, is by far their biggest
problem, with 30% citing financial concerns as their top As the Net Generation is integrated into the workplace,
25
worry. Net-Geners may earn more than their parents managers and leaders may discover more similarities
did, but their earnings have less purchasing power. Ad than differences among all four working generations.
ditionally, many do not have health care coverage and Also, “cuspers,” those at the beginning or ending
may come into the workplace carrying more education years of a generation, may possess a mix of norms,
al debt than any previous generation.26 While the Net characteristics and values, based on their upbringing
Generation may view getting rich as their own genera and other influences in their lives. The end goal is to
tion’s top goal, it is not always a top response in work- help teammates of different generations find common
related surveys. One of their personal top drivers when ground, mutual appreciation, and respect.
job hunting is the need to feel as though they are mak
ing a difference, according to both nGenera Insight re
search and surveys commissioned by the Council for
Excellence in Government.

Managing in the Net-Gen World (Figure 5.2) will
take more time, and perhaps more patience. Net-
Geners will expect more feedback, more often, both Net-Gen World
to recognize their accomplishments and to help them
move to the next stage in their work project. While they They don’t want to be labeled.

will want flexibility in how they do their work, they also They want continuous feedback and recognition.

need structured accountability and deadlines. Routine
meetings will bore them and the formality, slow speed, They value genuine mentoring.

and repetitiveness of government bureaucracy, will They want autonomy, responsibility, and challenges.

frustrate them. It will be important to educate them
in the reasons for procedures, processes, and the They need structured accountability.

repetitiveness of some tasks. Additionally, expect They’re not interested in “paying their dues.”

there to be give-and-take on communications. Older
managers will need exposure to the greater efficiencies They’re used to having their opinions heard.

from text messaging and wiki collaboration, while They’re used to group/team problem solving.

younger workers will need tutelage on the need for
documentation to meet statutory and regulatory They expect high tech/constant stimulation.

requirements as well as verification that they can They’re used to living in a 24/7 environment.

adequately judge the credibility of online sources of
information.27 Figure 5.2 The Net-Gen World

40

In the 1960s Baby Boomers fa
mously popularized the phrase,
“don’t trust anyone over 30.” In
general, the Boomers were anti
establishment, and did not want to
conform to society’s norms. Trust
ing anyone over 30 was seen as
conforming. I was recently asked,
“If the Boomers’ motto was don’t
trust anyone over 30, then what is
Generation Y’s motto?” Without
much thought I blurted out, “Get
as many people over 30 in your
corner as you can. Learn from
them. And do it better.”
28

RYAN HEALY THE BRAZEN CAREERIST BLOG

opportunities
and challenges
of a multi-generational
workforce
In anticipation of the shifting balance among the generations at work, many prominent thought
leaders and professional organizations have been examining the dynamics of the workforce of the
future. Through generation-focused research from nGenera Insight, Gartner, Forrester, the Society for
Human Resource Management and others, the future workforce can be characterized as:

• More diverse, as measured by ethnicity, age, race, religion, family background, sexual orientation,
geographic location and global connectivity, language ability, and disability

• Less immersed in work and desiring more work/life flexibility

• Technologically-savvy and having good collaboration skills

The implications of bringing such shifting behaviors and values into the workplace are significant.
Transitioning the workplace to a multi-generational work environment is the focus of this chapter.

43

and take the appropriate management steps are key to
GENERATIONAL DIVERSITY
the organization successfully adapting to, accomplish
ing, or implementing change.
Age is no longer strictly a number, but has become a
much more complex factor in managing the genera Ideally, leaders, managers, supervisors, and team leads
tion mix. Just as financial experts tout portfolio diver have already begun to recognize, understand, and
sity as a hedge against economic uncertainty, gen adapt to generational changes in the federal IT work
erational diversity is important to sustain stability and force. The reality, however, is that workforce planners
stimulate innovation in a multi-functional workplace. and managers have only recently become aware of the
As discussed previously in Chapter 2, each generation growing diversity among the members of the work
typically has different turnover patterns which should force, and the scope of the changes that its youngest
be managed through targeted workforce planning and members may bring to workforce attitudes, expecta
cross-development of skill sets. At the same time, each tions, and work habits. Effective IT leaders will need to
generation is likely to have different work patterns, skill address the changes occurring through:
sets, and life experiences. Organizations which focus
on inclusiveness and value the qualities and unique Active and Open Communication - IT leaders must
ness of each individual can create an environment that actively and openly communicate with their teams
encourages teamwork and innovation. And, perhaps to raise everyone’s awareness of potential workforce
most important, when viewing diversity within a busi friction and workplace environment changes as they
ness case structure, diverse teams deliver better results develop over time. The primary goal is to inform, ad
by bringing different perspectives to problem solving.1 dress questions, dispel fear, and alleviate concerns that
individuals may have; and how they may contribute
constructively to change. Increased communication re
GENERATIONALLY SPEAKING - ATTITUDES AND garding the varying attitudes, expectations, and styles
EXPECTATIONS each generation may bring to the workplace; how each
generation learns and communicates; commonalities
Employees of each generation have their own life and distinctions in how they view and accomplish work;
experiences that have helped shaped their perceptions the competencies and experiences each brings to the
as shown in Table 6.1. It is important to be aware of table; and how the current team members can get in
these differences and to understand how the different volved set the stage to most effectively manage such
attitudes and expectations of a multi-generational challenges.
workforce interplay. Managers who can embrace these
differences will be in a better position to connect with Hands-on Execution of Change - It is important to
employees. The challenge will be understanding, but engage all generations during major organizational
not stereotyping, the differences. changes. Each generation brings particular expertise
to the table, and also, may assimilate changes differ
ently. Younger, more technically-savvy workers who
EMPLOYING CHANGE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
demonstrate the ability to interject greater efficiency
through technological solutions can provide training
Adjusting to the changing representation of several on these capabilities, while longer-term employees
generations in the workplace is similar to the processes bring extensive corporate knowledge, including cul
undertaken to redesign an existing organization, or ture, process, and statutory/regulatory requirements.
to the more complex undertaking of blending two Managers must be able to guide/facilitate each change
workforce cultures together as part of a merger or process; be available and open to feedback, questions,
acquisition. The major difference is the timeline for and concerns; and aid their team in working through
execution. Federal IT organizations that understand any issues which may arise along the way.
basic change management practices and how to
implement them, may be more adept at managing the Periodic Assessments - Creating an atmosphere and
cultural transition to an effective, multi-generational an attitude of inclusion is not a one-time event. Manag
workplace. ers will need to remain available to hear about and take
action on unhealthy dynamics, to lead periodic team
Any change in the work environment offers both op discussions or conduct periodic evaluations of the work
portunities and challenges, although inevitably, the environment, and to follow through to resolve situa
people affected by change seem to focus on the chal tions as they arise.
lenges. The negative perception of change is true in
any business setting, be it government (federal, state
and/or local), private industry, not-for-profit enterpris
es, trade associations, independent consultant servic
es, and so on. Leaders who understand these dynamics

44

Age bias, whether toward the old or the young can be very real. Beyond stereotypes
and age-related humor are management practices that are not inclusive, and
negatively impact workforce performance. Barriers to older workers may include
not considering them for potential advancement, not keeping their skill sets current
through professional development, and, either not considering them for a job hire
to begin with, or not crafting recruitment or retention incentives that speak to their
individualized needs. For younger individuals, the concern is that age-based (i.e.,
years of experience) rigid recruiting requirements can prevent them from being
considered for a job, or, if hired, that as “new kids on the block,” they cannot get
a seat at the table to get their views heard.

Baby Millennials or
Greatest Generation Boomers Gen-X Net-Gen

Age 64–84 45–63 32–44 19–31

Population 75 million 78 million 45 million 80 million

Key Characteristics Pragmatic Value-driven Cynical Tech-savvy & Diverse
Conservative Priority on Media-savvy Media-saturated
Conformists Self-actualization Individualistic Fluid Lifestyle

Defining Events Great Depression Berlin Wall Up Berlin Wall Falls Columbine, VA Tech
World War II JFK, MLK, RFK Shot Challenger OK City & 9/11
Korean War Watergate OJ Simpson GWOT
Vietnam First Gulf War Corporate Scandals

Key Values Accountability Fulfillment Freedom Diversity
Tradition Indulgence Reality Flexibility
Stability Balance Self-reliance Empowerment
Equality Work/Life Service-oriented
Balance

Table 6.1 Understanding the Generations Through Life-Defining Events

45

Pre-Boomer Boomer Gen X Net-Gen

Satisfaction with Employers 85% 74% 77% 79%
Satisfaction with Jobs 76% 71% 70% 74%
Willing to Go the Extra Mile 81% 81% 77% 72%
Pride in Working for Employer 89% 79% 81% 85%
Fairly Compensated 61% 53% 53% 55%

Table 6.2 Generational Satisfaction Levels

(Source: Sirota Survey Intelligence as reported in HR Magazine)

For those who intend to leave, mentoring opportuni
THE MATURE WORKFORCE
ties should be arranged so that more mature workers
can share their knowledge and experience before they
Pre-Boomers are loyal, have seniority, and generally retire. Additionally, organizations should consider suc
hold positions of authority. Their perspectives were cession planning for high potentials and determine
formed by a time of great financial struggle in the De whether their development can be accelerated. For
pression and the advent of World War II, which mobi those who might stay on, retention may hinge on look
lized the entire country, both at home and on the bat ing past prior experience and career aspirations and
tlefield to work for victory. Boomers grew up during a determining what each individual wants to do and en
period of radical change, including racial integration, joys doing now.
the Women’s Movement, organized rebellion to war,
and impeachment of the President. They know how Retirement as a concept continues to change. Rather
to pay their dues, compete with cohorts, and struggle than the sharp drop in productivity and prestige that
through corporate and government downsizing. came with traditional retirement, now retirement may
look like gradual downshifting, with meaningful work
More mature workers typically prefer more structure in place productivity continuing well into the 70s, or a
the work environment and are comfortable with direc continued ramp up with a second burst of productivity
tive, chain of command leadership. They also are more and career growth in another field as described by Ta
likely to understand the big picture and specific agency mara Erickson in her book, Retire Retirement.5 In either
missions due to their longer association with an organi case, Boomers will be interested in continued profes
zation. They contribute corporate knowledge to all fac sional development to maintain proficiency or obtain
ets of work, including a historical perspective of which new skills.
policies and corporation actions have worked as well
as the rationale for prior decisions. Boomers typically
value teamwork. GENERATION X

Employee attitude surveys conducted by Sirota Survey Gen-Xers grew up as societal free agents, and are very
Intelligence (specialists in attitude research) in 2006– individualistic when compared to the team-centric
2007 support these characterizations of the mature Net-Geners. They are “the latchkey generation,” the
workforce. The surveys found that while stereotypes first to typically have two working parents and a 50/50
still exist, increasingly employers understand the value chance of being from a divorced household, resulting
that older workers bring to the workplace. They have in less childhood supervision. 6 Additionally, because
significant work experience, organizational and histori their parents came of age during a time of great so
cal knowledge, possess a strong work ethic, and pro cial unrest, many do not have strong affiliations to large
vide excellent customer service.2 Survey results also institutions, whether they are government, academic,
revealed Pre-Boomers have a higher level of satisfac religious, corporate, or political in nature.7 During their
tion, pride, and willingness to go the extra mile for their most formative work years, Gen X has seen extreme
jobs; in addition, of all the generations, “they feel their hiring and firing trends; first, Boomers getting pink
skills are best utilized and they are best able to under slips in the 1980s as corporate loyalty faded away, then
stand the larger picture of how their job connects to the opportunities presented by the low unemployment
3
the overall goals of the company.” Table 6.2 illustrates years in the 1990s, followed by the dot.com bust, and
generational job satisfaction levels.4 the more recent recession. As a result of so much insta
bility, Gen X constantly monitors organizational climate
Federal agencies would benefit by examining the de and career opportunities. They are the ultimate contin
mographics of their management teams and project gency planners, ready to hop to the next job if their job
ing potential gaps created by their retiring workers. situation sours; many have a backup plan at all times.8

46

Generational Attitudes Toward Work

Pre-Boomers Work hard because it’s the right thing to do
Baby Boomers Work hard because it defines you, and you can make a difference
Generation X Work hard so then you can play hard
Net Generation Work hard at work that has meaning

Table 6.3 Defining “Work Values”

(Source: Organizational Renewal Associates)

Gen-Xers are flexible and adaptable by nature. Having some labor studies have predicted the Net Generation
learned to rely on themselves to land on their feet, will hold many jobs in their life time, more recent stud
in business they can be independent thinkers, willing ies of this generation imply that they would prefer to
to break the rules, and possessing a high tolerance work for fewer organizations, but to have more oppor
for risk; these attributes can serve them well in tunity for growth, with the option for internal lateral or
entrepreneurial roles. 9 Additionally, since they are not vertical moves.12
typically “joiners,” Gen X may prefer solo projects
rather than team assignments. Although their average
tenure on a job is three years, they are more likely WORKPLACE EXPECTATIONS
to stay longer with organizations that tap into their
creativity and entrepreneurial spirit by offering them Even with differing life experiences, fundamentally,
ongoing opportunities to learn and add value to the many individuals in the workplace have similar job de
organization. sires, no matter what their generation. For the most
part, the job needs to be well-paying, with interesting
In size, Generation X is sandwiched between two work. It needs to provide them with opportunities for
substantially larger generations. One HR blogger, both professional and personal growth, as well as a
Kris Dunn, referred to Generation X as the middle path for advancement. Leadership within the organi
child, through a Brady Bunch metaphor: “We are Jan zation must be supportive, credible, and behave with
Brady—compliant and serviceable, but never featured integrity, providing recognition for a job well done.
on the cover of the brochure. It’s always about Marcia Where expectations differ is in how these desires are
(the Boomers) or Cindy (Gen Y).”10 Yet, managers prioritized, the balance between work and home life,
also need to focus on that middle-child generation, and the way work is viewed. Table 6.3 provides a de
grooming them for increased responsibility, targeting scription of generational attitudes toward work, which
them for recruitment and retention, and valuing their was presented at the Association of Government Ac
independent nature. countants’ Sixth Annual National Leadership Confer
13
ence in Washington, D.C.

NET GENERATION Values are different from behaviors, however, and it is
the understanding of these behavioral differences that
The Net Generation, discussed more in depth in Chap will be of great help to managers. For example, while
ter 5, has witnessed major, inexplicable violent acts all generations believe in working hard, the percep
such as the high school shootings at Columbine, the tion of hard work differs. Pre-Boomers are more likely
more recent killings at Virginia Tech, and workplace to equate hard work to being physically present, and
bombings in Oklahoma City, the World Trade Center, perhaps even being present long after “normal” work
and the Pentagon. Additionally, they have seen busi hours are over; this has been referred to colloquially as
ness scandals, such as the corruption at Enron, and the “butt in chair” or “BIC.”14 Boomers expect significant
recent implosion of major financial institutions, as sig BIC, combined with other forms of visible presence, in
nificant influencers on their parents. These life-defining cluding meeting attendance and teamwork activities.
events have influenced a “live for today” spirit, which On the other hand, neither Gen X nor the Net-Gen link
when combined with the longer time they are expected hard work to physical presence in the office. This can
to be in the workforce, allows them to make their 20s a understandably cause friction as Net-Geners and Gen X
period of great exploration, particularly if they have the push for more flexibility and balance in the workplace.
security blanket of parental support.11 There is some Federal managers will be challenged to change the cur
speculation, by both researchers and Gen X bloggers, rent culture and form new measures of accountability
that when more of the Net Generation starts having and productivity that will satisfy organizational and in
children, their “restlessness” may ease. And, while dividual needs.

47

management
and
employee
engagement
Management studies have shown that corporate culture has a significant impact on organizational
productivity. Thus, corporate culture influences not only the Net Generation, but all individuals
in an organization. The U.S. Merit Systems Protection Board (MSPB), in “The Power of Federal
Employee Engagement,” echoed many of the same themes discussed in Chapter 5 on creating a
positive work experience, applying those themes across the entire federal workforce. The MSPB
report focused on six factors which contribute to federal employee engagement (as shown in
Table 7.1 on page 50), and highlighted the significant role of the first-line supervisor in employee
engagement.1 Managers intent on improving agency performance and productivity need to ensure
their first-line supervisors are up to the task of supervising a diverse workforce. This may require
retraining or reassigning individuals who have not been given the appropriate tools or who do not
possess the necessary attributes and skill sets to excel as supervisors. Equally important, given the
expected increasing turnover as more senior individuals retire, it means identifying potential future
supervisors or team leads and giving them opportunities to practice and develop these skill sets.

The goal is to develop managers with a broad level of self-engagement, who are good at personal
interactions, value employee career development, and appropriately recognize their achieve
ments. Additionally, organizations need to ensure individuals have the proper workplace tools to
succeed, with more flexible work processes. These activities, coupled with continuous methods for
feedback and recognition, can foster high individual, workgroup, and organizational performance.

In December 2009, a final rule was issued in the Federal Register to implement changes to 5 CFR
Parts 410 and 412, regarding agency training programs and supervisory, management, and execu
tive level training. These amendments, effective immediately, were spearheaded by the Office of
Personnel Management (OPM) and include requirements for agencies to train new managers in
supervisory positions on mentoring, employee development, conducting performance reviews,
and dealing with poor performers; periodic training for managers is now also required at least
every three years. 2

49

right to engage today’s youth in government service.
Another May 2008 report by the Council for Excellence
in Government stated that while 60% of today’s youth
have never been asked to consider working for the
government, many would consider it if influencers such
as their parents, teachers, peers, or the newly elected
President asked it of them. 5 Additionally, government
organizations have been appearing on the top ten list
Engagement Contributors 6,7
of ideal employers for college, as show in Table 7.2. Of
Pride in One’s Work or Workplace the government organizations cited in Table 7.2, NASA,
the FBI, the CIA, and the U.S. Department of State
Satisfaction with Leadership were rated in the May 2007 Council for Excellence in
Opportunity to Perform Well at Work Government report as very interesting places to work,
with NASA, CIA and Department of Justice also scoring
Satisfaction with the Recognition Received high in awareness of agency mission. (The Peace Corps
Prospect for Future Personal and Professional Growth and Teach for America were not part of the 2007 survey
on government employment). It is interesting to note
Positive Work Environment with the lack of government organizations in the 2009 top
Some Focus on Teamwork ten list of ideal employers; this may indicate a downshift
in federal employment awareness activities.
Table 7.1 What Engages Federal Employees
(Source: U.S. Merit Systems Protection Board) As organizations look to increase awareness and
engagement, their own website can be a good starting
point. Government websites are often not enticing
visually; they can be cumbersome to navigate; and few
COMMUNICATING THE VISION
make a strong, conscious attempt to connect to the
viewer, provide a sense of “corporate culture,” or to tie
All organizations can benefit by having a vibrant, vision their workforce to the mission. That can be a problem,
ary workplace. Although most government organiza since most likely, that website will be a Net-Gener’s
tions have a vision statement, fewer live their vision on first and, perhaps, last impression of the organization.
a daily basis, have communicated it adequately, and, And should there be information that a Net-Gener
of paramount importance to the Net Generation, show wanted to bookmark or share, appropriate information
current or potential employees how they personally sharing technology tools are often either rudimentary or
contribute to the vision and mission. nGenera Insight noticeably absent.
research suggests that the Net Generation responds
to “signature experiences” that align corporate values CIO organizations should be keenly aware that their
and actions with their own values.3 Thus, organizations agency’s website, as well as their use of current social
whose vision is not authentic, or not easily discernible, media, are really, in a sense, their own calling card to the
may find it harder to recruit, engage, and retain Net- Net Generation IT workforce on whether their agency
Geners. is an interesting place to work and how technology is
being used within the organization. Some of the more
In May 2007, the Council for Excellence in Government savvy organizations in industry and government are now
and the Gallup Organization published a report based creating a “brand” for themselves as well as establishing
on survey and focus group results which explored the a presence on social networking sites. Activities
attractiveness of federal employment. Among the data may include posting job applications, but for many
was the respondents’ rated awareness of 25 federal organizations these sites also provide an opportunity to
organizations and their interest in working at these create organizational awareness among the passive job
various federal agencies and organizations. Only 7 of seekers. Since passive job seekers are the vast majority
the 25 agencies evoked high awareness or high interest of the talent pool, this can be an effective marketing
from the respondents. 4 This may be a problem for the tool, if properly managed; only a small percentage of
federal organizations which evoked low interest and/ the labor market is actively seeking a job on the major
or awareness, as they collectively employ over 30%, or job market sites at any given time.
31,000 members of the Major Federal IT Community.
More recent research suggests that the timing is

50

2007 2008 2009

1. Google 1. Google 1. Ernst & Young
2. Walt Disney 2. Walt Disney 2. Google
3. Apple 3. Apple 3. PricewaterhouseCoopers
4. U.S. Department of State 4. Ernest & Young 4. Walt Disney
5. Peace Corps 5. U.S. Department of State 5. Deloitte
6. CIA 6. Goldman Sachs 6. KPMG
7. PricewaterhouseCoopers 7. Deloitte 7. Apple
8. Microsoft 8. Peace Corps 8. J.P. Morgan
9. FBI 9. NASA 9. Goldman Sachs
10. Teach for America 10. PricewaterhouseCoopers 10. Nike

Table 7.2 College Senior List of Ideal Employers
(Source: Universum Communications)

JOB FIT
ENHANCING THE HIRING PROCESS

Matching the right person to a real job requires work, The federal hiring process is imbued with challenges
however, a good person-to-job fit can improve em to overcome and continues to be cited in numerous
ployee engagement, decrease turnover, and improve publications as a potential obstacle to attracting talent
overall agency productivity when the individual is well- for federal employment. The Partnership for Public
suited to perform the job. Agencies need to identify the Service detailed many of these issues in two 2008
competencies, types of work assignments, and team reports: “Road to Reform, A Management Framework
roles to be performed and whether they should recruit for the Next Administration,” and “Elevating Our
to specialized technical skills, to generalist capabilities, Federal Workforce; Chief Human Capital Officers Offer
or to hire “versatilists,” a term Gartner, a leading re Advice to President Obama.” And, OPM continues its
search and advisory firm, uses to describe individuals work to improve the process.
with deep skills as well as a broad scope of job roles and
experience.8 They also need be able to identify the level Rather than concentrate on large scale systems and
of experience, skills, and capabilities required, and as processes that could require significant retooling across
mentioned previously in Chapter 3, to realize the costs, government, CIO organizations should focus on two
tradeoffs, and attainability of those requirements when areas where they can have impact: the relationship they
in a tight labor market. Finally, government agencies, in have with the HR community and their own role in the
particular, need to examine their position descriptions hiring process. Creating a strong partnership with HR
and to write them with a level of simplification and clar can help in determining strategies on job marketing,
ity that make them understandable not only by agency compensation and the best use of hiring flexibilities,
insiders, but also Human Resources (HR) specialists and including, but not limited to, those discussed in
potential job applicants outside of government. Chapter 10. Additionally, HR is a partner in qualifying
candidates for interviewing. Getting to the interview
While a Net-Gener may not currently have the depth stage, and conducting meaningful interviews, are where
of skills and experience to be a versatilist, the concept an agency can go astray by taking too long to identify
of developing into one could be very appealing to this candidates for interview, not creating a structured
generation. It appeals to their desire to master more interview process or by allowing unskilled individuals
than one skill set and not be pigeon-holed into a narrow, to conduct the interview. Interviewing is a skill worth
pre-defined career. Additionally, the desire and trend honing, particularly with the Net Generation.
for having employees with both IT and business skills
is becoming more prevalent within the CIO community.

51

During the interview/hire process, interviewers should individual/team roles and responsibilities; organization
clarify the mission, functions, and tasks of the organi strategy, charter, mission, and goals; and management
zation, and the specific duties and responsibilities the philosophy and standards. The challenge is to meld
applicant would be expected to fulfill. Ideally, they are necessary content with context, particularly for the
providing the type of information that might help as- new Net-Geners in the workplace, but also for any
piring applicants understand what a “day-in-the-life” of new employee. Individuals need to understand how
the job may be, and how their role would fit into the the work gets done, where to go to get help, who it is
bigger picture. While interviewers should be assessing important to meet and how each individual will inform
how the individual may fit the organization, they must their social network. Early focus on acculturation can
also allow ample time to answer questions the individ harness the enthusiasm of typical Net-Geners, who are
ual may have. keen to get started right away to make an impact and
to be recognized for their contributions.
The MSPB recommends using a structured interview
process and work sample assessments to create a Managers will play a key role in integrating the new
best fit between potential applicants and an agency.9 employee into the organization. They should be com
Behavior-based interviews, which can provide insight fortable discussing their expectations of the employee
on desired soft skill requirements, can be targeted to and should be equally comfortable asking the employ-
address areas such as judgment, decisiveness, flexibil ee what his or her expectations of the job are. This
ity, negotiation, risk taking, values and ethics, problem give-and-take is important to Net-Geners. It is also
solving skills, interpersonal relationships, and people important to realize that the timeframe to expect full
management, whereas open-ended questions, asked productivity from employees can be several months.
of all applicants, are tied to specific desired behaviors, This is a critical time to ensure that Net-Gen employees
with benchmarked responses. While it takes time to are receiving frequent feedback on their performance
develop the questions and train the interviewers, be- and that they are, in fact, forming the networks that can
havioral interviewing, which is based on actual past per- help them optimize their performance.
formance rather than hypothetical situations, has been
found to be significantly more effective at predicting Finally, understanding that both processes and people
on-the-job performance. 10 form the basis of a successful on-boarding program,
organizations should take a hard look at their current
procedures, and the individuals who typically carry
ON-BOARDING NEW EMPLOYEES out the on-boarding processes and conduct periodic
reviews to ensure the on-boarding experience is fresh
Both the hiring and on-boarding processes should be and relevant. Areas to scrutinize include:
designed to provide the right start to new employees
of all generations, including bringing them into an • Does each new employee get a quality introduc
agency’s culture as quickly as possible. Near term, a tion to the organization?
positive experience will form the basis of the employees’
full integration into the multi-generational workplace. • Do new employees get one-on-one conversations
Longer term, it will provide new employees the tools with key staff personnel?
they need for success, and potentially influence their
future retention as well. • Do employees understand the agency mission
and their role in fulfilling that mission?
The on-boarding process has to balance among the
necessary, but mundane activities such as administra- • Are employees made to feel as though they are
tive paperwork, credentialing and security, and more valued and their career goals supported and
complex activities such as individual sponsorship (a attainable?
concept the U.S. military uses by assigning each newly
reporting individual a sponsor from the command) and • Is the program customizable to meet individual
socializing employees to the workplace by introducing needs?
them to the incumbent staff, touring the office spaces,
and showing them the ropes. Ideally, equipment issue • Does someone track completion of the onboard
and work area setup will have been performed before ing process and get feedback on how the agency
the new employee’s arrival since encountering prob can improve it?
lems with technology integral to job performance can
be a turnoff to any generation. • Is the program structured to fulfill its objectives?

The on-boarding process should be conducted in In May 2008, the Partnership for Public Service pub-
an order and timeframe deemed most beneficial lished an excellent guide, “Getting On Board: A Model
to provide information on policies and programs; for Integrating and Engaging New Employees,” which

52

The primary shift in managing the Net Generation is the move away from
a generic set of people management practices to ones that are more
user-focused and individually-customizable. Expectations of authentic
relationships between employees and employers create pressure on
leaders to demonstrate care and concern for particular employees.
This new management reality requires leaders who interact differently
with each employee, and work hard to understand young people’s
personal aspirations and preferences, strengths and weaknesses, and
informational needs. To lead the Net Generation effectively, managers
will need to assume the roles of coach, educator, delegator, knowledge
broker, resource allocator, and advocate.
11

LISA CHEN AND IAN DA SILVA
“ARCHITECTING THE FUTURE: NET GEN CAREER AND TALENT MANAGEMENT PROCESSES”

can be found at www.ourpublicservice.org. This report For the Net Generation, the frequency of the feedback
includes an on-boarding toolkit for managers and a is also very important. During a 2008 nGenera Insight
model for the first year’s activities with a new employee. survey of over two thousand individuals in North Amer
ica, respondents were asked how frequently they de
sired feedback from their managers. Figure 8.2 (page
PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT 54) illustrates that the younger the individuals, the
more frequently they wanted manager input on their
The availability of professional development and ca- performance.13 This has two-fold implications for em
reer management support is a key factor in employ- ployee supervisors or team leaders: more training may
ees’ engagement, and ultimately, their retention. This be required for managers on performance manage-
is particularly true for both the Net Generation and ment techniques, and managing employees will take
Generation X. Chapter 8 is dedicated to these topics, more time.
providing more information on job experiences, coach
ing/mentoring, and formal learning. Managers who utilize a variety of leadership styles with
employees will be better equipped to manage in a multi
generational performance management environment.
MANAGING PERFORMANCE This includes consciously taking time to understand
what is important to each generation, and particularly,
Federal managers and supervisors have a responsibility to take time with individuals to appreciate their personal
and an obligation to manage the performance of their and professional experiences, background, motivators,
employees. Although all federal agencies have perfor- goals, and needs. All of this information can be used to
mance management processes in place to guide them, develop an adaptive performance management style
these are not always well executed. It could be fair to which will enable a manager to draw on the strengths
say that some managers, whose personnel population of each generation represented on the team when
is skewed to older, longer term employees, have been assigning individual or team tasks and projects.
able to put their performance management practices
on auto-pilot. This must change. Net-Geners entering
the federal workplace will want more tangible feedback
on what is expected of them, how they are performing,
and how their performance is linked to their pay.12

53

Net Generation Do Not Need Feedback 10%
Annually 8%
Quarterly 19%
Monthly 24%
Daily or Weekly 39%

Generation X Do Not Need Feedback 15%
Annually 11%
Quarterly 23%
Monthly 23%
Daily or Weekly 30%

Boomers Do Not Need Feedback 23%
Annually 14%
Quarterly 17%
Monthly 21%
Daily or Weekly 25%

Figure 7.2 Desired Feedback Frequency from Managers
(Source: 2008 nGenera Insight Survey)

of $100 and a day off could be part of an informal quar
RECOGNITION
terly recognition system which easily could be adminis
tered within an organization.
Since the Net Generation expects frequent and timely
feedback on job performance, organizations will need Use of the Time-Off program accounted for 19% of
to become more adaptive, relying much less on formal, annual performance awards conferred by the Federal
scheduled, semi-annual performance reviews and the 14
Government in FY2007. The average federal Individual
once-a-year, cash award performance recognition model Time-Off Award in FY2007 was slightly more than two
that is so often employed. Creating a more dynamic days (17.7 hours) in length. 15 The Department of the
and personalized awards system will resonate with the Treasury had the highest average award at 34.3 hours,
Net Generation. Getting to know them and what they and the Social Security Administration had the lowest
value will require more awareness and communication average at 2.3 hours. Among the Federal CIO Coun
within an organization, while actually involving them in cil members, the Department of the Air Force had the
the creative process of restructuring an agency’s award highest usage rate and the U.S. Department of State
program could yield unexpected innovativeness. Within and General Services Administration had the lowest us
the more traditional federal award opportunities, the age rates. Group awards, another option, accounted
three discussed below may warrant increased utilization for less than 20% of time-off awards, with an average
to recognize Net Generation accomplishments. award of 9.5 hours. 16 This could change as the more
collaborative, team-oriented Net Generation enters the
workforce in greater numbers. Appendix E contains ag
TIME-OFF AWARDS
gregate Agency Time-Off award usage for FY2007, the
latest data reported by OPM.
Using an Individual Time-Off Award for personal work
accomplishments, or a Group Time-Off Award for col
laborative work, can be a viable way to increase Net- SUGGESTION/INVENTION AWARDS

Geners’ personal, paid time away from the job and pro
vide positive, tangible recognition to a generation of The Net Generation thrives on innovation and collab
workers who thrive on performance feedback. oration and will be positively motivated by managers
who listen to their suggestions. Creating an innovative
The Time-Off Award program is highly flexible. Agen culture starts from the top, down, requiring a support
cies are empowered to determine administration de ive physical and technological work environment, an
tails including the approval authority, the number of embracement of risk management, and the systematic
days which can be awarded, and the timeframe for recognition of results. Only 40% of respondents to the
award utilization. Additionally, a Time-Off Award can 2008 Federal Human Capital Survey felt that innova
be combined with other types of awards. A cash bonus tion and creativity were rewarded in their organization.17

54

Their viewpoint is supported by annual award data. In • A framed artifact from a special project
FY2007, less than 0.3 % of all annual federal awards were
given for suggestions or inventions, either individual or • Nomination for federal or industry-level

group-initiated. The average award was $406, and the recognition programs

Department of Defense awarded 75% of all awards.18
• Supportive career transition training
Federal Chief Information Officers, tasked to implement
the Web 2.0 wave of technological innovation, should • Administrative time for early release on a special
embrace this award category and ensure their voice occasion
is heard when agency awards budgets are created.
Over $1.5 billion was awarded in individual and group • Media recognition of individual professional

performance cash awards in FY2007 versus $2.3 million accomplishments

for suggestions and inventions.19
Agencies should also look externally for other federal,
industry, and professional recognition opportunities as
VOLUNTEERISM - OPPORTUNITIES AND they seek creative ways to tailor awards to individual
RECOGNITION needs and interests.

The Net Generation was raised to value service time
given in support of a local, regional, or national RETAINING THE NET GENERATION

effort. Many were first introduced to this concept
as a school or scouting compulsory project, and While it holds true for all generations, improving
then continued to volunteer on their own time. Their management and employee engagement is particularly
predisposition for volunteering and desire to give important to retaining the Net Generation. If agencies
back can be accommodated with their work schedule do not create effective talent management programs
by allowing individuals to participate in an alternative that engage their employees, they are at risk for churn
work schedule or to schedule time off for volunteer at both ends of the generational spectrum. Not only
activities (as discussed at www.opm.gov). Recognition will they face the impending Baby Boomer retirements,
of volunteerism can be done within an agency award but they will also face more rapid turnover among the
program (cash awards are discouraged by OPM) younger workforce.
or through the President’s Volunteer Service Award
program (www.presidentialserviceawards.gov). There
are four categories of presidential awards based on
the number of service hours performed and a bronze
Rather than shut them down, employ
award, the lowest award category, requires only 100 ers should put N-Geners in charge
or more hours of service. Using this program requires
commitment from the federal agency to become of resolving the technical, legal and
a verifying organization and commitment from the
individual to track volunteer hours accumulated. cultural obstacles that currently in
hibit Web 2.0 adoption. These new
OTHER RECOGNITION OPPORTUNITIES
collaboration tools have enabled
Organizations have the opportunity to get creative as tremendous innovation on the pub
they build a multi-faceted award program. Awards/
incentives could include: lic Internet, and properly supported
• A professional development quota valued by the and secured collaboration tools can
individual
also foster greater innovation, agil
• A unique mentoring opportunity, such as a ity, and cross departmental collabo
scheduled office call with a senior manager of the
ration in the public sector.
20
employee’s choosing

• An in-house, peer recognition program
ANTHONY D. WILLIAMS AND ALEXANDER TAPSCOTT
• A congratulatory letter or certificate presented by “GOV 2.0 WIKINOMICS AND GOVERNMENT DEMOCRACY”
senior management

55

professional
development
and
career management
Aside from the Net Generation’s arrival to the IT workforce, new work processes, development
methods, and changes in technology are pressuring traditional workforce development approaches
to change. For the IT workforce, optimally, in order to keep pace with a dynamic, technology-driven
environment, learning must take place throughout an employee’s working life. The Net Generation
understands and embraces this model, while preceding work generations, those traditionally
responsible for employee development, may still view work and learning as distinctly separate. These
different viewpoints can cause friction between Net-Geners (who view on-the-job training (OJT) as
integral to their jobs) and seasoned employees (who may view training as overhead with unquantifiable
value to the organization).

Although the Net Generation values one-on-one time and OJT, they also desire a clear, structured
means for professional development and career management.1 CIO organizations should create a
professional development strategy for employees, establishing baseline skills and knowledge
requirements, developmental methods, and opportunities designed to expand skills and knowledge.
The challenge for organizations will be to provide a formal, yet customizable process for professional
development and career management that not only aligns to the organization’s IT workforce vision
but also satisfies the needs of both Net-Geners and more-experienced employees.

57

Leadership and Creativity and Innovation consciously developing the next generation for new
Management External Awareness leadership roles as early as possible. This training may
Flexibility be particularly attractive to Net-Geners who are eager
Resilience to make an impact.
Strategic Thinking
Vision Training, education, and development opportunities
Conflict Management that align to the ECQs can be included in employees’
Leveraging Diversity Individual Development Plans (IDPs) as career-broad
Developing Others ening opportunities and would be part of the employ
Team Building ee’s long-term development options.
Accountability
Customer Service
Decisiveness INDIVIDUAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN

Entrepreneurship
Problem Solving Working together, the supervisor and the Net-Gen
Technical Credibility employee should collaborate on an Individual Devel
Financial Management opment Plan for the employee. The “wired” nature of
Technology Management
the Net-Gen employee suggests that development
programs for them should leverage technology and be
Partnering
varied in manner of presentation.4 For the Net Genera
Political Savvy
tion, it will be normal to learn on the job as they work.5
Influencing
Additionally, they may increasingly learn job functions
Negotiating 6
through the use of simulation.
Technical Common Technical Competencies
A good IDP should address all aspects of an individu
Subject Matter Expertise
al’s developmental needs and feature education, train
ing, and work-based experiences. It should be flexible
Fundamental Interpersonal Skills and adaptable over time, and should include oppor
Oral Communication tunities to develop functional occupational, technical,
Public Service Motivation business and leadership competencies. In the short
Integrity and Honesty term, the focus should be on training that supports the
Written Communications Net-Gener’s ability to acclimate to the agency and fed
Continual Learning eral culture and on the skills necessary to complete his
or her work responsibilities. This may include some fun
Table 8.1 Competency Building Blocks damental training for those new to the working world in
for the Net Generation areas such as manners, social skills, professional dress,
IT etiquette, and basic communications skills.7,8 Addi
tionally, there may be a need for leadership to clarify
workplace expectations. This can pay off since Net-
COMPETENCY DEVELOPMENT

Geners are good at following rules as long as they un
derstand the rationale.9
Each federal employee is expected to achieve high
performance in a number of personal and professional
To build the IDP, the supervisor might ask the follow
competencies. Table 8.1 displays the major building
ing questions of their Net-Geners, which were adapted
blocks in these competencies. There are fundamen
from the Department of the Navy’s “Civilian Career
tal competencies of benefit to all, the technical com
Path Guide for Management of Technology, Informa
petencies associated with the individual’s career field
tion, and Knowledge Workers”:
and particular job, and leadership and management
competencies developed by the Office of Personnel
Management (OPM) as part of the Executive Core • What are you very good at and what do you enjoy
Qualifications (ECQs). The ECQs define those com doing?
petencies needed to “build a federal corporate culture
that drives for results, serves customers, and builds • In your current position, which types of assign
successful teams and coalitions within and outside ments do you most enjoy?
2
the organization.” There are five OPM ECQs: leading
change, leading people, producing results, possessing • What do you envision as your career path? What
business acumen and building coalitions. 3 While the is your ultimate goal? What milestones do you
level of ECQ development will deepen as individuals see along the way?
mature within the federal workplace, it is wise to begin

58

• What education, courses, and/or training will help training opportunities for Net-Gen employees through
move you toward your vision and goals? internal rotational programs to broaden organizational
knowledge and skills and external developmental details
• How do you like to learn new skills? that may be used to develop a cross-agency perspective.
And, because with the Net Generation, the supervisor Both types of developmental details are typically 3
becomes a partner in the achievement of the goals, to 12 months in duration and usually occur when the
another question to ask would be “And how can I individual is at least a GS-11 or equivalent. To be fully
help you achieve these goals?” The answers to these effective, the expectations of the rotational assignment
questions will help shape the scope of the IDP, and the or developmental detail and the responsibilities of both
education and training opportunities contained within. supervisors and participants must be clearly articulated
in writing.
For members of the 2210 community, an additional tool
exists to help identify both general and technical com
petency recommendations by IT Specialist parentheti Gartner, a leading IT research and
cal titles, enabling users to build personal career pro
gression plans for needed competencies. This tool, the advisory firm, states that as part of
IT Roadmap, is sponsored by the Federal CIO Council
and located at http://itroadmap.usalearning.gov. each organization’s effort to build
bench strength performance, man
TRAINING THROUGH WORK-BASED
EXPERIENCES
agers should provide IT employ
ees with “OJT, the opportunity to
Agencies will want to use a mixture of training tools,
applying different technologies where they fit best to work with new technologies and
create an integrated, flexible learning experience to
handle the Net-Geners’ need for personalization. In information, involvement in lead
a recent survey of the Net Generation by nGenera In
sight, OJT ranked highest as the preferred method of ing innovation, exposure to busi
job training, while pure lectures ranked close-to-last, as
shown in Figure 8.2. These figures further validate the ness and senior leaders, and the
value that the Net Generation places on customizable,
real-time activities. 10
opportunity to work closely with
11

other IT functions.”
In addition to using OJT within the organization to learn
aspects of one’s current job, there are other “hands-on”

On-the-Job Training 71%
One-on-One Training 55%
Peer Mentoring 39%
Written Materials 35%
Group Activities 33%
Online Materials 30%
Online Classes 25%
Lectures 21%
Video 19%
Video Games 8.5%
None of These 7%

Figure 8.2 Net-Gen View of Which Activites Provide Most Effective Training for Their Job

59

Mentor Benefits
1. Renews their enthusiasm for the role of expert.
2. Provides better understanding of barriers experienced by more junior individuals.
3. Enhances skills in coaching, counseling, listening, and modeling.
4. Provides practice in a more personal style of leadership.
5. Enables them to demonstrate expertise and share knowledge.
6. Increases generational awareness.

Protege Benefits
1. Enhances professional development.
2. Increases career networks and enables greater agency exposure.
3. Gains capacity to translate values and strategies into productive actions.
4. Develops new or different perspectives.
5. Obtains assistance with ideas.
6. Solidifies strengths and explores potential.

Table 8.2 Benefits of Traditional Mentoring
(Source: U.S. Office of Personnel Management)

with the non-traditional. In addition to formal training
MENTORING
experiences, this generation may want to attend a
virtual or physical conference, download webinars, or
Mentoring provides another opportunity for one-on shadow a senior manager. Managers will need to work
one training for the Net Generation through more per with their Net-Geners to craft training opportunities
sonal, relationship-building activity. Participating in a that meet everyone’s needs.
traditional mentoring relationship, which usually entails
a senior person mentoring a junior, can greatly benefit Federal competitive development programs provide
both parties, as shown in Table 8.2.12 A more non-tra opportunities that may be attractive to the Net Gen
ditional mentoring relationship is developed in reverse eration. These include scholarship programs that lead
mentoring, where a junior mentors a senior. This type to degrees, as well as government-sponsored courses
of mentoring can be quite effective and is gaining in and/or certificate programs. Typically such programs
awareness as the Net Generation enters the workforce. are centrally-funded at the federal or agency level, and
Many of them possess greater IT knowledge and can acceptance into them is earned through a competitive
outperform more senior generations in IT skills. Cre application process. Examples include:
ating opportunities for them to share this knowledge
within an agency can provide significant benefit to the • CIO University
organization and allows them to showcase their profi
ciency. • National Defense University’s
Information Resources Management College
OPM published a guide on mentoring best practices
in September 2008. This guide, which serves as a com • OPM Regional Management
prehensive source for establishing a new mentoring Development Centers
program or improving a current program, and lists re
sources for mentoring, can be found at www.opm.gov. • Federal Cyber Service: Scholarship for Service

• DoD SMART and Information
EDUCATION AND TRAINING PROGRAMS
Assurance Scholarship Programs

As organizations build their professional development Agencies may also have their own competitive pro
programs, and customize them to meet Net-Geners’ grams tailored to meet specific organizational require
desires and occupational requirements, traditional ments. Methods to fund training opportunities are in
methods of education and training may augmented cluded in Chapter 10.

60

leaders with both leadership and project management
DEVELOPING TOMORROW’S TEAM LEADERS training will be useful. Another factor influencing po
tential success will be the previous experience indi-
Web 2.0 technology is providing new tools that can viduals have in collaborative and leadership positions.
foster collaboration, but developing effective team/ Traditionally, potential leadership indicators for young
project leaders is equally important. The challenge is entrants to the workforce have included such factors as
to find individuals who excel at both task-oriented work whether or not they had ever captained a team sport or
and building relationships, and who can employ these held an authoritative position in student government.
skills with large groups whose team members may be With today’s Net-Geners and Gen X, in addition to que-
geographically separated and previously unknown to rying them about school activities, another question to
each other. According to research conducted by Lynda ask may be whether or not they are computer gamers.
Gratton and Tamara Erickson in “Eight Ways to Build
Collaborative Teams,” the level of complexity associated For those who are not gamers, the analogy may be hard
with collaborative team tasks is based on the presence to follow. Many Boomers might view gaming as a soli-
of several factors, and any two of them can cause a task tary effort between person and machine, with no appli
to be labeled as complex. These factors include the cability to leadership aptitude. Those individuals have
size of the group, and whether input and agreement is not been dedicated participants in a Massively Multi-
required from 20 or more people; whether the group player Online Role-Playing Game (MMORPG), where
was formed specifically to complete the task; if the task a particular computer game, played collaboratively by
requires skills outside the group or specialized input large groups of individuals who may have never met,
from individuals outside the group; the level of pressure continually evolves over time. nGenera Insight and oth
associated with achieving the team’s end result; the ers have researched the skills such players can bring
level of uncertainty of events associated to the task; to the workforce as a result of their “virtual training.”
whether success is dependent on understanding the For serious gamers, who work their way up through the
requirements of individuals not in the group; as well as game hierarchy, there are strong skill parallels between
whether the team members are located in two or more managing complex team projects in the workplace and
geographical areas.13 those required to excel as an MMORPG gamer, includ
ing strategic planning, resource management, risk man-
As government organizations develop their leadership agement, personnel management, communications,
succession plans, providing prospective future team relationship building, and collaboration.14,15

…I’ve been gaming since freshman year in high school. I’m now maxed out, a level 40 at
Warhammer. There are about 120 in my guild, which makes it mid-size…I’m the youngest;
most are late 20s to 40s. Right now, I’m Vice President, the number 2 person…sure, it
definitely builds leadership skills…Being successful at this game means getting to know
people, getting to know who they are. We’ve got players from all over…a lot of West
Coasters, a lot of Canadians, a Romanian…four married couples playing together. You’re
working with people in your own guild, but you’re also building alliances with other guilds
to get information you need to make strategic decisions. You have to have connections.
You need to be able to consolidate sources of information, get the word out to others…I
may be talking to 10 people at a time, texting, emailing, phoning…There’s a lot of complex
coordination involved....

...My company’s name? No, don’t use it. I think we’re about to pull the plug… we wanted
to help companies revision themselves, redesigning their websites, logos, business cards.
Great idea…at least I think so…yeah, definitely bad timing with the economy…also, I just
started college...probably won’t be gaming much either.
16

ALEX WERRELL, 18, MMORPG GAMER, NET-GEN ENTREPRENEUR, YALE ‘13

61

shaping
the workplace
through web 2.0
technologies
Web 2.0 has ushered in a new era of rapidly expanding content and information sharing capabilities.
The collaborative capability achievable today through information technology has the potential to
drive scientific discovery, innovation, and the financial bottom line in both the public and private
sectors. Over time, Web 2.0 technologies will dramatically change the way organizations work
internally and how they interact with their external customer base.

The Net Generation understands intuitively the power of Web 2.0. They are the first cohort of young
people to have been immersed in an interactive, hyper-stimulating, digital environment since birth,
having “grown up digitally.” Sometimes referred to as “digital natives,” a term first coined by Marc
Prensky in 2001, this generation has used technology for education and entertainment since they
were toddlers and, as they got older, began virtually hanging out in cyberspace.1 The Internet is
the nexus that allows them to surf news headlines, query search engines, download music, trade
photos, play out elaborate gamer scenarios, collaborate on school projects, IM (instant message),
and befriend a large community of peers through social networking sites.

Notebooks, netbooks, cell phones, smartphones, and MP3 players are some of the Net-Geners’
personal accessories used to provide both a sense of belonging and a sense of purpose. While
today’s Baby Boomers may get frustrated when Internet connectivity drops, the deprivation of
connectivity to the Internet has a visceral impact on the Net Generation.

63

THE

LONGE
DAY
In “The Longest Day,” an essay in The Washington Post’s Sunday magazine, Dr. Danna Walker, a professor at Ameri
can University, chronicled the results of an academic assignment which required her undergraduate students to go
24 hours without electronic connectivity—no internet, no TV, no radio, no music players. The anxiousness captured
by her student echoes similar work in a qualitative study done by nGenera Insight where Net-Geners, when given a
scenario which stripped them of all communication devices, largely considered themselves “paralyzed and discon
nected from the world.” 2

E ST

“There was a moment in my day when I felt

homeless, I couldn’t go home because I knew

that would be too tempting. I couldn’t be

with my friends because that would be too

tempting. I had just eaten, so I couldn’t just sit

in a restaurant all day. I was walking down the

street literally with nowhere to go, and I just

didn’t know what I was going to do.” 3

The continuous online engagement so completely em
braced by the Net Generation is starting to permeate THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT’S USE OF WEB 2.0
across all facets of daily life for all generations. Within SOCIAL MEDIA
Government, the call for greater transparency of infor
mation and greater functionality of citizen services will Many agencies are significantly increasing their use of
fundamentally change the way the Government does Web 2.0 social media applications to help do the work
business externally. The challenge will be to also trans of the Government both internally and externally with
form the way each federal organization functions inter customers. New applications are continually evolving
nally, including how they recruit new employees and as both individuals and agencies see the payback from
serve current employees, how they deploy technology Web 2.0 technologies. Examples of agency use of so
and who gets first access to new technology, and fi cial media include:
nally, how they govern the use of social media in the
workplace. Blogs and Micro-blogs - Robert Carey, the CIO for the
Department of Navy was one of the first government
officials and the first federal CIO, to have a public blog.
THE VALUE PROPOSITION FOR WEB 2.0 SOCIAL When Carey, a reservist, was deployed to Iraq he saw
MEDIA young warfighters using these Web applications and
saw their potential in the workplace. Carey has been
Social media has the ability to expand network circles an advocate of Web 2.0 technologies and uses them
from people with strong ties to an individual (family, to solicit ideas and connect with Navy personnel. Sev
close friends, and immediate co-workers) to individu eral CIOs within the National Aeronautics and Space
als which sociologist Mark Granovetter refers to as Administration (NASA) have also launched blogs in the
“weak ties,” who have less immediate affiliation, but last year to encourage employees to use this emerging
have the potential for rich collaboration. 4 Researchers technology as a way to share information and solicit
have demonstrated that innovation is largely a learned feedback.
behavior.5 Therefore, fostering capabilities which can
stimulate learning and sharing, has the possibility to Many federal agencies are also using blogs to improve
enhance creativity and problem-solving abilities. Hal transparency and interaction with customers. The
Gregersen, a noted professor and author specializing Transportation Security Administration (TSA) launched
in leading strategic change, states that the larger and a blog in January 2008 as way to provide its flying cus
more diverse the circle of contacts, the better, since tomers a window on TSA policy formulation and to
meeting individuals from different industries and or solicit feedback on its procedures. The Department of
ganizations, with different levels of expertise, creates Defense leadership uses a blog to discuss the future of
more potential for innovation. 6 the Military Health System, and the U.S. National Ar
chives has launched NARAtions to discuss the future of
The Net Generation already understands the impor online public access to national records. A detailed list
tance of networking. Research from nGenera Insight, ing of blogs created by federal agencies can be found
highlighted in Figure 9.1, demonstrates that they have at www.usa.gov.
a larger professional network than other generational
counterparts.7 About one third of the people in their Wikis - Wikis are being used across the Government as
professional network are outside of their organization digital meeting places where federal users can share
and they are more likely than the Gen X and Boom information, create, and collaborate. The extensive
ers to say that their network includes individuals whom search capabilities of these tools allow users to retrieve
they rarely see in person. 8 information regardless of the wiki organization. Ad
ditionally, these tools allow people to collaborate on
documents much more efficiently than emailing revised
versions of documents as attachments. The software is
Net Generation 69
simpler to use because it features both groupware and
Generation X 44 word processing programs. Version control becomes
Boomers 57 much simpler as well, enabling the ability to quickly lo
cate the latest document version, with all changes at
Males 46 tributed to the proper author.
Females 66
Intellipedia, a highly successful wiki, is used by the fed
eral intelligence community (IC) and has resulted in in
creased collaboration and knowledge sharing across 16
Figure 9.1 Number of People in Your Professional Network IC agencies and other security-related Departments.
(Source: 2008 nGenera Insight Survey) The DoD has also launched a wiki called DoDTechipe

66

dia to improve collaboration on technological solu fense, some defense organizations allow instant mes
tions among agency scientists, engineers, acquisition saging to be available to their employees so they can
workers and operational warfighters. At a federal-wide have quick chats and collaborate with their colleagues.
level, the Office of Management and Budget’s wiki at
max.gov has been used not only to streamline routine Social Networking Sites - The popularity of social net
budget processes and facilitate federal budgeting ef working sites has grown exponentially throughout the
ficiencies, but also to enable federal collaboration world. It is not surprising that young government em
throughout a variety of communities. Most recently, ployees are often leading the way in using them within
the Smithsonian Institution creatied a public facing wiki their federal agency. Steve Ressler, a former IT special
at http://smithsonian-webstrategy.wikispaces.com to ist at the Department of Homeland Security, founded
invite public collaboration to transform the organiza Young Government Leaders (YGL), a group formed
tion’s digital presence on the Web. to educate, inspire, and transform current and future
leaders of the Federal Government. He created the
Mashups - Currently, most mashups using federal YGL website and its Facebook and LinkedIn groups,
government data are being created by organizations and also launched GovLoop.com, a social networking
outside of government. As more government data be site for government employees to connect and collab
comes available, the use of mashups is expected to orate. In its first year online, GovLoop attracted almost
increase, creating greater transparency and innovative 15,000 members and has since grown another 10,000
uses of federally available data. in membership.

Virtual Worlds - Some agencies are exploring the use The first wave of government organizations using Face-
of a simulated 3-D virtual world where individuals use book included the Central Intelligence Agency and the
avatars to collaborate, learn or entertain, and interact Internal Revenue Service, while some organizations like
with others. Examples of how the Federal Government NASA-Goddard Space Flight, have launched their own
has used virtual worlds are: 1) information delivery social networking tools. NASA’s tool, SpaceBook, has
(NASA, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Admin a broad of capabilities, allowing each Goddard em
istration, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ployee the ability to find subject matter experts, form
(CDC), and the U.S. Air Force and Army); 2) education online groups with whom to share files and create wi
and training (Department of Homeland Security (DHS), kis, and even locate or dispose of surplus gear. The
and the U.S. Army, Marines, and Air Force); 3) meet use of social networking sites by government entities
ings and events (Information Resources Management will increase as agencies determine appropriate appli
College, DHS, and the U.S. Department of State); and cations for them and provide employees guidance on
4) rapid prototyping (U.S. Navy). site usage.

The Information Resources Management College at the
National Defense University has hosted several confer CHALLENGES IN IMPLEMENTING WEB 2.0
ences in a virtual world, which has allowed people to TECHNOLOGIES
connect from all over the world. NASA’s virtual CoLab
(a web-based collaborative environment) is a dedicat The Federal Government has made significant ad
ed “island” in the virtual world, Second Life, and was vancements but still faces several challenges when it
established to foster collaboration between NASA and comes to the adoption of Web 2.0 technologies. By
individuals who support the space program. nature, the Government does not quickly adapt to new
tools, particularly when it comes to incorporating new
Other federal organizations are using virtual world technologies in the workplace. Although the role of IT
technology to train internally or to shape consumer be managers is to figure out how to provide those tech
havior. The U.S. Army has used virtual world technolo nologies for employees, a larger governance group
gy with America’s Army, a 3-D video game used for re may be used to develop guidance on their usage,
cruiting and training that allows participants to engage including legal, privacy, public relations, and human
resources specialists. The DoD, which published new
in military maneuvers. The CDC educated the public
policy guidance, DTM 09-026, “Responsible and Ef
about the flu by releasing a virtual influenza virus at a
fective Use of Internet-based Capabilities,” (including
virtual children’s party to demonstrate the importance
social networking services) in February 2010, gave the
of getting vaccinated. Subsequently, more than 20,000
greater defense community, as well as outside organi
individuals were vaccinated in a six-week period.
zations and individuals, a voice in developing the poli
cy by using a blog and open, collaborative technology
Text Messaging/Instant Messaging - Instant messag
to solicit input.
ing or IM, can increase the speed of communication
in the workplace by circumventing the formality and
The Social Media Subcouncil, operating under the Fed
structured handling of email. At the Department of De
eral Web Managers Council, and comprised of federal,

67

state, and local government web managers, maintains
an excellent wiki with best practices and a wide array WEB 2.0 WORKPLACE AND BEYOND

of published policies on social media use. Additionally,
they can be found blogging on GovLoop.com. The transformation of the workplace is just beginning.
The power of transactional sites such as Amazon and
Record retention is another challenge for agencies, as eBay, the search engine capabilities of Google, Yahoo,
many Web 2.0 tools do not lend themselves to easy and Microsoft’s Bing, and the explosion in social net
archiving of data. Security issues also rank as a top working sites such as Facebook and MySpace, have
concern, and many security challenges will need to be revolutionized the lives of private consumers. It is not
resolved as these technologies are adopted federal- beyond the Government to accomplish the same capa
wide. Some government agencies have found it neces bilities within the public sector. Creating a workplace
sary to limit or prohibit connectivity to nongovernmen that fully utilizes Net Generation talents can be a first
tal channels based on the grounds of security. While step to the future.
there are legitimate concerns about data protection,
organizations must find solutions that protect their IT The workplace of the future will be radically different
systems while simultaneously allowing consumers full from today’s preconceived workplace that involves
access to emerging social media technologies. hard-wired equipment, multiple cubicles, and 9 to 5
workdays. The future promises more flexibility, more
Beyond the legal and security concerns, are the more mobility, and more independence, while at the same
practical issues involved with successful implemen time, helping employers to get the most out of every
tation of new media within an organization. Many of employee. Web 2.0 tools are already helping to cre
these can be addressed by understanding the function ate a seamless work environment where employees
each type of social media might play. Andrew McAfee, can easily transition from one task to another without
a researcher, writer, and teacher about technology’s having to move from one tool to another. Additionally,
impact on the business world, suggests that wikis may they will create a level of transparency that affords em
work best for organizations with strong ties that are in ployees an opportunity to view the work of others and
tent on producing a collaborative product; blogs can makes employees more accountable.
help cultivate potential new ties; and social networking
sites may be best suited to cultivating weak tie rela Changing technology will allow this future workplace
tionships to facilitate innovation.9 Further, depending to become a reality sooner than most people realize.
on the organization, the right answer might be to not Many companies are already using virtual teleconfer
build a community. If an organization does not have ences, virtual worlds, and other technologies to quickly
leadership support, or does not have the time and tal
connect employees from all over the globe, allowing
ent necessary to devote to the tending of relationships
employees to work together with their peers in real
generated through social media, the project is ripe for
time, while being in different locations. Eventually,
failure.10
holograms could be used to allow employees in dif
ferent locations to chat face-to-face. Even the offices
The U.S. Department of State, which is embracing
themselves will be modified. As people shift towards
a wide variety of social media to foster diplomacy
working from home, conference rooms may eventually
abroad, noted in a case study on digital diplomacy that
outnumber cubicles in the office, serving as meeting
it was essential to provide both technical and profes
grounds for employees as needed.
sional training to individuals charged with represent
ing the organization online; that outside experts in so
The future workplace has often been seen as a dream
cial media can be helpful in crafting the message to
working environment, offering maximum freedom,
be conveyed and the social engagement desired; and
where employers allow their employees to choose
that governance policies on information dissemination
(and how creatively it can be conveyed) should be de when, where, and how they work. More than most, the
veloped. 11 Net Generation sees this workplace not as a dream, but
as a goal, fully realizable. As they continue to expand
By contrast, the NATO Training Mission-Afghanistan their presence in the workplace, expect many more
(NTM-A), charged with a time-critical, targeted ef changes within the federal IT workforce.
fort to tell the world about NATO support efforts in
Afghanistan, employed the services of a U.S. Marine
Corps colonel and two U.S. Net-Gen Navy petty of
ficers, a budget of $500, and various social media tools
including Facebook, YouTube, Flickr and Twitter, to en
rich a homegrown website that allows NTM-A person
nel to tell the world, in their own words, about their
experiences in Afghanistan.

68

Social media challenges some of the
fundamental paradigms organiza
tions have about control in terms of
message content, how and where it
spreads, and the outcomes of those
actions. By design, with social me
dia the messenger’s voice can’t be
easily controlled or predicted. Con
sequently the challenge in adopting
social media for many organizations
12

is more cultural than operational.

DR. MARGARET SCHWEER
AND RICHARD LAUF

“THE NEW SOCIAL MEDIA MINDSET:
ORGANIZATIONAL PRINCIPLES AND
GOVERNANCE PROCESSES”

workforce
compensation,
benefits,
and
flexibilities
Creating an attractive compensation and benefits environment can be challenging. It requires good
marketing and the ability to deliver the goods marketed. Additionally, it requires knowledge of the
job market and the ability to maneuver within a complex, bureaucratic compensation system that
is continually changing. While federal agencies have an array of flexibilities that can be used in the
recruitment and retention of Net Generation individuals, most organizations do not use them in a
wide scale, strategic application. A major factor is often a lack of funding, as cited in both 2007 and
2008 surveys of federal Chief Human Capital Officers.1,2 This lack of resources, coupled with a lack of
systematic planning and targeted application within most agencies, dilutes the effectiveness of these
federal-wide flexibilities.

The list of flexibilities contained in this Chapter is not meant to be all-inclusive, but to highlight those
flexibilities that may be particularly attractive to the Net-Gen. The Office of Personnel Management
(OPM) continues to work on new flexibilities to address the Federal Government’s recruiting, retention,
and professional development requirements.

71

Gallup Organization for the Council on Excellence in
BASIC SALARY EXPECTATIONS
Government, 52% of Net-Geners (aged 18 to 29) said
the best motivators for them to consider a job in public
In the 18th Annual Survey of Federal CIOs, conducted service would be opportunities for growth and advance
by the Information Technology Association of America, ment based on performance; 41% were very interested
CIOs expressed their concern regarding their ability in having a flexible schedule and telework opportuni
to offer competitive pay and benefits.3 There is merit ties; 27% were interested in enrollment in a student
to this concern. Although 4 of the 5 series in the Ma loan repayment program; and 26% were interested in
jor Federal IT Community have special salary rates for access to continuing education. 8
personnel under the General Schedule, their value has
been eroding over time as locality pay increases cause
these rates to outstrip the special salary rates. Hiring RECRUITMENT AUTHORITIES

managers should compare the two rates for their geo
graphical area and where needed, determine the fea Recruitment Bonuses - Agencies may pay recruitment
sibility of offering new Net-Gen hires with exceptional bonuses to newly appointed federal employees in hard
credentials an increased salary step when market condi to-fill positions in exchange for a signed service agree
tions warrant it. Additionally, when possible, managers ment. The amount of the bonus may range up to 25%
might create laddered positions for new hires. of the new employee’s annual rate of pay (or more, with
OPM approval), multiplied by the number of years in
the agreed service period (which can range between
TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE BENEFITS
6 months to 4 years). Payment of the bonus can be in
a lump sum, phased installment or other installment
Money does matter to the Net Generation and being plan, as designated by the agency. Organizations must
net-savvy they can, through a combination of surfing of have a pre-established recruitment incentive plan in or
ficial sites and mining social networking capabilities, de der to offer a bonus. In FY2007, 5,658 GS federal em
termine quite accurately the salaries being paid for in ployees received recruitment bonuses; over half of the
dividuals in their work field. Where they may fall short is recipients were GS-9 or below. 9 Appendix G provides
in estimating their worth to a company, particularly as a a breakdown of IT workforce recruitment bonus pay
new entrant to the workforce. Human Resource manag ments by Federal CIO Council membership.
ers have stated that the youngest generation may have
unrealistic expectations of starting salaries. In January Direct-Hire Authority - Direct-hire authority is de
2009 the Partnership for Public Service and Universum signed to provide agencies flexibility to recruit individu
reported a $7,000 gap between students’ anticipated als for career-conditional appointments to positions in
starting salary in the Federal Government and the 2008 shortage or critical shortage occupations. In 2003, OPM
4
starting range for a GS-7. authorized federal-wide direct hire for the 2210 series
IT Specialists, GS-9 and above, in Information Security.
Federal employee salaries, while often lower than their Individuals recruited to this specialty area may be ap
private industry counterparts’, are only one part of pointed to positions without regard to the requirements
the employment compensation package. The Partner in title 5 USC 3309 through 3318.
ship for Public Service recommends that organizations
should discuss both agency benefits and federal-wide Fellowships, Scholarships, and Similar Programs Au
5
service benefits (summarized in Table 10.1). Further, thorities - The fellowships, scholarships, and similar
they should understand that their audience in the ben programs authority at 5 CFR 213.3102(r) provides an ex
efits discussion is not only the prospective Net-Gen ap cepted service appointing authority for filling positions
plicant, but may be the applicant’s parents as well. In a from limited applicant pools under hiring and operating
2008 nGenera Insight survey, 24% of Net-Geners said procedures established between a federal agency and
that their parents’ advice was critical when deciding to a non-federal organization. Although appointments are
accept a job offer.6 Parents were also involved in their time-limited (cannot exceed four years) with no conver
finding their first job after college. as show in Figure sion privilege to the competitive service, this authority
7
10.1. allows agencies to:

As benefits are discussed, it would be important to re
member that the Net Generation wants customizable • Bring in individuals with specialized knowledge
options. Thus, different benefits and opportunities may or expertise under agency-developed exchange
appeal to each applicant. In a survey conducted by the programs with the private sector.

* Survey participants were asked to select which two motivators would make them most interested in a public service job.

72

Net Generation Not Very/At All Involved 49%

Somewhat Involved 23%

Extremely/Very Involved 28%

Figure 10.1 Parental Involvement in Finding First Job After Finishing Education

• Provide a means for individuals to meet a service FEDERAL SERVICE BENEFITS
obligation under specific programs authorized in
statute. • INTERESTING AND CHALLENGING WORK

• Provide students insight and the opportunity to Addressing national issues
apply their particular field of study to real-world Safeguarding critical information and IT infrastructure
situations.
Collaboration with private industry, professional
organizations and other governmental organizations
• Support internship or fellowship programs that
Insight into how government works
provide developmental or professional experi
ences to individuals who have completed their Meaningful public service
formal education.
• GUARANTEED RIGHT TO ELIGIBLE BENEFITS
• Establish training and associate programs to in
crease the pool of qualified candidates in a par Transportation subsidies

ticular occupational specialty. Extensive health care and insurance benefits

Ample vacation/sick leave

• Design professional/industry exchange programs
that provide cross-fertilization between the agen 401K Plan

cy and the private sector to foster mutual under
standing and exchange of ideas and/or to bring • FEDERAL-WIDE JOB OPPORTUNITIES
experienced practitioners to the agency.
Federal IT jobs nation-wide and overseas
• Arrange residency programs through which par Significant opportunity for advancement and

ticipants gain experience in the federal environ professional growth

ment. Experience valued: on average, transferring
employees within the federal IT community make
• Participate in programs that require a period of more money than new hires
government service in exchange for educational, Personnel details may be available to other agencies
financial, or other assistance such as the Federal
Cyber Service: Scholarship for Service program.
• FEDERAL PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT

Professional journals, Communities of Interest, other
Student Career Experience Program (SCEP) - The publications
SCEP allows appointment of students to positions Conferences and webinars
that are related to their academic field of study. Em
Associations
ployment as a student is in the excepted service and
public notice is not required. Participants who meet all
the requirements of the program may be noncompeti • AND MORE
tively converted to term, career, or career-conditional
Job security

appointments. SCEP can be used as a tool to grow the
IT workforce by hiring students into developmental po Flexible work arrangements

sitions to address future agency needs. To participate Student loan forgiveness after 10 years of

in SCEP, a student must be enrolled or accepted for en employment
rollment as a degree-seeking student in an accredited
high school; technical or vocational school; two-year or Table 10.1
four-year college or university; or graduate or profes Federal Benefits to Discuss with Prospective Employees
sional school. All students must be at least 16 years old. (Source: Partnership for Public Service)

73

Federal Career Intern Program (FCIP) - The FCIP is de • The MDA used FCIP when faced with a large
signed to help agencies recruit exceptional individuals cohort of senior GS-14/15s who were retirement-
into a variety of occupations at the GS-5, 7, and 9 grade eligible as well as a lack of entry-level people in
levels. Agencies can strategically target entry-level po its workforce. High-demand occupations such
sitions and create a pipeline of talent that ultimately as engineers and accountants were targeted at
leads to a journey-level position in the agency. schools that would produce the best candidates.
In addition, MDA used career fairs, the National
Individuals are appointed to a two-year internship that Association of Colleges and Employees (NACE),
provides formal training and developmental assign and Call to Serve* as ways to get exposure for its
ments as established by the agency. Upon successful mission and hiring requirements. MDA focused on
completion of the program, interns may be eligible finding the right fit by making sure the job details
for non-competitive, permanent placement within the were clear, conducting thorough interviews,
agency. and assessing behavioral as well as technical
competencies.
Individuals with diverse professional experiences, aca
demic backgrounds, and/or relevant skills are eligible • In 2003, the Department of the Army used the
for the FCIP. The program is not restricted to students FCIP authority to implement an AKL program to
and career intern appointments may be made at any attract high-achievement university graduates to
time during the year. serve as Army IT civilians. The AKL is an ongo
ing, structured two-year program, with four cycles
Many agencies use the FCIP to identify suitable candi of leadership training and developmental assign
dates for their agencies, including the General Services ments at different Army, defense, or other federal
Administration (GSA), Social Security Administration locations. The AKL interns learn leadership, busi
(SSA) and the Missile Defense Agency (MDA) who have ness management and IT skills while developing a
highly successful FCIP initiatives. Additionally, several robust peer network, and receiving career ladder
federal agencies have independently established struc promotions ranging from GS-7 to GS-12 during
tured development programs including the Emerging their internship period.
Leaders Program at the Department of Health and Hu
man Services; the Professional Development Program Presidential Management Fellowships - The Presi
at the U.S. Government Accountability Office and the dential Management Fellows (PMF) program (or similar
Army Knowledge Leaders (AKL) program at the Depart type program) has been in existence for over 20 years.
ment of the Army. In recent years, the program has expanded in scope to
enable graduate level students in all academic disci
• GSA in Kansas City, Missouri, has been using plines to apply for a fellowship within the Federal Gov
FCIP to fill positions at the GS-5, 7, and 9 levels ernment. This program can be an outstanding method
in numerous fields since 2002. An Individual to attract new Net-Gen talent to IT policy management
Development Plan is prepared for each intern positions within the Federal Government at the GS-9 to
who works with a panel to ensure that the intern GS-12 (or equivalent) levels.
meets specific professional goals.
Each year, OPM prescreens all PMF applicants, se
• FCIP has been used successfully at the SSA in its lects the finalists, and prequalifies them for at least a
recruitment of Claims Representatives. Applicants GS-9 position. Although finalists are available for hire
are identified through other external recruitment throughout the year, OPM also sponsors an annual job
initiatives such as job fairs, community outreach fair in Washington, D.C. each spring where agencies
activities, or paid advertising. SSA has found that can meet multiple candidates.
liberal arts graduates do very well at most entry-
level positions and attributes its success in building Agencies using the PMF program hire suitable fellow
a large and diverse workforce to a balanced and ship candidates for a two-year period during which they
targeted use of the hiring authorities available. complete Individual Development Plans that include
Additionally, it establishes relationships with both formalized training and developmental and rota
students and college staff, maintaining strong on- tional assignments. Successful participants may later be
campus relationships. converted to permanent, full-time employment within
the participating agency.

* Call to Serve is a national initiative created by the Partnership for Public Service to educate a new generation about the
importance of a strong civil service, to help re-establish links between federal agencies and campuses, and to provide students
with information about the opportunities that Federal employment provides.

74

Federal Scholarship Programs - The Federal Govern • U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)/1890
ment has several scholarship programs suitable for re National Scholars Program – Each year, USDA
cruiting and retaining IT personnel. These programs provides full four-year scholarships to high school
provide academic funding in exchange for government students to attend any of the 17 Historically Black
service. These include: 1890 Land Grant Institutions or Tuskegee Univer
sity. Scholars must major in agriculture-related
• Federal Cyber Service: Scholarship for Service fields, food or natural sciences, or other applied
(SFS) – The SFS is a federal-wide scholarship disciplines such as computer science, pre-veter
program, co-sponsored by the National Science inary medicine, or biological sciences. Thirty-six
Foundation (NSF) and Department of Homeland or more scholarships are awarded annually and
Security (DHS). NSF funds the final two years of graduates perform payback service with USDA for
undergraduate, master’s-level, or doctorate-level each year of financial support.
study in information assurance (IA) academic pro
grams at select colleges and universities through
out the United States. Scholarship recipients must FEDERAL STUDENT LOAN REPAYMENT PROGRAM

perform a two-year payback at an interested fed
eral organization. Agencies interested in hiring Paying down educational debt in return for an employ
SFS interns or graduating students can attend the ment commitment can be a viable way to attract the
annual job fair held each January in Washington, Net Generation to certain career fields. Currently, there
D.C., where approximately 100 individuals are are five major occupational avenues individuals can
available for hire as IT professionals. pursue that have student loan repayment recruitment
benefits: teachers, national volunteer programs such
• Information Assurance Scholarship Program as the Peace Corps and VISTA, health professions, mili
(IASP) – The IASP is used to increase the number tary service, or working as a civilian employee for the
of individuals in DoD who possess key IA and IT Federal Government. At a Net Generation conference
skill sets. It serves as a mechanism to build the na in February 2008, hosted by New Paradigm, pay and
tion’s IA infrastructure through grants to colleges benefits specialists speculated that a new trend in pri
and universities jointly designated by the National vate industry student loan repayment programs might
Security Agency and DHS as National Centers of develop as the business world begins to compete for
Academic Excellence in Information Assurance Net Generation workers.
Education or Research, and to develop and retain
well-educated military and civilian personnel who During 2007-2008, graduates amassed an average ed
support the Department’s critical IA and IT man
agement and infrastructure protection require ucational debt of $23,186 for undergraduate degrees
10
ments. This program serves active duty military, and $40,297 for graduate degrees. Almost two-thirds
DoD civilians, and non-DoD students, all of whom
of undergraduates and over half of grad school gradu
incur a service payback in exchange for academic
scholarships in IT/IA disciplines. ates incur educational debt, and the debt burden does
11
not end there. Unlike when the Baby Boomers went
• Science, Mathematics And Research for Trans
formation (SMART) – The SMART Scholarship for to college, Net-Geners have had more ready access
Service Program was established by DoD to sup to consumer credit. According to Anya Kamenetz, au
port undergraduate and graduate students pursu
ing degrees in Science, Technology, Engineering thor of “Generation Debt,” Nellie Mae reported that
and Mathematics (STEM) disciplines. The program in 2004, in addition to incurring student loan debt,
aims to increase the number of civilian scientists
undergraduates carried at least $2,100 in credit card
and engineers working in DoD laboratories. This
program is open to current DoD employees and debt while graduate students had an average of al
non-DoD students. All recipients incur a service 12
most $8,000 in debt. Student credit card debt may
payback in exchange for full scholarships.
decline over time, as a result of recent credit reform
legislation.

75

The current federal tool, which is very flexible, allows members, with a particularly strong employment record,
agencies to tailor the program to meet individual needs: have valuable work experience and may be recruited
into hard-to-fill or mission critical positions within the
Federal Government. Those who are newly-appointed
• The maximum annual payment is $10,000 with a civilian employees, or have had a 90-calendar day break
six-year maximum offering. in federal service, can be eligible for a higher annual
leave accrual rate based on previous years of work ex
• The minimum payback period is 3 years of fed perience, including active duty uniformed service. Use
eral service and an agency can specify a longer of this authority requires documenting the length and
required payback period. nature of the claimed creditable service and approval
by an agency‘s authorizing official. All written documen
• The student loan repayment program can be used tation must be approved prior to the individual’s effec
as a recruitment or retention incentive and also tive entry on duty.
may be offered in conjunction with recruitment,
retention, or relocation bonuses.
RETENTION FLEXIBILITIES

• There are no mandatory academic program criteria
and students are not required to have completed
Retaining a Net Generation employee may be more
a degree or certificate/certification to be eligible.
challenging than retaining the older generations as
these individuals are still exploring their work identity
• The program may be tailored to a specific occu
and their passion for work. Compensation, particularly
pation/skill.
paying for performance, will be a factor, but the work
environment (Chapter 7), professional development op
Federal agencies provided student loan repayment portunities (Chapter 8) and work/life balance (Chapter
benefits to 6,879 employees in calendar year 2008, 11) will factor into Net-Gener decisions as well. nGen
13
with an average annual loan of almost $7,511. Depart era Insight, after studying Net-Gen behavior and stated
ments and agencies who are members of the Federal career goals, has likened Baby Boomer career patterns
CIO Council provided loan repayment benefits to 88% to the game of Shoots and Ladders, where players go
of total federal benefit recipients; however, only 6% of up or down, and Net-Gen career ideas to a Rubik’s
those recipients were members of the Major Federal Cube, with endless combinations. 14
IT Community. Appendix G provides a breakdown of
IT workforce loan repayment benefits by Federal CIO Rather than create a lockstep retention strategy, orga
Council membership. nizations should become comfortable in tailoring re
tention opportunities to meet individual and agency
needs. Part of the retention strategy might include an
ADDITIONAL ANNUAL LEAVE FOR NEW employee enrichment program which allows Net-Gen
EMPLOYEES employees to team on different projects. Another as
pect might include designing a program that facilitates
The majority of Net Generation individuals hired by fed moving employees sideways through the organization.
eral agencies will be new to the Government and may Such a program can pay off by retaining individuals in
also be new to a structured work environment if they the organization, while not necessarily in the same job.
have recently completed an academic degree. Unless
these individuals are authorized to participate in an al Many retention flexibilities are tied to professional de
ternative work schedule, their potential for paid days velopment/educational programs. The two defense
off is limited to 10 structured federal holidays and 13 scholarships previously cited, IASP and SMART, and the
individual vacation days annually for the first three years federal student loan repayment program can also be
of their employment. Increasing annual leave accrual used as retention incentives. Additionally, several other
as a recruitment incentive or authorizing time-off as a academic opportunities exist, as described on the next
performance award (discussed in Chapter 7) provides page. Agencies using such programs may require a
opportunities for additional hours off from work. service payback. Information on all of these authorities
may be found at www.opm.gov.
The oldest members of the Net Generation have now
crested age 30. Those older members, or even younger

* The OPM Report does not identify how many individuals received this benefit as a retention incentive or as a recruitment
incentive, or how many of the 6,879 individuals were new recipients vice prior year awardees.

76

ACADEMIC PROGRAMS
approved professional credentialing aligned to DISA’s
mission and the employee’s IDP, and $1,000 to $5,000
Payment for Job-Related Academic Degrees - Agen for attainment of academic degrees which meet similar
cies may pay for or reimburse employees for the cost of mission and IDP criteria. Both programs require a mini
academic degree training when it meets certain criteria: mum two-year service agreement.

• The training must contribute to meeting a Shared Cost Academic Programs - Agencies can es
specific agency training or staffing need, or to tablish shared cost programs through full or partial tu
accomplishing agency strategic goals. ition reimbursement programs or other shared cost ar
rangement. The flexibility of when to attend training
• The training must be part of a planned, systemic and how to pay for it may appeal to the Net Generation.
and coordinated organizational employee devel Some possible program variations are shown in Table
15
opment program which links to accomplishing the 10.2.
agency’s strategic goals.
Training and Education Unrelated to an Employee’s
• The academic program must be through an Official Duties - The Net Generation sees value in
accredited college or university in accordance pursuing multiple interests and careers. Agencies can
with U.S. Department of Education accreditation support this desire for additional skill development
requirements. by allowing employees time off to take classes not
specifically related to their official duties. The academic
Payment for Professional Credentialing - Agencies studies may not significantly interfere with normal work
may pay expenses for employees to obtain professional accomplishment and must enable the employee to
credentials. This includes expenses for professional ac work more effectively within the organization.
creditation, state-imposed or professional licenses, pro
fessional certifications, as well as the examinations to
obtain the credentials. This flexibility may be particu RETENTION BONUSES

larly attractive for IT employees and agencies, both of
whom can benefit from IT systems and security creden Agencies may pay individual or group retention
tialing programs. incentives based on unique qualifications and critical
need. Individual retention incentives may not exceed
Academic Incentive Programs - Some agencies have 25% of an employee’s rate of basic pay and group or
developed programs which offer a retention incentive category retention incentives may not exceed 10%
for individuals who complete certain educational en of the employee’s rate of basic pay, although higher
deavors. Two examples are provided by the U.S. De awards may be allowed with OPM approval. Awards
partment of State and the Defense Information Systems may be paid in installments or a single lump sum after
Agency. The Department of State has an IT Skills Incen completion of the required period of service. Within
tive Program which pays qualified IT employees with the GS schedule, retention bonuses are more typically
specific skill codes or in certain IT positions 10% or 15% paid to GS-10 and above; only 42% of federal recipients
of their basic pay based on attainment of specific pro in calendar year 2007 were GS-9 or below.16 Appendix G
fessional IT credentials. The Defense Information Sys provides a breakdown of IT workforce retention bonus
tems Agency pays an incentive of $1,000 to $3,000 for payments by Federal CIO Council membership.

Paying Training Costs Training On Duty/Off Duty Hours

Agency Pays the Costs of Training. Employee Attends During Duty/Non-Duty Hours.

Agency Pays Some of the Training Costs, Employee Attends During Duty/Non-Duty Hours.
Employee Pays the Balance.

Employee Pays All the Training Costs. Employee Attends During Duty Hours.

Employee Pays All the Training Costs, Employee Attends During Duty/Non-Duty Hours.
Agency Reimburses Part or All of Costs
When Course is Successfully Completed.

Table 10.2 Agency/Employee Shared Training Cost Examples
(Source: U.S. Office of Personnel Management)

77

work
and
life
balance
Research has consistently shown that the Net-Geners seek flexibility and a balance between their
personal and professional life. Rather than “work/life balance,” Net-Geners see the world as needing
“life/work balance.” They do not simply define themselves by where they work and what they do;
that is just part of who they are.1 They tend to cultivate interests in many areas and their life roles are
changing as well, with household responsibilities being more equally divided between the genders.2
Work is also becoming less compartmentalized. As discussed in Chapters 5 and 10, the lines between
work and non-work activity are becoming blurred. This has import on the Net-Geners’ need to have a
work environment that is engaging, collaborative, and fun.

79

Net Generation 50% In 2005, Best Buy instituted an innovative work process
Generation X 38%
that allowed employees at its corporate headquarters
to work without a formal work schedule. The results,
Boomers 27%

as studied by the University of Minnesota Flexible
Work and Well Being Center, included improved work-
Males 31%
family interface, improved health practices (more sleep,
Females 42%
exercise, and energy), a greater intention to stay with
the company and more job satisfaction. 6 Best Buy itself
noted that productivity among participants increased by
Figure 11.1 Criticality of Flexible Work Hours to Accepting more than 30%.
7

a Job (Source: 2008 nGenera Insight Survey)

• Flexitour - Allows employees to schedule specific
FLEXIBLE WORKING HOURS
work hours based upon their personal circum
stances.
In a recent survey conducted by nGenera Insight, half
of the Net Generation respondents felt that the avail • Credit Hours - Used in lieu of paying overtime
ability of flexible work hours was critical when deciding and more so used as compensatory time.
3
to accept a job offer, as shown in Figure 11.1. Although
this generation may be the most vocal about work/life The application of these flexibilities may vary from
balance, other workers are feeling an increased need agency to agency, but those who allow flexible sched
for flexibility and work/life balance as well. ules can enhance their organization’s attractiveness
to prospective Net-Gen employees. Additionally, al
The increased number of women in the workplace has though some opportunity may exist for job sharing in
driven the need for more flexibility for family require individual agencies, the focus of this guide is on the
ments. According to HR Review, almost two thirds of full-time Net-Gen employees. Agencies should not
families with preschool children have mothers working underestimate the value of flexible work schedules to
outside the home; if a child is sick, most often it is the new government employees. As shown in Figure 11.2,
4
mother who is called at the workplace. There is also a working a compressed schedule potentially triples the
growing demand for flexibility from employees needing paid time off a Net-Gen employee, new to government
time to take care of their own parents, as well as those service, can earn.
sandwiched caretakers with generational care responsi
bilities at both ends of the spectrum. The Labor Project
for Working Families conducted a survey in 2002 and FLEXIBLE WORKPLACE

found that 40% of family members caring for their par
ents and grandparents also had child-care responsibili Based upon improvements in technology and the digi
ties.5 talization of the work environment, employees no lon
ger need to be physically situated in a traditional office
Taken to its extreme, flexible work hours would mean during core working hours. Technology devices such as
allowing Net-Geners (and others) to take complete cellular phones, blackberries and other wireless devices
charge of their own work schedule, working wherever allow employees the ability to work anywhere and any
and whenever, as long as they delivered high quality time. While no one expects government employees will
results on time. While private industry is taking experi be authorized to text their work in from the ski slopes
mental steps in this direction, less than half of private any time soon, even teleworking, the most structured
companies currently offer any type of flexible work version of a flexible workplace, has not caught on as
schedules. Thus, the Federal Government, with its au much as it should within the Federal Government. In
thority to offer flexible schedules and telework, can be its most recent report to Congress on teleworking, the
competitive in this work/life area. Currently, the Federal Office of Personnel Management (OPM) reported that
Government has four flexible work programs: for 2007, the number of federal teleworkers as a whole
was down (with some of the decline attributed to bet
• Flexible Work Schedules - Allows the employees ter data collection and some due to the Department of
to have a set work week, however, the reporting Defense’s continued wartime support and security con
and departing times could fluctuate day-to-day. cerns).8 Only 8% of eligible personnel were teleworking
across the Federal Government.9 The top three barri
• Compressed Work Schedules - Allows working a ers to telework cited by agencies were office coverage,
schedule which consists of less than 10 workdays management resistance, and organizational culture. 10
per pay period. Generally, the employee would
work 9 or 10 hours a day.

80

Less than 3 Years in Govt Federal Holidays 10
Sick leave 13
Vacation Days 13
Alt. Work Schedule 26

3 to <15 Years in Govt Federal Holidays 10
Sick leave 13
Vacation Days 20

15 Years or More in Govt Federal Holidays 10
Sick leave 13
Vacation Days 26

Figure 11.2 Federal Employee Days Off Based on Service Longevity in the Federal Government

Ultimately, managers will determine whether an em The pressure to increase teleworking and compressed
ployee’s duties can be performed outside the traditional work schedule opportunities across the Federal
work environment. However, if the manager promotes a Government will most likely increase, from both
more flexible and supportive work environment, more employees and the Congress. The Net-Geners will
employees, particularly Net-Geners may be recruited help drive the change by seeking employment at those
and retained. A 2008 report from the Telework Ex organizations that allow them flexible work locations
change (www.teleworkexchange.com), a public-private and schedules so they can have work/life balance.
partnership focused on telework in government, cited Congress will be interested in driving to a more
the two top drivers for federal workers to telework were efficient government; ensuring continuity of operations
11
reduced commuting time/costs and work/life balance. during natural disasters, pandemic health crises and
nGenera Insight also states that environmental issues other catastrophic unplanned events; and reducing
are a key concern to Net-Geners who may want to tele dependence on foreign oil.
12
work.

Organizations should review the federal website, www. FLEXIBLE WORK ENVIRONMENT

telework.gov, which addresses how to set up a telework
program and provides training for both managers and Fun in the workplace is not a new concept. Searching
employees on how to make the program work effectively. online for “fun in the workplace” yielded over five
Additionally, they need to examine why barriers million results and surveys at top-ranked organizations
may exist within their organization. Understandably, often include statements from employees about their
managers may have concerns about information security, organization being a fun place to work. The difference
connectivity, and suitable infrastructure, however, these with the Net Generation is that it is one of their eight
are challenges that can be addressed and generally, norms. They have elevated its importance, largely
should not hinder an organization’s ability to establish because they are less likely to compartmentalize work
a telework program. from other aspects of their life.14 They may want to take
a break in the middle of the day to get reinvigorated.
Many agencies have successful established a telework They like to learn on the job. And, they are more
program. Some standout agencies cited by OPM in its adept at switching from work to play to work in their
2008 telework report included the Peace Corps and task orientation. Creating an environment that enables
the Department of Health and Human Services and playfulness, creativity, and collaboration can improve
the General Services Administration gets high marks morale, reduce employee absenteeism from the job,
13
through surveys conducted by the Telework Exchange. and ultimately reduce overall attrition.
The DoD’s Contract Management Agency (DCMA) has
successfuly established a telework program that allows
many of their employees to work remotely and reduced
office footage while the U.S. Patent and Trade Office’s
program reduced employee turnover.

81

With the increasing reliance on information technology in delivering
the many missions of the Federal Government – from defending and
securing our Nation, to conserving natural resources, and ensuring a
strong economy – today’s leaders must be focused on developing and
recruiting a strong talent pool to operate and manage this complex en
terprise. A well-balanced strategy that recognizes and accommodates
our generational differences is critical to achieving a high-performing
Federal IT workforce. The Net-Geners’ experiences, in an on-demand
world in which collaborative tools, social media, and instant messag
ing are ubiquitous and have shaped their norms, will continue to drive
their expectations in the workplace. Our agility and adaptability to the
changing needs of this and future generations are critical to our suc
cess in meeting the challenges faced by the Federal Government.

ROBERT NAYLOR
CIO, SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
AND CO-CHAIR, CIO COUNCIL IT WORKFORCE COMMITTEE

CHRIS SMITH
CIO, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
AND CO-CHAIR, CIO COUNCIL IT WORKFORCE COMMITTEE

conclusion

The federal information technology (IT) environment will be undergoing tremendous change on many
levels over the next decade. As the Federal Government transforms agencies into a network of more trans
parent, citizen-centric organizations, implementing the necessary policies, processes, and secure technol
ogy to power the exchange of information and ideas will create tremendous challenges for the federal IT
workforce charged with this transformation.

The Net Generation, with its inherently more collaborative and IT-savvy nature, is most likely to embrace the
changes, which will more closely mirror the way they already prefer to engage with technology and to share
information. Currently, this generation is under-represented in the federal IT workforce, particularly within
the 2210 series, which is the backbone of the federal IT population. While Net-Geners are more likely to
be interested in federal service over their Gen X counterparts, post-recession, they will be in high demand
throughout the public and private sectors due to both job growth and pending retirements within the Baby
1
Boomer generation.

A great unknown within the federal IT workforce is how quickly the federal Baby Boomers will retire. The on
going recession may slow down retirements, but failing to plan for the succession of the current workforce
would be a significant weakness in strategic human capital management. Within this guide were discussed
the generational expectations and differences that organizations should be aware of as the federal work
force begins to skew younger in age. The following checklist provides organizations with a starting point as
they prepare for change within the federal IT workforce.

THE NET GENERATION TOP 20 “TO DO” LIST

1. Show that the organization understands their world.
2. Rethink authority and hierarchy within the organization.
3. Include Net-Geners in re-designing work practices.
4. Design jobs and work spaces to support collaboration.
5. Become social media savvy
6. Invest in technology to power high performance, creativity, and collaboration.
7. Examine how new technology is deployed within the organization.
8. Refresh organization websites and their capabilities.
9. Re-examine career paths for all generations.
10. Customize training programs for individual workers.
11. Encourage and incentivize Boomer and Net-Gen mentors.
12. Examine current and future supervisory bench strength.
13. Measure performance by productivity, not physical presence.
14. Retool performance recognition programs and provide more continuous feedback.
15. Create dynamic recruiting programs that employ a cross section of media.
16. Be authentic when recruiting; emphasize organization values and strengths.
17. Create a dynamic onboarding program.
18. Fund and use hiring flexibilities strategically.
19. Create a more flexible and fun working environment.
20. Craft lasting networking relationships with employees who leave the organization.

83

A

FY2008 Distribution of the Major Federal IT Population Across the
Federal CIO Council Membership

Major Department/Agency CIO Council Members 2210 1550 0855 0854 0391

AID 64 1 0 0 0
Agriculture 3,443 6 31 1 107
Commerce 3,156 228 309 27 91
Defense 27,957 4,416 16,486 3,053 3,192
Education 208 1 0 0 1
Energy 630 24 108 13 19
EPA 652 7 0 5 7
GSA 654 0 7 0 168
HHS 2,425 176 67 28 367
Homeland Security 2,249 14 91 13 520
HUD 215 0 0 0 5
Interior 2,339 49 23 17 155
Justice 2,766 37 125 11 492
Labor 639 0 4 0 6
NASA 372 197 806 916 21
NRC 164 0 23 0 6
NSF 95 34 1 2 0
OMB 13 0 0 0 0
OPM 162 0 0 0 9
SBA 130 0 0 0 3
SSA 3,683 0 0 0 6
State 649 3 9 0 105
Transportation 1,821 168 893 68 75
Treasury 6,528 28 8 36 168
VA 5,702 4 4 6 185
Total 66,716 5,393 18,995 4,196 5,708
Non-Council Agencies 1,910 11 307 7 79
Grand Total 68,626 5,404 19,302 4,203 5,787

Data Source: Appendix A was compiled using publicly available federal IT workforce data from www.fedscope.opm.gov.

86

B

2210 Community: Personnel Strength and Turnover Rates by
Generational Age Group

IT Management 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

EOY Personnel Strength (Age: 20–29) 2,294 2,593 2,874 3,030 2,896 3,144
All Agency Separations 217 261 292 374 417 336
Gross Turnover Rate - 10.7% 10.7% 12.7% 14.1% 11.1%
Federal Service Separations 153 233 252 315 348 271
Net Turnover Rate - 9.5% 9.2% 10.7% 11.7% 9.0%

All Agency Separations 1,314 942 1,028 1,130 1,130 1,083
Gross Turnover Rate 4.2% 4.7% 5.2% 5.3% 5.2%
Net Turnover Rate 2.8% 3.2% 3.1% 3.4% 3.2%

EOY Personnel Strength (Age: 45 and up) 38,279 39,924 41,059 42,920 43,481 44,918
All Agency Separations 3,317 3,006 3,425 3,447 3,424 3,356
Federal Service Separations 2210 2,658 3,070 2,882 2,944 2,834

EOY Total Strength (All Ages) 62,793 64,737 65,822 67,814 67,210 68,626
All Agency Separations 4,848 4,209 4,745 4,951 4,971 4,775
Federal Service Separations 2,834 3,513 4,018 3,877 4,027 3,769

Turnover Rate Calculations: The turnover rates calculated in Appendix B were derived by dividing annual losses by average
personnel strength (adding the beginning and end of fiscal year personnel strength, and dividing by two). Gross turnover is
the rate of total movement within the workforce, i.e., both separations from federal service and agency transfers. This number
is useful since it describes the “total churn” within the Major Federal IT Population. Net turnover calculates the more typical
turnover rate, which is based solely on separations from federal service.

The source of this data was the online Office of Personnel Management tool, FedScope. Since the data within Fedscope is
aggregated differently than the age ranges of the Net Generation and Generation X as stated within this guide, the Net-
Gen population is slightly understated in number and the Gen X population number is slightly overstated. Additionally, it is
recognized that a small number of individuals will cross into a new generation during the fiscal year by turning a year older.
These differences should not significantly impact the general turnover trends.

87

B


Computer Science 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

EOY Personnel Strength (Age: 20–29) 817 898 961 962 966 932




88

B


Electronics Engineering 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008




All Agency Separations 893 904 1,042 1,010 986 991

89

B


Computer Engineering 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008





90

B


Telecommunications Management 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008





91

C
FY2008: Average Salary by Community
and Generation

New Net-Gen Net-Gen Gen X Gen X Gen X Boomer Boomer Boomer Boom+ Boom+
Hires 20–24 25–29 30–34 35–39 40–44 45–49 50–54 55–59 60–64 65+

2210 $49K $60.8K $70.2K $77.6K $77.7K $80.6K $85.1K $81.9K $82.7K $74.5K
1550 $52.1K $60.9K $71.3K $84.3K $88.4K $92.3K $102.5K $98.3K $95K $104.3K
0855 $51.6K $58.4K $64.7K $74.5K $85.4K $89.8K $88.9K $106.4K $109.3K $116.1K
0854 $54.2K $59.2K $76.4K $86K $94.1K $107.1K $96.3K $124.8K $0K $101K
0391 $46.3K $54.1K $62.5K $66.5K $66.6K $70.4K $72.2K $63.9K $68.3K $78.1K

On Net-Gen Net-Gen Gen X Gen X Gen X Boomer Boomer Boomer Boom+ Boom+
Board 20–24 25–29 30–34 35–39 40–44 45–49 50–54 55–59 60–64 65+

2210 $50.2K $64.6K $73.6K $81.7K $86.3K $88.9K $91.2K $93.2K $93.4K $95.8K
1550 $57.3K $71.9K $81.6K $90.3K $101.1K $106.1K $106.7K $111.1K $116.8K $120.2K
0855 $55.6K $70.1K $79.6K $90.5K $102.9K $107K $106.7K $109K $111.5K $113.4K
0854 $57.5K $72.6K $82.7K $93.2K $101.8K $107.6K $108.9K $109K $111.2K $114.3K
0391 $46.3K $56.6K $64K $73K $76.3K $80K $82.2K $85.1K $87K $88.6K

FY2008: Gender Representation by Community
and Generation
Net-Gen Gen X Boomer/+
Community Gender 19–29 30–44 45+ Total

IT Management - 2210 Male 72% 67% 72% 64%
Female 28% 33% 38% 36%

Computer Science - 1550 Male 79% 70% 72% 72%
Female 21% 30% 28% 28%

Electronics Engineering - 0855 Male 84% 86% 93% 90%
Female 16% 14% 7% 10%

Computer Engineering - 0854 Male 86% 79% 82% 82%
Female 14% 21% 18% 18%

Telecommunications Male 84% 81% 79% 80%
Management - 0391 Female 16% 19% 21% 20%

Data Source: Appendix C was compiled using publicly available federal IT workforce data from www.fedscope.opm.gov.

92

C
FY2008: 2210 Minority Representation by Generation FY2008: 1550 Minority Representation by Generation

Net-Gen Minority 36% Net-Gen Minority 29%
Non-Minority 64% Non-Minority 71%
Gen X Minority 36% Gen X Minority 33%
Boomer/+ Minority 29% Boomer/+ Minority 21%

FY2008: 2210 Racial/Ethnic Population Distribution FY2008: 1550 Racial/Ethnic Population Distribution
by Grade by Grade

GS5 White 0% GS5 White 0%
Black 1% Black 0%
Hispanic 0% Hispanic 0%
Asian 0% Asian 0%

Black 2% Black 2%
Asian 1% Asian 1%

Black 7% Black 2%
Asian 5% Asian 3%

Black 14% Black 11%
Asian 11% Asian 5%

Black 14% Black 20%
Asian 11% Asian 19%

Black 22% Black 24%
Asian 27% Asian 24%

Black 9% Black 7%
Asian 13% Asian 8%

Black 2% Black 5%
Asian 3% Asian 5%

N/A White 18% N/A White 28%
Black 16% Black 29%
Asian 15% Asian 35%

93

C
FY2008: 0855 Minority Representation by Generation FY2008: 0854 Minority Representation by Generation

Net-Gen Minority 34% Net-Gen Minority 29%
Gen X Minority 33% Gen X Minority 38%
Boomer + Minority 24% Boomer + Minority 26%

FY2008: 0855 Racial/Ethnic Population Distribution FY2008: 0854 Racial/Ethnic Population Distribution
by Grade by Grade

Black 0% Black 0%
Asian 0% Asian 0%

Black 2% Black 0%

Hispanic 1%
Hispanic 2%

Asian 1%
Asian 2%

Black 2% Black 1%

Hispanic 4%
Hispanic 0%

Asian 0% Asian 2%

Black 3% Black 7%

Hispanic 4%
Hispanic 5%

Asian 3%
Asian 5%

Black 13% Black 20%

Hispanic 13%
Hispanic 27%

Asian 16%
Asian 28%

Black 24% Black 32%

Hispanic 24%
Hispanic 27%

Asian 25% Asian 31%

Black 9% Black 13%

Hispanic 9%
Hispanic 7%

Asian 7%
Asian 9%

Black 5% Black 7%

Hispanic 4%
Hispanic 4%

Asian 4%
Asian 4%

N/A White 33% N/A White 20%
Black 41% Black 20%

Hispanic 41%
Hispanic 29%

Asian 42%
Asian 18%

94

C
FY2008: 0391 Minority Representation by Generation

Net-Gen Minority 24%
Non-Minority 76%
Gen X Minority 30%
Non-Minority 70%
Boomer + Minority 29%
Non-Minority 71%

FY2008: 0391 Racial/Ethnic Population Distribution
by Grade

GS5 White 0%
Black 0%
Hispanic 0%
Asian 0%

GS7 White 2%
Black 2%
Hispanic 2%
Asian 0%

GS9 White 9%
Black 8%
Hispanic 9%
Asian 10%

GS11 White 19%
Black 21%
Hispanic 21%
Asian 23%

GS12 White 20%
Black 21%
Hispanic 30%
Asian 21%

GS13 White 17%
Black 20%
Hispanic 12%
Asian 9%

GS14 White 6%
Black 6%
Hispanic 3%
Asian 5%

GS15 White 2%
Black 2%
Hispanic 1%
Asian 0%

N/A White 24%
Black 20%
Hispanic 21%
Asian 32%

95

D
IT Occupational Forecast for 2018

Related Education
Department of Labor Occupation Description Job Titles Series Requirement

Computer and Information Plan, coordinate, and IT Directors or 2210, Usually requires
Systems Managers direct research and Managers, Chief 1550, a bachelor’s
facilitate the computer- Technology 0854 degree, and
related activities of Officers, often, a graduate
the organization. Management degree is
Manage technology Information preferred for
implementation, Systems Directors, management
business planning, Project Managers, positions.
network security, and IT Information Wide variety of
operations. Security Managers certifications
or Specialists, available.
Network Managers

Computer Operators Oversee the operation Computer 0332 Typically requires
of computer hardware Operators on-the-job
systems, ensuring that training.
machines run efficiently
and securely.

Computer Programmers Write, test, and Application 2210, In 2006, more
maintain detailed Programmers, 1550, than 68% of
computer instructions Systems 0854 computer
as well as design and Programmers, programmers
test logical structures Programmer- had a bachelor’s
for solving problems. Analysts degree or higher.
Programmers often This percent
are identified by the is expected to
function they perform increase.
or environment in
which they work.

Data Source: Appendix D was compiled using data from U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational
Outlook Handbook, 2008–2009 and 2010–2011 Editions

96

D

Projected Employment
Near to Long Term 2008 2018 Change by
Knowledge and Skill Requirements Employment Employment 2018 Long Term Job Prospects

Advanced technical knowledge in web 293,000 342,500 Increase 17%, Excellent, closely related
applications and Internet technologies. growth faster to the growth of the
Business insight. Knowledge of security than average. occupations they supervise.
to be able to protect infrastructure and
Internet sites. Keen understanding of
people, management, processes, and
customers’ needs. Specialized technical
knowledge. Strong communications
skills, management skills and an
understanding of business practices
and principles. Strong interpersonal and
leadership skills.

Familiar with a variety of operating 110,000 89,500 Rapidly Face the higher competition
systems and knowledge of the declining by for fewer openings that will
latest technology, analytical and 19%. require more highly skilled
communication skills. Able to work work as many routine tasks
independently. Automation of routine are automated. Advances in
tasks will shift work responsibilities to technology will continue to
network operations, user support, and eliminate the need for human
database maintenance areas. interaction.

Knowledge of a variety of operating 426,700 414,000 Slow decline Numerous openings will
systems, able to configure and adapt by 3%. result from the need to
operating systems. Able to work with replace programmers.
database systems (i.e., DB2, Oracle, or The consolidation and
Sybase) and object-oriented languages centralization of systems and
and tools (i.e., C++, Java). Familiar applications, developments
with 4th and 5th generation languages, in packaged software,
computer-assisted software engineering advances in programming
(CASE) tools, and multimedia technology. languages and tools, and the
Attention to detail. Teamwork, rising ability of users able to
communication, business, and analytical design, write, and implement
skills. Knowledge of the latest technology their own programs;
to include programming languages will mean that more
and techniques that apply to computer programming functions can
networking, database management and be performed by other types
Internet application development. Able of information workers. Has
to support data communications and the higher risk of offshore
help implement business strategies in outsourcing.
client/server, Web-based, and wireless
environments. Knowledge of digital
security issues and skilled in applying
security technology.

97

D

Related Education

Computer Scientists and Work supports new Computer 1550, Prerequisite
Database Administrators areas of specialization Scientists, Database 0854, for many jobs
or changes that result Administrators, 2210 is a bachelor’s
from rapidly and Network Systems degree, but
continually evolving and Data some jobs may
technology. Communications require only a
Analysts, Network 2-year degree.
Architects, Internet Computer
Developers, Web Scientists in the
Developers, research area
Web Designers, may require a
Webmasters Ph.D.

Computer Scientists and
Database Administrators Subgroup Description

Computer and Work as theorists, researchers, or inventors. Work requires higher level of
Information Scientists, Research theoretical expertise and innovation to address complex problems and the
creation or application of new technology.

Database Administrators Work with database management systems software and determine ways to
organize and store data.

Network Systems and Design, test, and evaluate systems and networks, and other data
Data Communications Analysts communications systems. Perform network modeling, analysis, and planning,
often requiring both hardware and software solutions.

Computer Specialists, Work may include: Integrate computer and communications equipment. Design
all other voice and data communications systems. Supervise the installation of systems,
and provide maintenance and other services. Design, develop, and maintain
websites and servers.

98

D
Near to Long Term 2008 2018 Change by Long Term
Knowledge and Skill Requirements Employment Employment 2018 Job Prospects

Knowledgeable about network, 650,600 865,200 Increase of 33%, growth Excellent job prospects
data, and communications much faster than average. as demand increases
security. Skilled in developing and to facilitate sharing
supporting Internet and intranet information and
applications. Ability to apply protecting systems and
technology to more effectively networks caused by
communicate with employees, expansion of electronic
clients, and consumers. Broad commerce and greater
knowledge of computer systems need to safeguard
and technologies, business information.
management, strong problem-
solving and analytical skills,
interpersonal and team skills,
physical sciences, mathematics,
engineering, graphic design.

28,900 35,900 Computer and Information
Scientists, Research
(Increase of 24%).

120,400 144,700 Database Administrators
(Increase of 20%).

292,000 447,800 Network Systems and Data
Communications Analysts
(Increase of 53%).

209,300 236,800 Computer Specialists, all
other (Increase of 13%).

99

D

Related Education

Computer Software Engineers Apply the principles Computer 0854 At least a bachelor’s
of computer science Applications degree in computer
and mathematical Software Engineers, engineering,
analysis to the design, Computer Systems computer science,
development, testing, Software Engineers) or computer
and evaluation of the information systems.
software and systems Some vendor
that make computers certifications
work. As technology available.
evolves, so too do new
areas of specialization.

Computer Software
Engineers Subgroup Description

Computer Applications Software Work involves the user needs analysis, design, development, and maintenance
Engineers of general computer applications software or specialized utility program, which
may include package systems or systems software or creation of customized
applications.

Computer Systems Work involves the coordination of development, maintenance, protection, and
Software Engineers expansion of an organization’s computer systems, which may include intranets.

Computer Support Specialists Work involves Computer Support 2210, Greater prospects
and Systems Administrators providing advice Specialists, 0335, for college gradu
to users, day-to Technical Support 0332 ates with degrees in
day administration, Specialists, computer science or
maintenance, and Helpdesk information systems.
support of computer Technicians, Demand for strong
systems and networks. Network and computer skills will
Computer Systems continue to qualify
Administrators, entry-level positions
Systems without college de-
Administrators, grees. Certifications
Computer Security are essential.
Specialists

100

D

Knowledge of the latest technology. 909,600 1,204,800 Increase of 32%, Excellent, largest
Strong programming, systems analy growth much faster employment increase of
sis, interpersonal, business, problem- than the average. any occupation spurred
solving, and analytical skills. Ability to by the creation of
effectively communicate. Skills in the sophisticated technological
industry in which they work. Internet, innovations. Though
intranet, and web applications. Ability outsourcing may temper
to implement, safeguard, and update the growth, the occupation
computer systems and resolve prob is less vulnerable to
lems. Skills to support the new growth outsourcing as the work
areas stemming from the increasing requires innovation and
uses of the Internet, the prolifera intense research and
tion of websites, mobile technology, development.
hand-held computers, and wireless
networks. Skills to support the integra
tion of current computer systems with
new, more mobile technology. Strong
business skills and training could lead
to a career progression of project
manager, information systems man
ager, and/or CIO positions.

514,800 689,900 Computer
Applications
Software Engineers
(Increase of 34%).

394,800 515,000 Computer Systems
Software Engineers
(Increase of 30%).

Latest technological skills. Strong 905,200 1,062,100 Increase of 17%, Demand will grow as
fundamental computer skills growth much faster new technologies and
combined with good interpersonal than the average. the security of data
and communication skills. Knowledge and systems increases,
of new mobile technologies. Skills generating many new
in safeguarding data, systems, and systems administrator
networks. Wide skill requirement is jobs. The demand may
expected as the increasing use of be tempered for network
electronic commerce and adoption and computer systems
of mobile technologies will require administrators by off-shore
support to help use new technology outsourcing as technology
to communicate with employees and will increasingly enable
customers. computer systems to be
managed remotely.

101

D
Related Education

Computer Support Specialists
and System Administators Subgroup Description

Computer Support Specialist: Provide technical assistance, support, and advice to customers. May install, modify,
Technical Support Specialists, clean, and repair computer hardware and software as well as support user training.
Helpdesk Technicians

Network and Computer System Design, install, and support an organization’s computer systems, local-area networks,
Administrators: System Administra wide-area networks, network segments, and Internet and Intranet systems. May plan,
tors, Computer Security Specialists coordinate, and implement network security measures, including user security training.

Computer Systems Analysts Work related to Computer Systems 2210, Preference is at least
solving computer Analyst, System 1550, a bachelor’s degree.
problems and use of Architects, Systems 0854 If in a technical envi
computer technology Designers, ronment, may need a
to meet the needs Software Quality degree in computer
of an organization. Assurance Analysts science, information
Systems architects science, applied math
help an organization ematics, engineering,
select the proper or the physical sci
systems software and ences. If in a business
infrastructure. Systems environment, may
designers develop need a degree in man
and fine-tune systems. agement information
Software quality systems or a master’s
assurance analysts degree in business
do more in-depth administration with a
testing as they work concentration in infor
with programmers to mation systems. For
eliminate errors. more technically com
plex jobs, a graduate
degree is preferred.

Top Executives Chief Information Chief Information 2210, Formal education
(includes Chief Information Officer Officer: Responsible Officer (also and required.
(CIO) as well as Chief Executive for the overall Chief Executive other
Officer, Chief Operating Officer, technological direction Officer, Chief series
Operating Officer,
Chief Financial Officer, General and of their organization
Chief Financial
Operations Manager) and involved in
Officer, General
strategic business and Operations
planning. Manager)

102

D

565,700 643,700 Computer Support Specialist
(Increase of 14%).

339,500 418,400 Network and Computer System
Administrators (Increase of 23%).

Latest technical skills, especially in 532,200 640,300 Increase by Very good with strong
information security. Knowledgeable 20%, growth job growth and need for
about systems integration and much faster replacement of workers.
network, data, and communications than the Growth may be tempered
security. Good interpersonal and average. somewhat as jobs are
business skills. In addition to the latest outsourced.
technical skills, the ability to integrate
Internet, wireless, and mobile
computer technologies into business
is increasing as is the information
security. Strong leadership and
business skills could lead to a career
progression of information systems
manager and/or CIO positions.

2,133,500 2,125,700 Little to no Keen competition, many
change executives who leave
Note: Note: their jobs transfer to other
Specific Specific executive positions that
creates a barrier for new
numbers for numbers for
entrants.
CIOs are not CIOs are not
available. available.

103

E
FY2007: Time Off Awards by Federal CIO Council Membership

Average Average
Major Dept/ Individual Rate/100 Award Group Rate/100 Award
Agency Members Time Off Employees Amount Time Off Employees Amount
of the CIO Council* Awards (in hours) in Hours Awards (in hours) in hours

AID 47 1.9 13.1 0 0 0
Agriculture 7,649 7.5 16.9 1,977 1.9 12.3
Commerce 1,270 3.1 12.8 259 0.6 13.4
Department of the Air Force 76,645 56.9 19.0 15,851 11.8 8..7
Department of the Army 43,265 20.4 19.7 645 0.3 14.2
Department of the Navy 20,578 11.9 14.9 14,559 8.4 11.0
Education 219 5.0 12.0 114 2.6 8.2
Energy 1,238 8.3 18.9 1,091 7.3 14.8
EPA 5,667 31.3 17.3 875 4.8 7.8
GSA 42 0.3 21.5 260 2.2 8.5
HHS 7,908 7.5 16.9 2,075 3.1 11.5
Homeland Security 27,797 16.7 14.7 3,501 2.1 12.3
HUD 2,437 25.1 13.1 93 1.0 10.5
Interior 10,315 14.4 16.3 1,445 2.0 6.2
Justice 22,684 21.4 13.8 4,175 3.9 12.0
Labor 2,384 15.5 10.6 3 <0.1 16.0
NASA 3,324 18.1 16.8 1,345 7.3 136
NRC 187 5.1 16.0 85 2.3 10.0
NSF 0 0 0 0 0 0
OMB 0 0 0 0 0 0
OPM 116 2.1 12.9 17 0.3 8.9
SBA 1,298 25.1 9.2 0 0 0
SSA 28 <0.1 2.3 0 0 0
State 118 1.1 21.8 9 0.1 15.1
Transportation 1,053 11.7 17.6 536 6.0 12.9
Treasury 12,430 11.3 34.3 575 0.5 13.0
VA 7,522 3.1 8.4 13,964 5.7 7.0

*Agencies with populations of less than 1,501 were not listed separately and Department of Defense data was not aggregated
in the OPM Federal Awards Statistics for Fiscal Year 2007 report (the latest available report as of publication of this guide).
Additionally, this OPM report does not provide data by occupational series.

104

F
FY2007: Loan Repayment Program (LRP) Statistics by Federal CIO
Council Membership

Average Total 2210 % of
Major Dept/Agency FY2007 LRP or IT LRP
CIO Council Members* Payment Recipients 2299 1550 0855 0854 0391 Recipients

AID
Agriculture $7,626 53 1 1 2%
Commerce $6,535 3 0%
Defense $3,378 1,860 86 19 90 32 12%
Education $5,488 4
Energy $6,767 68 1 1 3%
EPA $5,598 14 0%
GSA $7,677 9 1 11%
HHS $7,680 144 0%
Homeland Security $7,813 71 1 1%
HUD $3,342 179 6 3%
Interior $8,292 41 3 7%
Justice $8,347 2,463 75 2 1 9 4%
Labor $5,279 36 1 3%
NASA $6,794 38 0%
NRC $9,192 15 0%
NSF
OMB
OPM $3,333 6 0%
SBA
SSA
State** $5,976 626 21 3%
Transportation $9,226 36 1 3%
Treasury $5,115 26 9 35%
VA*** $7,716 129 13 10%

*The average payment across the entire Federal Government was $6,377.

**The State Department also provided loan repayment benefits to 16 Information Management (FS-2880) and 1 Information

Management Tech (FS-2882) individuals.

***The VA also has separate student loan authority repayment authority under 38 USC 7681 for certain healthcare occupations.

Data Source: Federal Student Loan Repayment Program Fiscal Year 2007 Report to Congress by the Office of Personnel
Management.

105

F
CY2008: Loan Repayment Program (LRP) Statistics by Federal CIO
Council Membership

Average Total 2210 % of
Major Dept/Agency CY2007 LRP or IT LRP
CIO Council Members Payment* Recipients 2299 1550 0855 0854 0391 Recipients

AID $7,237 114 0%
Agriculture $7,596 48 2 4%
Commerce $7,505 10 1 10%
Defense $6,063 1,286 15 13 55 18 8%
Education $5,333 3
Energy $4,999 105 3 2 5%
EPA $5,683 15 1 6%
GSA $6,233 64 2 3%
HHS $7,590 287 2 0.7%
Homeland Security $7,546 80 5 6%
HUD $2,752 251 4 2%
Interior $6,997 60 4 7%
Justice $8,973 2,610 71 2 4 5 3%
Labor $7,335 3
NASA $5,052 7
NRC $9,115 21
NSF
OMB
OPM $8,500 4
SBA
SSA
State** $6,442 713 19 3%
Transportation $9,797 37 1 3%
Treasury $4,593 51 9 18%
VA $8,056 130 18 14%

*The average payment across the entire Federal Government was $7,511.

**The State Department also provided loan repayment benefits to 15 Information Management (FS-2880), 1 Information

Management Tech (FS-2882) and 2 Information Tech Management (FS-2884) individuals.

Data Source: Federal Student Loan Repayment Program Calendar Year 2008 Report to Congress by the Office of Personnel
Management.

106

G
CY2007: Recruitment Incentives by Federal CIO Council Membership

Total
Major Dept/ Recruitment 2210
Agency Members Bonus or
of the CIO Council Recipients 2299 1550 0855 0854 0391

AID
Agriculture 368 1
Commerce 957 18 2 1 1
Defense 4,033 56 64 317 43 6
Education 1
Energy 85 3
EPA 17 1
GSA 10
HHS 349 2
Homeland Security 108 1
HUD 1
Interior 46 1
Justice 240 11 2
Labor 27 3
NASA 64 1 2 3
NRC
NSF
OMB
OPM 2
SBA
SSA 4 2
State
Transportation 41 1
Treasury 34 2
VA 1,223 3

There were 5,658 recruitment incentives paid to individuals in the General Schedule; another 2,158 awards were received by
individuals across 42 other pay plans.

Data Source: Recruitment, Relocation, and Retention Incentives Calendar Year 2007 Report to Congress by the Office of
Personnel Management.

107

G
CY2007: Retention Incentives by Federal CIO Council Membership

Total
Major Dept/ Retention 2210

AID 33 32 1
Agriculture 96 1
Commerce 173 3 3 7 2 1
Defense 11,058 335 145 2,299 28 66
Education
Energy 136 1 1
EPA 15 5 1
GSA 20 10
HHS 2,098 55 2 2 1
Homeland Security 656 3 1
HUD 3
Interior 91 3
Justice 1,528 17 2 4 1
Labor 5 2
NASA 13
NRC
NSF
OMB
OPM 1
SBA
SSA 4 3
State* 1,038 285 2 18
Transportation 11 1
Treasury 118 40
VA 5,606 31 1 1

*The State Department also provided retention bonuses to 372 Information Management (FS-2880), 78 Information
Management Tech (FS-2882), and 138 IT Management (FS-2884) personnel.

108

G
CY2007: Relocation Incentives by Federal CIO Council Membership

Total
Major Dept/ Relocation 2210

AID
Agriculture 77 2
Commerce 11 2
Defense 1,093 31 5 26 3 1
Education
Energy 22 2 1
EPA
GSA 19
HHS 141 1
HUD 2
Interior 31 1
Justice 145 2
Labor 7
NASA 21
NRC
NSF
OMB
OPM 1
SBA
SSA
State
Transportation 3 1
Treasury 25
VA 350 8

109

G
CY2008: Recruitment Incentives by Federal CIO Council Membership

Total
Major Dept/ Recruitment 2210

AID 1
Agriculture 297 5
Commerce 1,402 27 1
Defense 5,455 111 84 327 69 2
Education
Energy 163 2
EPA 19
GSA 7
HHS 527 3
Homeland Security 240 11 1
HUD
Interior 54 4
Justice 607 11 3 2
Labor 29
NASA 86 2 2 1
NRC
NSF 2
OMB
OPM 4
SBA 1
SSA 3 3
State
Transportation 39 1
Treasury 160 4 1
VA 2,131 8 1

The Office of Personnel Management (OPM) publicly released the Recruitment, Relocation and Retention Incentives Calendar
Year 2008 Report to the Congress in March 2010, too late to include the data within Chapter 2 of this guide. These tables,
based on the 2008 report, are provided as supplemental information.

There were 11,396 recruitment incentives paid in CY2008, a 46% increase from CY2007 in total awards received. A total of 199
incentives were paid to individuals in the 2210 series (versus 108 paid in CY2007), with 4% of new hires receiving an award.
Forty-one percent of newly hired Computer Scientists received a recruitment incentive in CY2008 (up from 17% in 2007), while
36% (332) of new Electronics Engineers and 26% (70) of Computer Engineers did so.

110

G
CY2008: Retention Incentives by Federal CIO Council Membership

Total
Major Dept/ Retention 2210

AID 8
6
1

Agriculture 91
6

Commerce 193
3
8 6 2

Defense* 11,815 437
109 1,354 27 86

Education
Energy 347
1 1

EPA 13
5

GSA 19
8

HHS 1,971 54
3 2 1

Homeland Security 25
5

HUD 1

Interior 84
4
1

Justice 2,158 21
1 3 10

Labor 12
4

NASA 20
1

NRC
NSF
OMB
OPM
SBA
SSA 4
4

State** 1,071 235
12

Transportation 21
4

Treasury 130
24

VA 6,713 107
1 1

There were 24,808 retention incentives received in 2008. In the 2210 community, 970 individuals received an award, an

increase of 139 over CY2007. In the Electronics Engineering 0855 series, 1,362 engineers received a retention incentive, down

from 2,314 recipients in 2007. The number of awards to other series in the Major Federal IT Community remained small.

*DoD data for the 0855 series was extrapolated, due to a missing data field on page 75 of the 2008 OPM report.

**The State Department also proved retention incentives to 540 Information Management (FP-2880), 77 Information

Management Tech (FP-2882), and 55 Information Tech Management (FP-2884) individuals.

111

G
CY2008: Relocation Incentives by Federal CIO Council Membership

Total
Major Dept/ Relocation 2210

AID
Agriculture 88 1
Commerce 16 3
Defense 2,123 71 18 64 19 6
Education
Energy 47 2 1 1
EPA 1
GSA 13
HHS 56 3
HUD 2
Interior 45 1
Justice 238 6
Labor 1
NASA 21
NRC
NSF
OMB
OPM 1
SBA 2
SSA
State
Transportation 3
Treasury 46 1
VA 544 9

112

H
FY2009 Distribution of the Major Federal IT Population Across the Federal
CIO Council Membership

Major Department/Agency Members
of the CIO Council 2210 1550 0855 0854 0391

AID 67 1 0 0 0
Agriculture 3,449 6 34 1 108
Commerce 3,333 232 303 27 84
Defense 30,121 4,787 16,870 3,204 3,297
Education 211 1 0 0 1
Energy 635 24 93 14 16
EPA 648 9 0 4 8
GSA 667 0 5 0 178
HHS 2,529 204 61 29 387
Homeland Security 2,546 15 97 14 570
HUD 218 0 0 0 5
Interior 2,381 63 23 18 162
Justice 2,955 47 126 10 511
Labor 696 0 2 0 7
NASA 374 188 838 904 20
NRC 173 0 25 0 8
NSF 99 38 1 2 0
OMB 12 0 0 0 0
OPM 160 0 0 0 8
SBA 126 0 0 0 4
SSA 3,911 4 0 0 6
State 653 3 8 0 107
Transportation 1,961 194 903 77 75
Treasury 6,426 34 7 34 156
VA 5,981 3 4 7 182
Total 70,382 5,853 19,400 4,345 5,900
Non-Council Agencies 1,975 12 295 9 89
Grand Total 72,357 5,865 19,695 4,354 5,989

Data Source: Appendix H was compiled using publicly available federal IT workforce data from www.fedscope.opm.gov.

113

H
FY2009 Personnel Update

2210 1550 0855 0854 0391

Personnel Strength 72,357 5,865 19,695 4,354 5,989
% Change from FY2008 5.4% 8.5% 2.0% 3.6% 3.5%

New Hires 6,540 593 1,201 294 594
Agency Transfer-In 661 27 68 31 52
All Accessions 7,201 620 1,269 325 646

Quit 649 67 130 46 78
Retirement 1,682 45 308 35 151
Reduction in Force (RIF) 5 0 1 0 0
Termination or Removal 416 23 52 9 74
Death 132 4 29 3 12
Other Separation 1 0 0 0 0

Federal Service Separations 2,885 139 520 93 315
% Change from FY2008 -23.4% -48.5% -38.2% -44.6% -18.8%

Agency Transfer-Out 981 56 155 41 92

All Separations 3,866 195 675 134 407


Turnover Rate Calculations: The turnover rates calculated in Appendix H were derived by dividing annual losses by average
personnel strength (adding the beginning and end of fiscal year personnel strength, and dividing by two). Gross turnover is the
rate of total movement within the force, i.e., both separations from federal service and agency transfers. This number is useful
since it describes the “total churn” within the Major Federal IT Population. Net turnover calculates the more typical turnover
rate, which is based solely on separations from federal service.

114

End Notes

Chapter 1: Defining the Federal IT Workforce

1. Clinger-Cohen Act, U.S. Code 40 (2007), §11101.
2. United States Office of Personnel Management, Occupations of Federal White-Collar and Blue-Collar Workers
As of September 30,1997, Table W-C1, http://www.opm.gov/FedData/ocwcbc97.pdf.

Chapter 2: Current Workforce Environment

1. All FY2007-FY2009 personnel strength data cited in this chapter were obtained from the U.S. Office of
Personnel Management’s (OPM) publicly available online tool, FedScope. FY1997 data cited were from the OPM
publication, Occupations of Federal White-Collar and Blue-Collar Workers As of September 30,1997.
2. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2010-2011 Edition,
http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos027.htm.

Chapter 3: Forecast of Future Labor Supply and Demand

1. Tamara Erickson, Retire Retirement: Career Strategies for the Boomer Generation (Boston: Harvard Business
Press, 2008), 80-81.
2. United States Office of Personnel Management, An Analysis of Federal Employee Retirement Data Predicting
Future Retirements and Examining Factors Relevant to Retiring from the Federal Service, April 2008, 5.
3. United States Office of Personnel Management, Federal Workforce Overview FY 1994 - FY 2004 Special Focus
Research Brief, April 2006, 11.
4. United States Office of Personnel Management, An Analysis of Federal Employee Retirement Data Predicting
Future Retirements and Examining Factors Relevant to Retiring from the Federal Service, April 2008, 8.
5. Lynn Taylor, “How to Manage Gen U: Generation Unretired,” BusinessWeek, November 17, 2009, http://www.
businessweek.com/managing/content/nov2009/ca20091116_911018.htm.
6. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Working in the 21st Century, Annual Rates of Labor Force
Growth 1950-2025” chart, July 2008, http://www.bls.gov/opub/working/chart1.pdf.
7. Arlene Dohm and Lynn Shniper, “Employment Outlook - Occupational Employment Projections to 2016,”
Monthly Labor Review, Vol. 130, No. 11, November 2007, 86.
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid.
10. United States Government Accountability Office, GAO-05-620T, Testimony Before the Special Committee
on Aging, U.S. Senate, “REDEFINING RETIREMENT: Options for Older Americans,” Statement of Barbara D.
Bovbjerg, Director Education, Workforce, and Income Security, April 27, 2005, 4.
http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos305.htm.
12. U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics 2008,
Table 271, 398.
13. Tamara Erickson and Denis Hancock, Engaging and Assessing Net Gen Talent: Approaches for Recruiting and
Hiring the Right Net Gens (nGenera Corporation, 2008), 3.
14. U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, The Condition of Education 2009,
Figure 11-1, 25, http://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/2009/charts/chart11.asp?popup=true.
15. William J. Hussar and Tabitha M. Bailey, Projections of Education Statistics to 2018, NCES 2009-062, National
Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, September 2009, 14.
16. U.S. Department of Education, National Center of Education Statistics, The Condition of Education 2008 in
Brief, NCES 2008-032, 14.
17. Ibid.
18. Sylvia Ann Hewlett, Carolyn Buck Luce, and Lisa J. Servon, “Stopping the Exodus of Women in Science,”
Harvard Business Review, June 2008, http://hbr.org/2008/06/stopping-the-exodus-of-women-in-science/ar/1

116

End Notes

19. John Markoff, “Computer Science Programs Make a Comeback in Enrollment,” The New York Times, March
17, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/17/science/17comp.html?_r=1.
20. Eleanor Chute, “Lack of Diversity Part of Equation in STEM Fields,” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, February 10,
2009, http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/09041/947952-298.stm#ixzz0gelaZ0ir
21. William J. Hussar and Tabitha M. Bailey, Projections of Education Statistics to 2017, NCES 2008-078, U.S.
Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 2008, 10,13.
22. American Council on Education Issue Brief, Students on the Move: The Future of International Students in the
United States, October 2006, http://www.acenet.edu/AM/Template.cfm?Section=InfoCenter&CONTENTID=18573
&TEMPLATE=/CM/ContentDisplay.cfm
23. Phil Murphy, Alex Cullen, with Marc Cecere, Tim DeGennaro, Skills Assessment – A 21st Century Imperative
for CIOs (Forrester Research Inc., September 13, 2007), 1.
24. Gregg Carlstrom, “Converting from COBOL-Agencies transition to newer programming languages,” Federal
Times, September 15, 2008, 24-25.
25. Dale Vecchio, Impact of Generational IT Skill Shift on Legacy Applications (Gartner Research ID Number:
G00146492, March 14, 2007), 1.
26. Phil Murphy, The Pending Legacy IT Skills Shortage, Baby Boomer Retirement Sets Stage for “A Perfect
Storm” (Forrester, July 30, 2007)
27. Partnership for Public Service. Where the Jobs Are: Mission Critical Opportunities for America, 2nd Edition,
2007, 5.
http://www.bls.gov/oco/.
29. W.J. Hussar and T. M. Bailey, Projections of Education Statistics to 2017, NCES 2008-078, 13.
30. U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics 2007,
Table 265, 396-410.
31. Brian Prentice, The 20-Hour Job Description: Driving Digital Free Agency, (Gartner Research ID Number:
G00147014, April 11, 2007).
32. U.S. Merit Systems Protection Board, As Supervisors Retire: An Opportunity to Reshape Organizations,
October 2009, 4.
33. Ibid, i-ii.
34. Association for Federal Information Resources Management, The Federal Chief Information Officer Twelfth
Annual Top Ten Challenges Survey, December 2007, 6, 11.
35. Association for Federal Information Resources Management, The Federal Chief Information Officer Thirteenth
Annual Top Ten Challenges Survey, December 2008, 2, 15.
36. Steven Ostrowski, “Go Wireless Young Tech Worker: CompTIA Survey Reveals Wireless Skills Will Top
Future…”, Thomson Reuters Business Wire, April 7, 2008, http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/
idUS143694+07-Apr-2008+BW20080407.
37. Robert Half International and Career Builder, The EDGE Report – A Preview of the Post Recession Job Market,
September 2009, 2.
38. Liz Ryan, “Yes, There’s Still a Talent War,” BusinessWeek, April 3, 2009, http://www.businessweek.com/
managing/content/apr2009/ca2009043_830365.htm.
39. Meridith Levinson, “IT Skill Shortage Spells Opportunity for Unemployed Workers,” March 12, 2009, www.cio.
com.
40. Robert Half International and Career Builder, The EDGE Report – A Preview of the Post Recession Job Market,
3.
41. Robert Half Technology, “More Than Enough Work to Go Around,” news release December 15, 2009, http://
rht.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=131&item=865.
42. Jennifer Deal, How Different Generations Are Reacting to the Recession – And What to Do about It (nGenera
Corporation, 2009), 7.
43. Ibid, 11.

117

End Notes

Chapter 4: Strategic Workforce Planning

1. U.S. Merit Systems Protection Board, Job Simulations: Trying Out for a Federal Job, September 2009, 5, citing
the work of Frank L. Schmidt and J.T. Russel described in the Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol 23, 1939, and
Lyle Spencer in “The Economic Value of Emotional Intelligence Competencies and EIC-Based HR Programs,” The
Emotionally Intelligent Workplace: How to Select for, Measure, and Improve Emotional Intelligence in Individuals,
Groups, and Organizations.

Chapter 5: Norms and Characteristics of the Net Generation

1. John Geraci, Brendan Peat, and Stanley Rodos, Meet the Net Generation (New Paradigm Learning Corporation,
December 2006), 5.
2. Don Tapscott, grown up digital, (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2009), 74.
3. Don Tapscott and Bill Gillies, The 8 N-Gen Norms: Characteristics of a Generation (New Paradigm Learning
Corporation, February 6, 2007), 3.
4. Janet Hardy and Bill Gillies, Attracting and Engaging the N-Gen Employee (New Paradigm Learning
Corporation, June 2007), 10-11.
5. Ibid.
Hiring the Right Net Gens (nGenera Corporation, 2008), 8-9.
7. Janet Hardy and Ian Da Silva, Finding the Right Balance: Developing a Total Rewards Strategy that Reflects Net
Generation Values and Needs (New Paradigm, 2008), 15.
8. Partnership for Public Service, Making the Difference, A Blueprint for Matching University Students with Federal
Opportunities, October 2007, 6.
9. The Council for Excellence in Government, The Appeal of Public Service: Who…What…and How? May 2008, 4.
Hiring the Right Net Gens, 8-9.
11. Ibid, 8.
12. Lisa Chen and Ian Da Silva, Architecting the Future: Net Gen Career and Talent Management Processes
(nGenera Corporation, 2008), 11-12.
13. Don Tapscott and Bill Gillies, The 8 N-Gen Norms: Characteristics of a Generation,13.
14. Ibid, 10, inside back cover.
15. Ibid.
16. Don Tapscott, grown up digital, (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2009), 94.
17. Don Tapscott and Bill Gillies, The 8 N-Gen Norms: Characteristics of a Generation, 10-11.
18. Lisa Chen, Mike Dover, and John Geraci, The Generation Lap: Youth As Recognized Authorities (New
Paradigm Learning Corporation, 2006), 1.
Hiring the Right Net Gens, 29.
20. Jean M. Twenge, Generation Me (New York: Free Press, 2006), 53.
21. Anastasia Goodstein and Mike Dover, The Net Generation “Dark Side”: Myths and Realities of the Cohort in
the Workplace and Marketplace (New Paradigm Learning Corporation, 2007), 6-7.
22. Ibid, 7.
Hiring the Right Net Gens, 23.
24. The Pew Research Center for the Public and the Press, How Young People View Their Lives, Futures, and
Politics: A Portrait of “Generation Next,” January 9, 2007,12.
25. Ibid, 8.
26. Anastasia Goodstein and Mike Dover, The Net Generation “Dark Side”: Myths and Realities of the Cohort in
the Workplace and Marketplace, 2.
27. Ibid, 19.
28. Ryan Healy, “It’s Not 1968: Why You Should Trust Everyone over 30,” The Brazen Careerist blog, June 19,
2008, www.brazencareerist.com/2008/06/19/it039.

118

End Notes

Chapter 6: Opportunities and Challenges of a Multi-Generational Workforce

1. Bruce Sellery, Maximizing the Potential of All: Creating an Inclusive & Diverse Work Environment (nGenera
Corporation, 2008), 6-7.
2. Rebecca R. Hastings, “Silent Generation Speaks Up About Work,” HR Magazine, September 2008, http://
findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3495/is_9_53/ai_n29460523/.
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid.
5. Tamara Erickson, Retire Retirement; Career Strategies for the Boomer Generation (Boston: Harvard Business
Press, 2008), 77-80.
6. Carolyn A. Martin and Bruce Tulgan, Managing the Generation Mix: From Collision to Collaboration (Amherst:
HRD Press, 2002), 6-7.
7. Ibid.
8. Tamara Erickson, “Our Generation X President’s First Year,” Harvard Business Review, January 26, 2010, http://
blogs.hbr.org/erickson/2010/01/our_first_year_with_a_generati.html
9. Carolyn A. Martin and Bruce Tulgan, Managing the Generation Mix: From Collision to Collaboration, 29.
10. Kris Dunn “Five Reasons Gen X Is Cool with Gen Y,” Workforce Management, www.workforce.com.
11. Tamara Erickson and Dennis Hancock, Engaging and Assessing Net Gen Talent: Approaches for Recruiting
and Hiring the Right Net Gens (nGenera Corporation, 2008), 4.
12. Jean M. Twenge and Richard Lauf, Fast Track to Success: Onboarding Net Gen Talent (nGenera Corporation,
2008), 4.
13. Jeffery H. Davis, “Managing Multiple Generations at Work,” Organizational Renewal Organization, AGA Sixth
Annual National Leadership Conference, Washington, DC, February 21, 2008, 27.
14. Elizabeth Guss and Mary C. Miller, Ethics and Generational Differences: Interplay Between Values and Ethical
Business Decisions, Society of Human Resources Management White Paper.

Chapter 7: Management and Employee Engagement

1. U.S. Merit Systems Protection Board, The Power of Federal Employee Engagement, September 2008, 7-8.
2. Federal Register, Volume 74, Number 236, December 10, 2009, Rules and Regulations, 65383-65390.
Hiring the Right Net Gens (nGenera Corporation, 2008) 22.
4. The Council for Excellence in Government & The Gallup Organization, Within Reach…But Out of Synch, The
Possibilities and Challenges of Shaping Tomorrow’s Government Workforce, May 2007, 11.
5. The Council for Excellence in Government & The Gallup Organization, The Appeal of Public Service: Who…
What…And How? May 2008, 4.
6. Lisa Chen and Ian Da Silva, Architecting the Future: Net Gen Career and Talent Management Processes, Table
1 (as reported in BusinessWeek) (nGenera Corporation, 2008), 8.
7. Universum Group, The Universum American Student Survey, Universum Ideal Employer Top 100 Student
Rankings, 2009, http://www.universumglobal.com/IDEAL-Employer-Rankings/The-National-Editions/American
Student-Survey
8. Tamra Hall, Building the Next-Generation IT Workforce (Gartner: 2006), 10.
9. U.S. Merit Systems Protection Board, The Power of Federal Employee Engagement, September 2008, 40-41.
10. Carolyn Hirschman, “Playing the High-Stakes Hiring Game,” HR Magazine, March 15, 1998, BNET, http://
findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3495/is_n3_v43/ai_20853288/?tag=content;col1
(nGenera Corporation, 2008), 9.
12. Janet Hardy and Ian Da Silva, Finding the Right Balance: Developing a Total Rewards Strategy that Reflects
Net Generation Values and Needs (New Paradigm, May 2008), 6.
13. Mike Dover and John Geraci, “Highlights of the 2008 Quantitative Study,” nGenera Talent 2.0 Meeting,
Orlando, Florida, November 2008, 49.

119

End Notes

14. United States Office of Personnel Management, Federal Awards Statistics for Fiscal Year 2007, 2.
15. Ibid.
16. Ibid.
17. United States Office of Personnel Management, Federal Human Capital Survey 2008, Results from the 2008
Federal Human Capital Survey, 17.
18. United States Office of Personnel Management, Federal Awards Statistics for Fiscal Year 2007, 2, 8-9.
19. Ibid, 2.
20. Anthony D. Williams and Alexander Tapscott, Gov 2.0 Wikinomics and Government Democracy (New
Paradigm, 2008), 13.

Chapter 8: Professional Development and Career Management

1. Lisa Chen and Ian Da Silva, Architecting the Future: Net Gen Career and Talent Management Processes,
(nGenera Corporation, 2008),11.
2. United States Office of Personnel Management, “Executive Core Qualifications,” http://www.opm.gov/ses/
recruitment/ecq.asp
3. Ibid.
4. Grant Buckler, Capturing N-Gen Mindshare and Attention: Designing and Implementing Multi-Dimensional
Learning (New Paradigm Learning Corporation, 2008), 3.
5. Ibid, 15.
6. Entertainment Software Association, “Use of Video Game Technology in the Workplace Increasing,” June 23,
2008, www.theesa.com.
Hiring the Right Net Gens (nGenera Corporation, 2008), 21.
8. Kathryn Tyler, “Generation gaps: millennials may be out of touch with the basics of workplace behavior, HR
Magazine on BNET, January 2008, http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3495/.
9. Jean M. Twenge and Richard Lauf, Fast Track to Success: Onboarding Net Gen Talent (nGenera Corporation,
September 2008), 6.
10. Diane Berry, “Bench Strength Performance, Supersize the Development Plan for your Next Generation
Leaders,” Gartner Brief, 15.
11. United States Office of Personnel Management, Best Practices: Mentoring, September 2008, 4-5.
12. Lynda Gratton and Tamara J. Erickson, “Eight Ways to Build Collaborative Teams,” Harvard Business Review
(reprint), November 2007, 7.
13. Jeff DeChambeau, “From Competitive Instinct to Competitive Advantage: Gamers as Employees and
Customers,” nGenera Insight All Members Meeting, Memphis, Tennessee, December 2009, 9,14.
Hiring the Right Net Gens, 20-21.
15. Alexander Werrell, interview by Lois Gruendl, teleconference, Yale University, September 2009.

Chapter 9: Shaping the Workplace Through Web 2.0 Technologies

1. Rob Salkowitz, Managing Across the Technology Age Gap (New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2008), 100.
2. Mike Dover, Mikki Papadopoulos, and Karolina Kibis, The Net Generation: Key Findings from the Qualitative
Study “My Internet Life” (New Paradigm, July 2007), 1.
3. Danna L. Walker, “The Longest Day,” The Washington Post, August 5, 2007; W20.
4. Paul Regan and Mathew Ingram, “Enhancing Community, Collaboration and Communication: The Effective Use
of Technology and Non-Technological Solutions,” nGenera Talent 2.0 Meeting, Toronto, Canada, May 15, 2008, 7.
5. Mark Tutton, “Learn the five secrets of innovation,” Executive Education, December 1, 2009, CNN.com, http://
www.cnn.com/2009/BUSINESS/11/26/innovation.tips/index.html.
6. Ibid.

120

End Notes

7. John Geraci, Mike Dover, and Ian Da Silva, Talent 2.0: Insights from nGenera Proprietary Survey Research
(nGenera Corporation, November 2008), 5.
8. Ibid.
9. Paul Regan and Mathew Ingram, “Enhancing Community, Collaboration and Communication: The Effective Use
of Technology and Non-Technological Solutions,” nGenera Talent 2.0 Meeting, Toronto, Canada, May 15, 2008,
15.
10. Mathew Ingram, Art & Science Part 1: Background on Community Building (nGenera Corporation, September
2009), 9.
11. Margaret Schweer and Richard Lauf, Lighthouse Case Study, Social Media & the U.S. State Department:
Enabling digital diplomacy (nGenera Corporation, 2010), 3.
12. Margaret Schweer and Richard Lauf, The New Social Media Mindset: Organizational principles and
governance processes (nGenera Corporation, 2010), 1.

Chapter 10: Workforce Compensation, Benefits, and Flexibilities

1. Partnership for Public Service and Grant Thornton LLP, Federal Human Capital: The Perfect Storm; A Survey of
Chief Human Capital Officers, July 2007, 10-11.
2. Partnership for Public Service and Grant Thornton LLP, Elevating Our Federal Workforce: Chief Human Capital
Officers Offer Advice to President Obama, 2008, 9.
3. Information Technology Association of America and Grant Thornton LLP, Transforming IT to Support the
Mission, February 2008, 9.
4. Partnership for Public Service, Great Expectations, What Students Want in an Employer and How Federal
Agencies Can Deliver It, January 2009, 3.
5. Partnership for Public Service, Why Federal Service Might Be Right for You, August 2008, http://www.
ourpublicservice.org/OPS/programs/fedexperience/FedExperience_WhyFederalService.pdf
6. Mike Dover and John Geraci, “Highlights of the 2008 Quantitative Study,” nGenera Talent 2.0 Meeting,
Orlando, Florida, November 2008, 62.
7. Ibid, 63.
8. The Council for Excellence in Government, The Appeal of Public Service: Who…What…And How? May 2008, 5.
9. United States Office of Personnel Management, Recruitment, Relocation and Retention Incentives Calendar
Year 2007 Report to the Congress, September 2008, 4,18.
10. FinAid, The Smart Student Guide to Financial Aid, Student Loans, http://www.finaid.org/loans/, accessed
March 11, 2010.
11. Ibid.
12. Anya Kamenetz, Generation Debt (New York: The Penguin Group, 2006, 2007), 18-19, 50.
13. United States Office of Personnel Management, Federal Student Loan Repayment Program Calendar Year
2008 Report to the Congress, July 2009, 3.
15. U.S. Office of Personnel Management, “Training and Policy Development, Human Resources Development
Flexibilities,” accessed March 8, 2010, http://www.opm.gov/hrd/lead/Policy/flex.asp#related4
16. United States Office of Personnel Management, Recruitment, Relocation and Retention Incentives Calendar
Year 2007 Report to the Congress, September 2008, 22-23.

Chapter 11: Work and Life Balance

2. John Geraci and Rahaf Harfoush, The Rise of the Net Generation: How the N-Gen Defines Gender (New
Paradigm Learning Corporation, 2006), 2.
3. John Geraci, Mike Dover, and Ian Da Silva, Talent 2.0: Insights from nGenera Proprietary Survey Research

121

End Notes

4. John Lewison, “The Work/Life Balance Sheet So Far,” online Journal of Accountancy, August 2006, http://www.
journalofaccountancy.com/Issues/2006/Aug/TheWorkLifeBalanceSheetSoFar.htm
5. Ibid.
6. Phyllis Moen and Erin L. Kelly, Flexible Work and Well-Being Study Final Report, Fall 2007, University of
Minnesota, Minnesota Population Center, vii.
7. “Smashing the Clock,” BusinessWeek, December 11, 2006, http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/
content/06_50/b4013001.htm.
8. United States Office of Personnel Management, Status of Telework in the Federal Government Report to the
Congress, December 2008, 5.
9. Ibid, 28.
10. Ibid, 12.
11. Tandberg, Telework Eligibility Profile: Feds Fit the Bill, A Telework Research Report, February 19, 2008, http://
www.teleworkexchange.com/eligibility/slides.asp?slide=5.
13. United States Office of Personnel Management, Status of Telework in the Federal Government Report to the
Congress, December 2008, 14.

Chapter 12: Conclusion

1. Tammy Johns, “Net Generation Work Practice Changes,” nGenera Talent 2.0 All-Members Meeting, Toronto,
Canada, May 14, 2008.

122

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April 2010

Net Generation

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