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5. Discover the thorough instruction you need to build dynamic, interactive Web sites from
scratch with NEW PERSPECTIVES ON HTML5, CSS3, AND JAVASCRIPT, 6E. This
user-friendly book provides comprehensive coverage of HTML, CSS, and JavaScript
with an inviting approach that starts with the basics and does not require any prior
knowledge on the subject. Detailed explanations of key concepts and skills make even
the most challenging topics clear and accessible. Case scenarios and case problems
place the most complex concepts within an understandable and practical context. You
develop important problem solving skills as you work through realistic exercises. Proven
applications and an interesting approach help you retain the material and apply what
you’ve learned in a professional environment.
1. Preface
2. Brief Contents
3. Table of Contents
4. Tutorial 1: Getting Started with HTML5: Creating a Website for a Food Vendor
5. Session 1.1 Visual Overview: The Structure of an HTML Document
6. Exploring the World Wide Web
7. Introducing HTML
8. Tools for Working with HTML
9. Exploring an HTML Document
10. Creating the Document Head
11. Adding Comments to Your Document
12. Session 1.1 Quick Check
13. Session 1.2 Visual Overview: HTML Page Elements
14. Writing the Page Body
15. Linking an HTML Document to a Style Sheet
16. Working with Character Sets and Special Characters
17. Working with Inline Images
18. Working with Block Quotes and Other Elements
19. Session 1.2 Quick Check
20. Session 1.3 Visual Overview: Lists and Hypertext Links
21. Working with Lists
22. Working with Hypertext Links
23. Specifying the Folder Path
24. Linking to a Location within a Document
25. Linking to the Internet and Other Resources
26. Working with Hypertext Attributes
27. Session 1.3 Quick Check
28. Review Assignments
29. Case Problems
30. Tutorial 2: Getting Started with CSS: Designing a Website for a Fitness Club
31. Session 2.1 Visual Overview: CSS Styles and Colors
32. Introducing CSS
33. Exploring Style Rules
34. Creating a Style Sheet
6. 35. Working with Color in CSS
36. Employing Progressive Enhancement
37. Session 2.1 Quick Check
38. Session 2.2 Visual Overview: CSS Typography
39. Exploring Selector Patterns
40. Working with Fonts
41. Setting the Font Size
42. Controlling Spacing and Indentation
43. Working with Font Styles
44. Session 2.2 Quick Check
45. Session 2.3 Visual Overview: Pseudo Elements and Classes
46. Formatting Lists
47. Working with Margins and Padding
48. Using Pseudo-Classes and Pseudo-Elements
49. Generating Content with CSS
50. Inserting Quotation Marks
51. Session 2.3 Quick Check
52. Review Assignments
53. Case Problems
54. Tutorial 3: Designing a Page Layout: Creating a Website for a Chocolatier
55. Session 3.1 Visual Overview: Page Layout with Floating Elements
56. Introducing the display Style
57. Creating a Reset Style Sheet
58. Exploring Page Layout Designs
59. Working with Width and Height
60. Floating Page Content
61. Session 3.1 Quick Check
62. Session 3.2 Visual Overview: Page Layout Grids
63. Introducing Grid Layouts
64. Setting up a Grid
65. Outlining a Grid
66. Introducing CSS Grids
67. Session 3.2 Quick Check
68. Session 3.3 Visual Overview: Layout with Positioning Styles
69. Positioning Objects
70. Handling Overflow
71. Clipping an Element
72. Stacking Elements
73. Session 3.3 Quick Check
74. Review Assignments
75. Case Problems
76. Tutorial 4: Graphic Design with CSS: Creating a Graphic Design for a Genealogy
Website
77. Session 4.1 Visual Overview: Backgrounds and Borders
78. Creating Figure Boxes
79. Exploring Background Styles
7. 80. Working with Borders
81. Session 4.1 Quick Check
82. Session 4.2 Visual Overview: Shadows and Gradients
83. Creating Drop Shadows
84. Applying a Color Gradient
85. Creating Semi-Transparent Objects
86. Session 4.2 Quick Check
87. Session 4.3 Visual Overview: Transformations and Filters
88. Transforming Page Objects
89. Exploring CSS Filters
90. Working with Image Maps
91. Session 4.3 Quick Check
92. Review Assignments
93. Case Problems
94. Tutorial 5: Designing for the Mobile Web: Creating a Mobile Website for a Daycare
Center
95. Session 5.1 Visual Overview: Media Queries
96. Introducing Responsive Design
97. Introducing Media Queries
98. Exploring Viewports and Device Width
99. Creating a Mobile Design
100. Creating a Tablet Design
101. Creating a Desktop Design
102. Session 5.1 Quick Check
103. Session 5.2 Visual Overview: Flexbox Layouts
104. Introducing Flexible Boxes
105. Working with Flex Items
106. Reordering Page Content with Flexboxes
107. Exploring Flexbox Layouts
108. Creating a Navicon Menu
109. Session 5.2 Quick Check
110. Session 5.3 Visual Overview: Print Styles
111. Designing for Printed Media
112. Working with the @page Rule
113. Working with Page Breaks
114. Session 5.3 Quick Check
115. Review Assignments
116. Case Problems
117. Tutorial 6: Working with Tables and Columns: Creating a Program Schedule
for a Radio Station
118. Session 6.1 Visual Overview: Structure of a Web Table
119. Introducing Web Tables
120. Adding Table Borders with CSS
121. Spanning Rows and Columns
122. Creating a Table Caption
123. Session 6.1 Quick Check
8. 124. Session 6.2 Visual Overview: Rows and Column Groups
125. Creating Row Groups
126. Creating Column Groups
127. Exploring CSS Styles and Web Tables
128. Tables and Responsive Design
129. Designing a Column Layout
130. Session 6.2 Quick Check
131. Review Assignments
132. Case Problems
133. Tutorial 7: Designing a Web Form: Creating a Survey Form
134. Session 7.1 Visual Overview: Structure of a Web Form
135. Introducing Web Forms
136. Starting a Web Form
137. Creating a Field Set
138. Creating Input Boxes
139. Adding Field Labels
140. Designing a Form Layout
141. Defining Default Values and Placeholders
142. Session 7.1 Quick Check
143. Session 7.2 Visual Overview: Web Form Widgets
144. Entering Date and Time Values
145. Creating a Selection List
146. Creating Option Buttons
147. Creating Check Boxes
148. Creating a Text Area Box
149. Session 7.2 Quick Check
150. Session 7.3 Visual Overview: Data Validation
151. Entering Numeric Data
152. Suggesting Options with Data Lists
153. Working with Form Buttons
154. Validating a Web Form
155. Applying Inline Validation
156. Session 7.3 Quick Check
157. Review Assignments
158. Case Problems
159. Tutorial 8: Enhancing a Website with Multimedia: Working with Sound, Video,
and Animation
160. Session 8.1 Visual Overview: Playing Web Audio
161. Introducing Multimedia on the Web
162. Working with the audio Element
163. Exploring Embedded Objects
164. Session 8.1 Quick Check
165. Session 8.2 Visual Overview: Playing Web Video
166. Exploring Digital Video
167. Using the HTML5 video Element
168. Adding a Text Track to Video
9. 169. Using Third-Party Video Players
170. Session 8.2 Quick Check
171. Session 8.3 Visual Overview: Transitions and Animations
172. Creating Transitions with CSS
173. Animating Objects with CSS
174. Session 8.3 Quick Check
175. Review Assignments
176. Case Problems
177. Tutorial 9: Getting Started with JavaScript: Creating a Countdown Clock
178. Session 9.1 Visual Overview: Creating a JavaScript File
179. Introducing JavaScript
180. Working with the script Element
181. Creating a JavaScript Program
182. Debugging Your Code
183. Session 9.1 Quick Check
184. Session 9.2 Visual Overview: JavaScript Variables and Dates
185. Introducing Objects
186. Changing Properties and Applying Methods
187. Writing HTML Code
188. Working with Variables
189. Working with Date Objects
190. Session 9.2 Quick Check
191. Session 9.3 Visual Overview: JavaScript Functions and Expressions
192. Working with Operators and Operands
193. Working with the Math Object
194. Working with JavaScript Functions
195. Running Timed Commands
196. Controlling How JavaScript Works with Numeric Values
197. Session 9.3 Quick Check
198. Review Assignments
199. Case Problems
200. Tutorial 10: Exploring Arrays, Loops, and Conditional Statements: Creating a
Monthly Calendar
201. Session 10.1 Visual Overview: Creating and Using Arrays
202. Introducing the Monthly Calendar
203. Introducing Arrays
204. Session 10.1 Quick Check
205. Session 10.2 Visual Overview: Applying a Program Loop
206. Working with Program Loops
207. Comparison and Logical Operators
208. Program Loops and Arrays
209. Session 10.2 Quick Check
210. Session 10.3 Visual Overview: Conditional Statements
211. Introducing Conditional Statements
212. Completing the Calendar App
213. Managing Program Loops and Conditional Statements
10. 214. Session 10.3 Quick Check
215. Review Assignments
216. Case Problems
217. Tutorial 11: Working with Events and Styles: Designing an Interactive Puzzle
218. Session 11.1 Visual Overview: Event Handlers and Event Objects
219. Introducing JavaScript Events
220. Creating an Event Handler
221. Using the Event Object
222. Exploring Object Properties
223. Session 11.1 Quick Check
224. Session 11.2 Visual Overview: Event Listeners and Cursors
225. Working with Mouse Events
226. Introducing the Event Model
227. Exploring Keyboard Events
228. Changing the Cursor Style
229. Session 11.2 Quick Check
230. Session 11.3 Visual Overview: Anonymous Functions and Dialog Boxes
231. Working with Functions as Objects
232. Displaying Dialog Boxes
233. Session 11.3 Quick Check
234. Review Assignments
235. Case Problems
236. Tutorial 12: Working with Document Nodes and Style Sheets: Creating a
Dynamic Document Outline
237. Session 12.1 Visual Overview: Exploring the Node Tree
238. Introducing Nodes
239. Creating and Appending Nodes
240. Working with Node Types, Names, and Values
241. Session 12.1 Quick Check
242. Session 12.2 Visual Overview: Exploring Attribute Nodes
243. Creating a Nested List
244. Working with Attribute Nodes
245. Session 12.2 Quick Check
246. Session 12.3 Visual Overview: Style Sheets and Style Rules
247. Working with Style Sheets
248. Working with Style Sheet Rules
249. Session 12.3 Quick Check
250. Review Assignments
251. Case Problems
252. Tutorial 13: Programming for Web Forms: Creatings Forms for Orders and
Payments
253. Session 13.1 Visual Overview: Forms and Elements
254. Exploring the Forms Object
255. Working with Form Elements
256. Working with Input Fields
257. Working with Selection Lists
11. 258. Working with Options Buttons and Check Boxes
259. Formatting Numeric Values
260. Applying Form Events
261. Working with Hidden Fields
262. Session 13.1 Quick Check
263. Session 13.2 Visual Overview: Passing Data between Forms
264. Sharing Data between Forms
265. Working with Text Strings
266. Introducing Regular Expressions
267. Programming with Regular Expressions
268. Session 13.2 Quick Check
269. Session 13.3 Visual Overview: Validating Form Data
270. Validating Data with JavaScript
271. Testing a Form Field against a Regular Expression
272. Testing for Legitimate Card Numbers
273. Session 13.3 Quick Check
274. Review Assignments
275. Case Problems
276. Tutorial 14: Exploring Object-Based Programming: Designing an Online Poker
Game
277. Session 14.1 Visual Overview: Custom Objects, Properties, and Methods
278. Working with Nested Functions
279. Introducing Custom Objects
280. Session 14.1 Quick Check
281. Session 14.2 Visual Overview: Object Classes and Prototypes
282. Defining an Object Type
283. Working with Object Prototypes
284. Session 14.2 Quick Check
285. Session 14.3 Visual Overview: Objects and Arrays
286. Combining Objects
287. Combining Objects and Arrays
288. Session 14.3 Quick Check
289. Review Assignments
290. Case Problems
291. Appendix A: Color Names with Color Values, and HTML Character Entities
292. Appendix B: HTML Elements and Attributes
293. Appendix C: Cascading Styles and Selectors
294. Appendix D: Making the Web More Accessible
295. Appendix E: Designing for the Web
296. Appendix F: Page Validation with XHTML
297. Glossary
298. Index
13. in Canadian life. Among the creative forces of his adopted and beloved
country he holds a place never to be forgotten. He first took his seat in the
Assembly of 1844; the new Parliament met in Montreal in the November of
that year. Complex problems confronted the sessions of that period, in that
Canada felt she had no potential voice in the administration of affairs. Every
measure of the Assembly must secure the approval of the Legislative
Council, the members of which were appointed for life by the governor-
general, and added to this the measure must then receive the royal assent
before it became operative. The conditions were also aggravated by the large
majority of Canadians of French descent, sensitive and high-spirited, who
rebelled against the invariable English rule of an English governor-general.
These questions and other agitations made the political life on which the
young member entered one of peculiar intricacy. The Canada of that day was
one of undeveloped resources and of internal dissensions. It consisted only
of those territories which we know as the Provinces of Ontario and Quebec.
Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island were in the same
position politically as Newfoundland is in to-day, while the North-West
provinces were a wilderness. With Macdonald's rise to prominence in the
political world the idea of confederation began to engage the attention of all
those who had at heart the good of the country. The far-seeing leader of the
conservative party began a campaign for the confederation of Quebec and
Ontario with Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island,
believing that the best course was to bring about this preliminary union,
leaving it open to extension if time and experience should prove it to be
desirable. Owing to the closeness of party divisions, successive governments
vainly attempted to carry on the work of the country. It was a critical period,
and the manner in which a solution for the national troubles was found will
remain one of the most striking episodes in the history of the times.
Sir John Carling was the means of bringing together the conflicting
elements. He was a power in the affairs of Ontario and an enthusiastic
supporter of Macdonald, while he also enjoyed the friendship of the
Honourable George Brown, who was recognised as the Liberal leader of
Upper Canada, and who, for many years, had been the opponent of
Macdonald. But the veiled and shrouded figure of Destiny hovered near. Did
she bear a magic wand, concealed but potent? At all events she ordained that
Brown and Carling should journey together from Toronto to Quebec on their
way to attend a meeting of the Legislative Council. In their discussion of
14. public affairs George Brown remarked: "Macdonald has the chance of his
life to do great things for his country and these can only be done by carrying
confederation." To this Sir John rejoined: "But you would be the first to
oppose him." To Carling's surprise Brown replied: "No, I should uphold him
as I feel that confederation is the only thing for the country." What a
significant moment was this in the history of the future Dominion! Forces,
determining but unseen, were in the air. The finely-balanced mind of Sir
John Carling instantly grasped the importance of this psychological moment.
"Would you mind saying to John A. Macdonald what you have just told
me?" eagerly asked Sir John. "Certainly not," replied George Brown, and his
companion lost no time in bringing the two leaders together. The result is
well known to all; the coalition ministry was framed and carried to a
successful conclusion the great task with which it had been entrusted.
From that time until his death on June 6, 1891, the energy, the genius, the
influence of John Alexander Macdonald were among the most potent of the
creative forces of Canada, and for the proud position that the Dominion
holds to-day she is largely indebted to this great leader. One of the most
important of his powers for national service lay in his ability to co-operate
with strong men. When the movement for confederation was initiated the
situation was extremely critical, and it was to the personal influence of the
eminent French-Canadian, George Etienne Cartier (who was born in St.
Antoine, Quebec, in 1814 and who died in 1873), that the support of a
reluctant Province was won for the unification of Canada. Cartier was
educated at the Seminary of St. Sulpice, Montreal; he was called to the bar,
and as a follower of Papineau he fought against the Crown in 1837, and for
some time after sought refuge in the United States. On the restoration of
peace he returned to Canada and resumed his practice of law, attaining a
high position, and subsequently he became the attorney for the Grand Trunk
Railway. He was elected to Parliament in 1848 as the recognised leader of
the French-Canadians and when, in November of 1857, John Alexander
Macdonald succeeded Colonel Taché as Premier of the Province of Canada,
Cartier was invited to a place in his cabinet. Later he was created a baronet
of the British Empire. From 1858 to 1862 the Cartier-Macdonald ministry
held its onward course, though steering its way through quicksands and
tumult.
15. To Sir George Etienne Cartier is ascribed valuable aid in the construction
of the Grand Trunk Railway and the Victoria Bridge, important influence in
the promotion of education, and signal service in bettering the laws of
Canada. When, in 1885, a statue to his honour was unveiled in Ottawa, Sir
John Macdonald in his address said of him: "He served his country faithfully
and well.... I believe no public man has retained, during the whole of his life,
in so eminent a degree, the respect of both the parties into which this great
country is divided.... If he had done nothing else but give to Quebec the most
perfect code of law that exists in the entire world, that was enough to make
him immortal...." To Lord Lisgar the Premier wrote of Cartier: "We have
acted together since 1854 and never had a serious difference. He was as bold
as a lion, and but for him confederation could not have been carried."
Another of the strong forces in constructive statesmanship was Sir
Charles Tupper, who, almost unaided, engaged in the great struggle to
overcome the opposition of Nova Scotia, his own Province, to the scheme of
confederation. In this famous group of colleagues, Sir John Alexander
Macdonald, Sir George Etienne Cartier, Sir Charles Tupper, and the
Honourable George Brown, conspicuous ability and wonderful directive
power were united with an optimistic courage, a depth of conviction in the
success of important measures for the country, that rendered them practically
invincible among the creative forces of Canada. Nor could any mention of
this progress be complete that did not include the name of Sir Samuel
Leonard Tilley, many years Minister of Finance, a worker for confederation,
whose own distinction of character and tenacity of purpose determined the
attitude taken by his Province of New Brunswick in her wavering and tardy
decision, only crystallised into adherence by the patriotic zeal of Sir
Leonard. "It is perhaps the highest of all tributes to the genius of
Macdonald," says George R. Parkin,[2] "that he was able to draw to his
support a group of men of the weight and worth of Cartier, Tupper, and
Tilley, and retain through a long series of years their loyal devotion to him as
a leader. Each in his own way a commanding personality, they were of one
accord in following Macdonald with unswerving fidelity through all the
vicissitudes of his fortune. Along with him they grasped and held tenaciously
the idea of a great and united Canada forming an integral part of the Empire,
and to that end devoted the work of their lives."
16. [2] "Sir John A. Macdonald," The Makers of Canada. Morang and
Company, Limited, Toronto.
An interesting and graphic picture is preserved, in the literature of the
time, of the visit of Sir John Macdonald, in 1879, to Lord Beaconsfield at
Hughenden. He was received as Canada's most illustrious citizen and leading
statesman. After dinner Lord Beaconsfield conducted his guest to the
smoking-room at the top of the house which was hung with old portraits of
former Premiers of England. The host and his Canadian guest exchanged
fragments of personal reminiscences and experiences, and Lord
Beaconsfield greatly interested Sir John by his brilliant description of some
of the notable personalities whom, in former days, he had met at Lady
Blessington's, who had a matchless gift for drawing around her the
celebrities of her time. In bidding Sir John good-night, at the end of a long
and delightful evening, Lord Beaconsfield said: "You have greatly interested
me both in yourself and in Canada. Come back next year and I will do
anything you ask me." The next year duly came, but Beaconsfield had
passed away, and Gladstone was the Premier. It was during this visit that the
classics were discussed somewhat at length between Beaconsfield and his
guest, the Premier of England dwelling, in the most fascinating manner,
upon the poets, philosophers, and orators of Greece and of Rome.
17. A Canoeing Party, Ontario
For nearly fifty years the influence of Sir John Macdonald was a very
pillar of the Dominion. He represented a united Canada that forms so
important an integral part of the mighty British Empire. Lord Lorne said of
him that he was "the most successful statesman of one of the most successful
of the younger nations."
On his death Canada paid him her highest honours. Queen Victoria, most
gracious of Royal sovereigns, wrote a personal letter of condolence to Lady
Macdonald, and caused her to be elevated to the peerage with the title of
Baroness Macdonald of Earnscliffe. An impressive memorial service for the
dead Premier was held in Westminster Abbey, and later his bust was placed
in St. Paul's and unveiled by Lord Rosebery. Almost every large city in the
Dominion is adorned with a statue of Sir John Macdonald.
18. One of the most important services to Canada, on the part of the Premier,
had been his early recognition of the immeasurable possibilities of the
North-West. As early as in 1871 he saw that the construction of a railway to
the Pacific coast was a matter absolutely essential to the Dominion for the
development of this portion of the country. In April of that year, while Sir
John Macdonald was absent in Washington (U.S.A.) attending the
proceedings of the Joint High Commission, Sir George Cartier moved a
resolution in Parliament for the construction of such a road. The resolution
was supported by Sir Alexander Galt and was carried. Sir Hugh Allan and
Donald Smith had long held commercial relations, and the extensive and
accurate knowledge of all this region that Mr. Smith had acquired was of
inestimable value to the project. Into this intricate problem attending the
decision and the subsequent fulfilment of it in the construction of the
Canadian Pacific Railway (completed on November 7, 1885) entered a
group of important and forceful men. The magnitude of the work offers
material for many chapters of Canadian history. Among this group of
dominant personalities stands out that of William Cornelius Van Horne
(afterwards knighted) and who was particularly well characterised by James
Jerome Hill who said of him: "There was no one on the whole continent who
would have served our purpose so well as Mr. Van Horne. He had brains,
skill, experience, and energy, and was, besides, a born leader of men." The
completion of this great highway was another of the events that closely
linked the life of Canada's great Premier with the forces that were creating
her destiny. The first through transcontinental train on this line left Montreal
on June 26, 1886, for its journey of 2905 miles through what was then an
almost trackless wilderness. On the completion of the road Queen Victoria
had sent a telegram characterising the achievement as one "of great
importance to the British Empire."
The Grand Trunk was, however, Canada's pioneer railway and it was the
first railway in the British Empire outside the United Kingdom. One of the
leading factors in the varied group of the creative forces of Canada, it is one
of the monumental illustrations of her claim to foresight and enterprise in
thus early recognising that the art of transportation goes before and points
the way for advancing enlightenment. The transportation service is, as one of
the eminent officials of this line has said, "the advance guard of education."
In 1914 the Grand Trunk System, led by the vision and foresight of Charles
Melville Hays, completed its transcontinental lines. President Hays had
19. predicted that the Grand Trunk would be able to handle the harvest of 1915,
and his prediction was realised. His forecast for the future included steamer
lines from Prince Rupert to Liverpool, by way of the Panama Canal, and
further extension of lines to Australia, Japan, China, and Alaska. In fact, the
Canadian prevision of unmapped possibilities of commerce that would be
afforded by means of the new canal that thus connected two oceans was far
more alert and engaging than that of the United States.
Beside the great enterprises involved in the conquering of nature, there
were others, not less important, that contribute to the building up of human
life. The claim of industry and economics is not greater than the claim of
intellectual development, of scholarship, of that knowledge and refinement
that leads to the highest social culture of a nation.
When the Honourable James McGill of Montreal left at his death (in
1813) a large bequest to found the university that bears his name he added
another to the galaxy of Canada's benefactors and creators. Mr. McGill had
amassed large wealth in the fur industry, and the college, after encountering
some years of difficulty, entered in 1885 on an era of prosperity that has
continually increased as the years have gone by. This era of prosperity was
largely due to the securing as Principal a gifted and remarkable young man,
John William Dawson, who is now so widely known to the world of science
and scholarship as Sir William Dawson. For thirty-eight years he served as
Principal of McGill. He found it a struggling college with less than a
hundred students. He left it with more than a thousand students and with
from eighty to ninety professors and lecturers. Finding it with three faculties,
he doubled that number, and as within fifteen years he recognised the
necessity of higher education for women, there was opened (in 1883) the
Donalda Department, generously endowed by Lord Strathcona, which has
since developed into the Royal Victoria College. Lord Strathcona gave, first
and last, many millions of dollars to McGill; Sir William Macdonald gave to
the Engineering department one million, including with this the schools of
physics and chemistry, and he also equipped the Macdonald College at
Saint-Anne-de-Bellevue which is incorporated with McGill. Peter Redpath, a
public-spirited merchant of Montreal, presented the museum that bears his
name (now rich in collections) and he also gave the Library building which
houses, for McGill, the largest library in Canada save that of Parliament.
These liberal gifts of Mr. Redpath were still further increased by Mrs.
20. Redpath's generous contributions. The unsurpassed opportunities at McGill
place her graduates on equality of scholarly prestige with those of Oxford
and of the other great universities of the world. No consideration of the
creative forces of Canada could fail to include this inestimable contribution
that makes for nobler life offered by McGill University.
To the intellectual development and liberal culture of the Dominion the
universities of Toronto and of Laval render priceless aid. The former is noted
somewhat at length in a subsequent chapter. Laval University, founded in
Quebec in 1852, by the Quebec seminary, dates back, through that
institution, to its founder, François de Laval-Montmorency, the first Bishop
of Quebec, who landed in Canada in 1659, and founded the seminary in
1663. This great French-Canadian university, fairly enshrined in sacred
tradition and archaic history, is an object of pilgrimage to all visitors in
Quebec. To its vast resources of scholarship it adds the perpetuation of the
name of one of the most remarkable prelates that the world has known. A
son of the crusaders, a true successor of the apostles who shared the life of
Jesus Christ, a man of boundless charity, of intrepid heroism, of a life so
consecrated to the Divine Service that its passing from earth in the May of
1708 cannot efface the vividness of his image nor dim the brightness of the
atmosphere which enshrines his memory, he was deeply concerned with the
education of his people. Monseigneur Laval specified that he desired that his
seminary should be "a perpetual school of virtue." The Abbé de Saint-Vallier
of France bequeathed to this Seminary in 1685 the sum of forty-two
thousand francs, and Bishop Laval himself left to its maintenance his entire
estate. The museums, lecture halls, and the library of Laval University are
open to visitors. It is rich in historic portraits and in many fine examples of
French art. On the visit of the Prince of Wales (later Edward VII.) to Canada
in 1860, the heir to the British throne founded the Prince of Wales Prize,
which has remained one of the features of the university.
In the equalisation of educational opportunities to an unusual degree
Canada is especially strong. While the fiftieth anniversary of the
consolidation of the Dominion will not be celebrated until July 1, of 1917,
and while as a nation she is not yet half a century old, her educational
privileges are recognised as among the best in the world. Not a single
province is without its fully equipped educational system. Free public
schools, high schools, colleges, and universities abound. There are already
21. twenty-one universities in Canada. The standard of instruction is very high;
the schools of applied science, law, medicine, and technical instruction are
among the best in the world. They offer all late modern appliances for
chemical, metallurgical, and electrical experiment: civil, mining, and
electrical engineering are offered with unsurpassed opportunities for practice
and research. The Royal Military College at Kingston presents a complete
course in Engineering and in all branches of military science. The Royal
Naval College at Halifax offers equally complete opportunities for naval
training.
Not even the most fragmentary survey of the creative forces of the
Dominion could fail to emphasise the notable and beneficent work of
Archbishop Taché, who, born in Quebec in 1823, became identified with the
Far West in 1845, where he remained, an heroic and impassioned figure,
until his death, in 1894. The Archbishop's mother was a daughter of Joliet,
the explorer; the same intrepid spirit that led this pathfinder on through the
wilderness characterised the great prelate in a remarkable degree. At the age
of twenty-two he had been admitted to the priesthood; he received his
training in Montreal and was, from the first, "stirred to the soul by
missionary zeal"; he eagerly embraced the call to the hardships, the most
insurmountable difficulties, of the pioneer missionary. He traversed the
country for four hundred miles around from St. Boniface (across the river
from Winnipeg) where he was stationed; his journeys were by canoe and dog
sledges; he encountered physical hardships which seem incredible for human
endurance. When the slender financial support of his mission threatened to
fail he pleaded that just sufficient revenue be continued to provide bread and
wine for the sacrament, saying that for himself he would "find food in the
fish of the lakes, and clothing from the skins of the wild animals." In his
later years he was made the Bishop of Manitoba and he was present, a
venerable and honoured figure, on the opening of the first Assembly of that
Province in 1870-71. Archbishop Taché was one of the nearer friends and
associates of Lord Strathcona, also when the latter, as Donald A. Smith, was
so long the dominating personality in the North-West. The life and work of
this great Archbishop of the Catholic faith are forever bound up with the
history and development of Manitoba. There are other notable Catholic
prelates, a remarkable group: his Eminence Cardinal Taschereau, the first
Canadian prelate to become a Prince of the Church; Archbishops Bourget
and Fabre of Montreal; Archbishops Lynch and Walsh of Toronto;
22. Archbishop Cleary of Kingston; and Bishop Demers of Vancouver are all
among the great religious leaders whose influence for the general
advancement of the people, as well as for the progress of religion, has been
wide and invaluable.
Bishop Strachan of Toronto, a priest of the Church of England, whose life
fell between 1778-1867, was a strong force both in church and state. No
servant of God within the entire Dominion has left a nobler record. When (in
1832) the scourge of Asiatic cholera swept over Canada, it was he who
inspired courage, administered the sacraments to the dying, and sustained the
survivors. His aid, both legislative and otherwise, to the cause of education,
and his activity in promoting all progress in Ontario, are among the most
precious records of that province. One passage from his personal counsel
may well be held in memory:
"Cultivate, then, my young friends, all those virtues which dignify the human
character, and mark in your behaviour the respect you entertain for everything
venerable and holy. It is this conduct that will raise you above the rivalship, the
intrigues, and slanders by which you will be surrounded. They will exalt you above
this little spot of earth, so full of malice, contention, disorder; and extend your
views, with joy and expectation, to that better country."
Nothing in all religious advancement is more impressive than the great
work of the Methodist denomination in Canada. Their vital and fervent spirit
has kindled the zeal of the people with the flame of the living coal on the
altar. One of the remarkable contributions to the lofty order of creative
forces was made by the Reverend Doctor Egerton Ryerson, the celebrated
Methodist leader, and the organiser of the Public School System of Ontario.
In 1841 Doctor Ryerson became Principal of Victoria College; in 1844 ne
was appointed Superintendent of Public Schools in Upper Canada, and he
brought to bear upon educative work the enduring impress of his ideals. "By
education I mean not the mere acquisition of certain arts," he said, "but that
instruction and discipline which qualify men for their appropriate duties in
life, as Christians, as persons in business, and as members of the civil
community." Doctor Ryerson lived until the year 1882, and he thus was
enabled to see much of the fruit of his wise and untiring endeavour.
23. Although the Right Honourable Sir Wilfrid Laurier is still, happily,
dwelling among his countrymen and lending to many notable occasions the
rare distinction and the prestige of his presence, the gratifying fact that he is
a factor in the life of the hour cannot constrain one to fail to express the
recognition of Canada's indebtedness to his splendid services during her
more recent past. A native of Quebec (born in 1841) his unqualified devotion
has been given to the Empire without regard to restriction of race or
language. His political career as a member of the House opened before he
was thirty years of age; six years later he was called to the Cabinet; and in
June, 1896, at the age of fifty-five, he became the Premier of the Dominion.
When the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria was celebrated, one special
feature was the invitation extended to all the Prime Ministers of the British
Empire to honour it by their presence. Among these Ministers Sir Wilfrid
was singled out for many special attentions. He was distinguished by being
made a member of the Imperial Privy Council; he was appointed a Knight of
the Grand Cross of the Order of St. Michael and St. George; he was invested
with honorary degrees by both Oxford and Cambridge; he was made an
honorary member of the Cobden Club which awarded to him a gold medal
"in recognition of exceptional and distinguished services to the cause of
international and free exchange." Sir Wilfrid Laurier visited President Faure
and the President of the French Republic named him as a Grand Officier of
the Legion d'Honneur. In 1902 Sir Wilfrid was invited to the Coronation of
Edward VII. and his presence at this imposing ceremonial reflected
distinction of the highest order on Canada by his brilliant and impressive
addresses made on Imperial interests and affairs. England could not but
realise that in the Parliament of the vast country over the sea there were
orators who would add new lustre to her national eloquence and splendid
traditions.
Well, indeed, has Canada been called the country of the Twentieth
Century. To no inconsiderable extent the appliances that introduce a new
order of life have been either invented or first experimentally considered in
the Dominion. Indeed, as if already under the spell of Destiny, these great
modern miracles of communication—the railways, telegraphs, and
telephones will be forever associated with the name of Canada; the country
that cradled James Jerome Hill and Samuel Rogers Calloway; in which
William Cornelius Van Horne and Charles Melville Hays gave the best years
of their lives to building and improving transportation facilities; in which
24. Alexander Graham Bell initiated his experiments and where he still makes
his summer home; and in which Thomas Alva Edison worked as a telegraph
operator on the pioneer railway, where he printed and issued The Grand
Trunk Herald, the first newspaper ever printed on a railway train.
In the light of the eventful period that has passed since that momentous
date of August, 1914, it would seem to be a curiously prophetic glimpse that
rose, like a mirage on the far horizon, before Sir Wilfrid Laurier when, in
response to a toast at the banquet given on June 18, 1897, by the Imperial
Institute in London in honour of the Colonial premiers, he said:
"... England has proved at all times that she can fight her own battles; but if a
day were ever to come when England was in danger, let the bugle sound, let the
fires be lighted upon the hills, and in all parts of the Colonial possessions whatever
we can do shall be done to help her.... I have been asked if the sentiments of the
French population of Canada were those of absolute loyalty towards the British
Empire. Let me say ... it was the privilege of the men of our generation to see the
banners of France and of England entwined together victoriously on the banks of
the Alma, on the heights of Inkermann, and on the walls of Sebastopol."
Seventeen years had but passed—from 1897 to 1914—when again the
banners of France and England were intertwined; and since that fateful
midsummer's day what treasure and sacrifice has not Canada poured out
with a courage and unflinching heroism for which words furnish no adequate
interpretation. The future of the Canadian Dominion is seen, in the words of
the poet, as "along the grand roads of the universe." Her citizens realise that
"To-day is a new day" and the hand of Destiny is leading her on to exemplify
to the world a new and a more glorious civilisation.
CHAPTER II
25. QUEBEC AND THE PICTURESQUE MARITIME
REGION
The Maritime region of Canada embraces only, strictly speaking, Prince
Edward Island, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick; although Quebec is
sometimes thought of as being included in this historic portion of the
Dominion, because of its geographical situation. The city of Quebec has
always been a favourite point of pilgrimage, and when Mr. Howells, in his
early youth, enshrined it in a half-romantic narrative, as the scene of Their
Wedding Journey, its attractions were heightened by his facile and charming
pen. The old French city dates back to 1608, and its history, for more than a
century and a half, is really the history of Canada as well. All the maritime
provinces of Canada take a prominent place in poetic legend and lore as well
as in historical associations. When, in 1845, the poet Longfellow wrote his
tender and touching, though historically misleading poem, Evangeline, the
poem focussed the general attention on Acadia (the modern Nova Scotia and
New Brunswick), and particular attention on the little village of Grand-Pré,
which,
"... distant, secluded still,"
lying in the fruitful valley, invited many excursions of those who delight in
pilgrimages to poetic shrines. For
"Plant a poet's word but deep enough,"
and woodland or hill, mountain or shore, are thereby enchanted. The
Maritime region, still vocal with the dreams and discoveries of adventurous
spirits; where all pledge and prophecy still linger in the air; where
impassioned endeavour, long-patient endurance, faith to break a pathway
through to untrod regions with some Ulysses to inspire a faith that it is never
too late to seek a newer world—how wonderful is the spell this province
weaves around the wanderer!
The noble St. Lawrence is a river that fairly fulfils the purposes of a sea,
with its kaleidoscopic shore lines, now bold and forbidding, now dreamy and
undefined with their fleeting, ethereal beauty; and all the maritime land is
26. pervaded by memories and associations of the brave Cabot who first sighted
Nova Scotia on June 24, 1497, the date of the special festa of his native Italy
—this festival of San Giovanni, when all Venice is on the Grand Canal in the
fleets of gondolas; all Florence illuminated at night, a resplendent spectacle
from her surrounding hills and her background of purple amethyst
mountains; and when Rome, at night, disports herself in a thousand ways
upon the Campagna Mystica. It was a fitting date for Cabot, the Venetian, to
discover the new land. Voices unheard by others had called to him; hands,
from starry spaces, beckoned and led him on. What was there in the air but
"Winged persuasions and veiled destinies,"
and all the past that came thronging to meet all the future? Cabot, Venetian
born, English by adoption, was followed by several other intrepid explorers,
and not to insist too much upon chronological order, what a group of
wonderful names are associated with all the province of Quebec! Cartier,
Champlain, Frontenac; Sir Humphrey Gilbert of the Elizabethan period,
whose brave expedition was engulfed by winds and waves and went down in
the great deep off Campobello.
"Alas, the land-wind failed.
And ice-cold grew the night,
And never more on sea or shore,
Should Sir Humphrey see the light."
But the high ideals these heroes brought did not go down nor become
extinguished in the storm-tossed waters.
"Say not the struggle naught availeth!"
The struggle always avails, and leaves humanity better and farther on than
the effort finds it. Then, too, came a band of holy women, the Ursuline nuns,
and the sacred zeal of the novitiate lent its vital power. What is there not of
spiritual nobility, of sublimest self-sacrifice, of thrilling ideals, of a truer life,
associated with the early history of Canada? This is all a part of her
27. spellbinding power; it has left its significance on the air, its impress in wave
and tree and flower; its exaltation in every heart.
Quebec city is now becoming an attractive winter haunt as well for those
who love out-of-door sports in the snowy carnival and who find themselves
so comfortably domiciled in the Château Frontenac. The esplanade of
Dufferin Terrace commands delightful views across the St. Lawrence as far
as the Isle d'Orleans. The Citadel, the Parliament Buildings, the Ursuline
Convent, the Basilica, and the palace of the Cardinal; together with the
libraries, Laval University, the drives to the old battle-grounds, and the
excursion of twenty-one miles to the shrine of Saint Anne de Beaupré,
provide the visitor with abundance of interest.
The Ursuline Convent covers seven acres of ground in almost the centre
of the city of Quebec. It is the largest convent on the continent, and it dates
back to the July of 1639, when Marie Guyart, and three other sisters of the
Ursuline order, under the protection of the Archbishop of Toulouse, were led
by Divine guidance to the new country of Canada and entered on their work.
Marie Guyart, the foundress of the convent, was the daughter of a silk
merchant of Tours, France, and her childhood is invested with legends
similar to those that are associated with the name of Catherine of Sienna.
She married one Joseph Martin, but at the age of twenty-three she was left a
widow, and soon became a novitiate of the Ursulines, rising to be the Mother
Superior of her convent. At the age of forty, through the instrumentality of
the Duchesse D'Aiguillion, a niece of Cardinal Richelieu, she came to "New
France," and as recently as the August of 1911 this remarkable woman was
canonised by the Sacred College of Rome and named as a saint under the
title of Marie de l'Incarnation. For thirty-three years she pursued an exalted
life in the convent of her founding, and died at the age of seventy-two, in the
May of 1672.
A much-sought shrine is that of Saint Anne de Beaupré, easy access to
which is gained by the electric railway, and in the summer it is a pleasant
local sail down the St. Lawrence. The legend runs that a group of Breton
mariners, in the early years of the seventeenth century, found themselves
almost engulfed in the river in the sudden violence of a storm, and that they
called upon la bonne Saint Anne for deliverance; earnestly declaring that if
she would save them they would erect to her a shrine at whatever point she
28. should bring them to land, and that this shrine should be sanctuary forever.
The good saint was merciful to their entreaties, and guided them safely to
land. According to their promise they at once built a small wooden chapel,
very near a spring whose waters are claimed to possess a miraculous power
for healing. Since that remote time three larger churches on this site have
successively replaced each other, the latest of which dates only to 1878. The
primitive little chapel is still preserved, even as at Assisi the Portiuncula of
San Francisco is preserved near the magnificent church of Santa Maria degli
Angeli.
That marvellous ministry of San Francisco (who is more familiarly
known to us as Saint Francis of Assisi), which was initiated in the thirteenth
century, love and sacrifice being the supreme ideals, is recalled to mind by
many of the legendary incidents relating to Saint Anne de Beaupré. The
mystic pilgrimage to Assisi, the "Seraphic City," is to some extent paralleled
by the latter-day pilgrimages to the shrine of Saint Anne. "Any line of truth
that leads us above materialism," said Arch-deacon Wilberforce of
Westminster Abbey, whose passing on to the life more abundant at the date
of this writing is but the larger inflorescence of his beautiful and consecrated
life—"any line of truth that forces us to think and to remember that we are
enwrapped by the supernatural, is helpful and stimulating. A human life
lived only in the seen and felt, with no sense of the invisible, is a fatally
impoverished life; a poor, blind, wingless life." Such is the deep, perpetual
conviction of mankind. "The things that are seen are temporal; the things
that are not seen are eternal." The mystic union of the soul with God is the
one underlying and all-determining truth of life.
"Oh, beauty of holiness!
Of self-forgetfulness, of lowliness."
The latest church erected here as the shrine of Saint Anne was not
completed until 1889, and it was then proclaimed a Basilica by Pio Nono. It
is one of colossal space and splendour, a remarkable triumph of the
Corinthian architecture, and between the two towers of the front a superb
statue of Saint Anne rises above the façade. The interior is rich in paintings,
sculpture, and mosaics, and on a column of onyx is another statue of the
29. saint in whose name the church is built. It has also a Scala Santa, as has the
vast Basilica of San Giovanni in Rome. Thousands of suppliants annually
visit the shrine of Saint Anne. The church has a superb chasuble, the gift of
Anne of Austria and Queen of France, the mother of Louis XIV. On either
side of the entrance are huge piles of canes and crutches and other discarded
appliances left as visible testimonials that the efficacy of prayer at this shrine
enabled their possessors to dispense with adventitious aid.
Dufferin Terrace, Quebec, from the Citadel
A little book that is for sale by the Redemptorist Fathers, who occupy the
monastery connected with this basilica, gives much curious information
regarding Saint Anne. She is represented as being of the tribe of Judah and
of the royal family of David. Her husband, Joachim, was of the same family,
and of the same tribe, and the Blessed Virgin was their only child. This little
record further narrates that the body of Saint Anne was originally buried in
Bethlehem; but that it was brought to France by Lazarus, who, after being
30. raised from the dead by the Saviour, became the first Bishop of Marseilles.
The body of Saint Anne was then committed in burial in the village of Apt,
and when Charlemagne came to celebrate the Easter feast—so runs the story
—a man who was blind, deaf, and dumb came to the ceremonies, and was
instantly restored. The first words he uttered were: "This hollow contains the
body of Saint Anne, Mother of the Blessed Virgin Mary, the Mother of God."
With the clue given in these words the hollow in the rocks was then opened
and the body disclosed. This took place in the year 792, and from that
remote date to the present time the church of Saint Anne at Apt has been a
notable place of worship and of pilgrimage.
In the Basilica of Saint Anne de Beaupré there are some rich and massive
reliquaries of gold, inlaid with jewels, in which the holy relics of the Saint
are enclosed. All the gold and the jewels are votive offerings left by grateful
pilgrims to this shrine who have been restored to health. It is said that there
are literally bushels of watches, chains, bracelets, rings, and all manner of
personal adornments that have been given in gratitude for blessings received.
Large gifts of money are also among the never-ceasing stream of
accumulating wealth. Twelve large chalices of gold, valued at ten thousand
dollars each, have been constructed from the rings and personal articles left
by the devotees. The church is fairly lined with the evidences of grateful
appreciation and the tributes of enthusiasm. Each chapel is a memorial gift
of personal gratitude; the altar, organ, and the electric light plant are also
personal gifts, and to these there is a rather curious story attached.
Over a long period of years the newspapers of the United States printed
advertisements of a widely-known patent-medicine lady who brewed her
concoctions, and either by means of their intrinsic worth, or by the credulity
of her customers, accumulated a large fortune. It is said that this lady made a
journey to the church of Saint Anne out of curiosity, alone, but was suddenly
stricken with a severe illness; that she was cured by faith, and that, through
the direct influence of Saint Anne, she then became a Catholic and was
baptised in the Basilica. She at once abandoned her pursuit and expressed
her desire to devote her fortune to good works, in honour of the Saint; and it
was she who presented the altar, the organ, and the electric light plant as well
as other rich and valuable gifts.
31. Around the shrine of Saint Anne de Beaupré has grown up a village of
some two thousand people, with hotels that accommodate hundreds of
guests. There are two convents, several schools, a hospital (providing for the
accommodation of the poor who come to be healed), and the monastery
already mentioned. The Sisters of the Rosary have also established an
academy for young women; the Sisters of Saint Francis have built a convent
for their order, and the Redemptorist nuns have their own convent, while
there is also a seminary for the education of priests that has about three
hundred students.
The sermons of the Fathers who conduct the services in the Basilica are
preached in both French and English. Sixteen priests hold continual
devotions from four in the morning until nine at night. The number of annual
visitors is estimated as being nearly two hundred thousand, representative of
almost every nationality and language. An American publicist asked one of
the Fathers whether every one who came was cured. "By no means," replied
the priest; "although the miracles are many." When asked how he accounted
for the failures the Father replied that he was not able to account for them;
that a failure might be due to lack of faith, or to some other reason not
disclosed to them. Faith is always to be reckoned with as a condition through
which alone the Divine energy can flow.
In the vicinity of Saint Anne there is some beautiful scenery—
Montmorency Falls, and other points of interest; Quebec, too, is almost as
much frequented in winter as in summer, the bracing air being to many the
very elixir of life.
Quebec Province has always kept a distinctive atmosphere of its own, due
largely to the preponderance of the French-Canadian element and to climatic
and topographical conditions. Advantages and privileges are constantly
increasing. Macdonald College, at Saint Anne de Bellevue, founded by Sir
William Macdonald, admits women on equal terms with men, and beside the
School of Agriculture, it has a training institution in Domestic Science and a
school for training teachers. The Department of Domestic Science is free to
all Canadian girls, and students from outside of Canada pay a small tuition
fee and a modest fee of some three dollars and a half a week for board-
residence. On this great college Sir William Macdonald's initial expenditure
was five millions of dollars. Five hundred and sixty acres were secured for
32. the farm, of which nearly four hundred are devoted to the live stock and
grain department, while the remainder is divided between vegetable, poultry,
and bee culture, with a liberal share allotted to horticulture.
It is to Quebec that the middle west of the United States must look for the
early history of its own great explorers, missionaries, and pathfinders; for it
was from here that Champlain, La Salle, Marquette, Joliet, and others fared
forth on their pioneer journeys through the Mississippi basin. Champlain
died in Quebec on the Christmas Day of 1635; but his burial-place is still
undetermined. The Jesuit College in which Père Marquette was domiciled
ante-dated Harvard by one year, having been founded in 1635. Here
Marquette made his plans for tours along the Great Lakes and down the
Mississippi, with the object of converting the Indians. This Jesuit College
bears the signal honour of being the first institution for higher education on
the North American continent.
Something of the unique and exceptional character of the great Cardinal
Richelieu, whose tomb in the Pantheon in Paris is an object of continual
pilgrimage by the visitors in the French capital, seems to invest Quebec, the
city of which he was the real founder. The convent and hospital of the Hotel
Dieu were due to the solicitude and enterprise of his niece, the Duchesse
d'Aiguillion, whose interest centred in the promulgation of religion and
charities, and these institutions are still preserved as memorial monuments to
her fervour. Quebec is pre-eminently a city of churches and the old French
Cathedral dates back to 1647. The interior is enriched with several paintings
of especial value, among them Van Dyck's "Crucifixion," which was painted
in 1630, and which, in the Revolution of 1793, was purchased in Paris by the
Abbé des Jardins of Quebec, and presented to the cathedral. In the sacristy
are two large vaults filled with sacred relics. The vestments belonging to this
cathedral are superb.
An interesting church is the Anglican Cathedral, standing in the centre of
the city, to which the late King Edward VII. presented an exquisite
Communion service.
For the celebration of the tercentenary of Quebec, Cy Warman, that genial
poet (who has set so much of Canada to music), wrote an ode in the dialect
of the habitant, of which two stanzas run:
33. "How you kip yourself so young,
Ol' Quebec?
Dat's w'ats ax by all de tongue,
Ol' Quebec;
Many years ees pass away,
Plaintee hair been turn to gray,
You're more yo'gker ev'ry day,
Ol' Quebec.
Som' brav' men hees fight for you,
Ol' Quebec;
Dat's w'en Canada she's new,
Ol' Quebec;
De brav' Wolfe, de great Montcalm,
Bote was fight for you, Madame,
Now we're mak' de grande salaam,
Ol' Quebec."
The traveller with an impassioned devotion to what he fondly calls "the
quaint" may be signally gratified in Quebec. In the business section there
will be found one street only four feet in width, quite rivalling the famous
via d'Aura in Genoa, the "Street of jewellers," where one can stand in a shop
on one side and almost reach his hand into the shop opposite.
The Legislative Buildings are as delightful as those in the other capitals
of the Provinces of Canada; and on the brow of the high bluffs are a group of
notable buildings of architectural beauty—the splendid Château Frontenac,
with its view of thirty miles up and down the St. Lawrence valley; flanked
by monasteries, churches, and public structures. The citadel that crowns the
height is extremely picturesque to visitors who have all the enjoyment, while
the Canadian Government has the doubtful felicity of keeping in due repair
this enormous fortification. It was begun two hundred and fifty years ago,
and reconstructed in 1823, on plans approved by the Duke of Wellington, at
a cost of twenty-five million.
34. It is not so well known that the Duke of Kent, the father of Queen
Victoria, was in command of the garrison of Quebec for several years; that
the old-fashioned building in which he lived was restored by his royal
daughter, and that his grand-daughter, the Princess Louise, Marchioness of
Lorne (later the Duchess of Argyle), when living at Rideau Hall, Ottawa,
during the period of the Marquis of Lorne's Governor-Generalship of
Canada, laid the foundation stone of this restoration. Moreover, the Princess
herself, with that versatility of gifts which characterised Her Royal
Highness, devised the architectural plans for the new structure. Nor must the
ancient gates of the old wall of Quebec be ignored in any tribute to her
picturesque attractions.
Laval University in Quebec is a resort of many students, on account of
the numerous manuscripts of historical value deposited there, many of them
containing graphic narratives of thrilling experiences undergone in the
pioneer days of the Dominion.
To turn from Quebec to the Maritime Provinces proper, they are not by
any means all scenery, or historic and legendary atmosphere. Nova Scotia
has large lumber interests, with fisheries, mineral wealth, and great iron and
steel manufactures; and New Brunswick has ever been the home of the great
timber and now of pulpwood so precious in these latter days. Prince Edward
Island has a vast amount of red sandstone, and in the regions adjacent to the
Bay of Fundy an enormous yield of hay is a feature of resource. The position
of the Maritime Provinces is particularly noted by Mr. J. Castell Hopkins, in
an extended account of these regions, and he speaks of the climatic
peculiarities as one of the things with which the inhabitants must reckon.
They have a great coast-line in proportion to their area. The extensive bays
and harbours suggest future increase of ocean commerce and travel. "Prince
Edward Island is in reality all seacoast," writes Mr. Hopkins, "for no matter
how far into the interior one may get, an hour's drive in any given direction
will almost invariably discover salt water. There are bays which deserve
special mention, one, the beautiful Bay de Chaleur, between New Brunswick
and the Gaspé Peninsula, without rock, reef, or shoal in its ninety miles of
length and forty-five of breadth, is unique in its safety to navigators, while
the Bay of Fundy, between Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, with its mouth
wide open to the south-west, has features which are peculiar only to this bay.
Lying funnel-shaped toward the great tidal movement from east to west it
35. gathers from the incoming tide a great deal of water that does not belong to
it, and then gradually compressing it between narrowing shores, piles it up in
places sixty feet in height, and this gives rise to many peculiarities. This rush
of tide twice a day has formed enormous areas of marsh land and the process
is still going on. The great rise and fall of water in this bay has also a
climatic effect in it that keeps the air continually moving, and in the regions
about its head there is probably a cooler summer climate than can be found
anywhere in the same latitude."
Harbour of St. John, New Brunswick
This peculiarity unfits the climate for fruit-raising, but is especially
favourable for live stock. The production of hay is very large. The water
supply is inexhaustible, and water-power is always at hand to grind grain or
to transform trees into lumber. The spruce and fir are found here in great
abundance. The Maritime Provinces have practically no mountains, although
36. a few heights approaching two thousand feet may be seen. Of late years the
people of this region have been urged to develop agriculture to a greater
extent. It is already demonstrated that wheat, barley, oats, buckwheat, and
corn can be cultivated with profit; potatoes and carrots also thrive. In New
Brunswick, apples, pears, grapes, and cherries do well; and every one knows
of the apple orchards of Nova Scotia. The dairy industry is one of the
greatest sources of revenue. Factories for the making of cheese and butter
are numerous; and quite apart from the home market, the facilities for export
to Europe and to the markets of the South are one special factor in the
conditions for profit. Agricultural schools, a feature of the Dominion, have a
particularly good representative at Truro, and the Federal Government has
established experimental farms and stations throughout the Dominion, while
the provincial authorities have also organised similar enterprises under their
own jurisdiction. The Provincial Government of Ontario, in particular, has
devoted large sums to the encouragement of agriculture, having three
experimental farms, one of these being devoted to fruit.
The Central Experimental Farm of the Dominion Government is at
Ottawa and there are branch farms at Charlottetown on Prince Edward
Island; at Fredericton, New Brunswick; at Nappan and Kentville, Nova
Scotia; at Saint Anne de la Pocatière, Cap Rouge, and Lenoxville in Quebec;
at Brandon, Manitoba; at Indian Head, Rosthern, and Scott, Saskatchewan;
at Lethbridge and Lacombe in Alberta; and also at Agassiz, Invermere, and
Sidney in British Columbia. Sub-stations have also been established at Fort
Vermilion in the Peace River District, at Grouard near Lesser Slave Lake,
Grande Prairie, and Forts Resolution and Providence—all these being in
northern Alberta. At the Central Experimental Farm (at Ottawa) much
attention has been paid to tests, as to the growing of oats, barley, varieties of
grass, and turnips and mangels. Nor has the culture of ornamental shrubs and
trees been neglected; and orchards of various kinds of fruit have been
planted with watchful care. Potatoes, too, have received special attention as
one of the most profitable products of this region.
The picturesque attractions of the Maritime Provinces, moreover, tend to
make them each year a summer resort for increasing numbers of people from
the United States and elsewhere. Mail routes are well extended; the postal
service is good; and the improvements in navigation have included the
erection of many lighthouses on the prominent headlands and in the
37. harbours, so that the scenic panorama at night witnessed by those on or near
the coast is often most fascinating, and the presence of these aids to
navigation is full of practical reassurance to those who travel by water.
Halifax is important not only as the capital of Nova Scotia, but as the
leading seaport of Canada on the Atlantic coast. It has a magnificent harbour
whose even depth is a joy to the navigator; it is curiously free from extremes
of temperature, the coldest day of one average year being but eight degrees
below zero (in February), the warmest day falling in early September when
the mercury registered eighty-seven degrees. The evenings are always cool.
The city has its citadel, its rocky areas, and beside its university (Dalhousie)
there are colleges doing various special work, institutions for the defective
classes, and several libraries, that of the Institute of Science and History
being consolidated with the Library of Parliament. In the magnitude of its
exports Halifax stands next to Montreal. In its imports it ranks third,
Montreal and Toronto alone taking precedence of the Nova Scotian capital.
CHAPTER III
MONTREALAND OTTAWA
Montreal, the metropolis of Canada; Ottawa, the Capital; each a city
supreme in a certain individual type; within three hours of each other by rail,
are closely inter-related, as are New York and Washington in the United
States. In England, and in France, the Capital and the metropolis are one; but
there are certain advantages to a country when its legislative centre may be
kept apart from the engulfing life of its commercial metropolis. It was one of
the felicitous inspirations of Queen Victoria when she chose the little village
that had been known as Bytown (in honour of Colonel By, the builder of the
Rideau Canal) to be the capital of the Dominion and to be known as Ottawa.
For many years the parliamentary sessions had alternated between Montreal
and Quebec. The foundation stone of the new Parliament Building was laid
38. by the Prince of Wales (later Edward VII.) in 1860, when the youthful prince
made his memorable tour of the Dominion and the United States. Some
seven years later the first parliamentary session was held in the new capital.
A most significant session it was, as it marked the date of the complete
federation of all the Canadian Provinces then existent and ushered in the
Dominion.
It is an anomaly that Montreal, a commercial metropolis of the most
prominent and pronounced type, should be the one Canadian city that most
lends herself to idealisation. One treads her thoroughfares as if under the
spell of some Merlin of old, and sees the moving panorama of life as if in
distance and in dream.
One is led on by invisible hands; he is haunted by voices that for
centuries have been silent on earth; beckoned by some inconceivable sign
and signal in the dreamy blue of the distant horizon, in whose shades
phantom forms are vanishing.
"Flitting, passing, seen, and gone,"
baffling all recognition, yet beckoning by mystic flash from the ethereal
realm. Was it one of these vanishers, questioned the observer, as a gleam
passes in the distance, or was it instead a flash from some electric circuit, to
be scientifically accounted for? One is steeped in bewilderment, for who
indeed may interpret this legend-haunted air? The life of the dead centuries
presses closely upon the life of the throbbing hour.
The visitor to Montreal instantly feels that anything might be possible in
the strangely fascinating atmosphere of this old-world city. One has more
than crossed the border line between the Dominion and the United States;
one has crossed the border line of centuries. Is it 1535 or is it 1915? The
twentieth century clasps hands with some dim historic period. The result is
bewildering. All modern beauty of vista, of groups of sculpture, or the
architectural magnificence of stately and splendid public buildings, of
magnificent private residences, of cathedral and churches, of great
institutions, of all latter-day conveniences and luxuries of life—all these, as
one would find in New York or Paris; yet with them, as an intangible and
invisible scenic setting, an impalpable atmosphere lingers, that haunting
39. impress of the far-away past, of historic associations that persist with
singular vitality; of great personalities who trod these regions where now
stretch away the handsome modern streets; of intense purposes borne on the
air, purposes that struggled to fulfilment, or went down to temporary defeat
in darkness and tragedy—all these seem to throng about the visitor who for
the first time finds himself in Montreal.
Montreal may be entered by many ways, by land or by sea; but she is
very conveniently entered from New England.
It is a picturesque trip, that between Boston and Montreal, and as the sun
journeys onward to the horizon line the purple valleys and the rose and
amber that tinge the summits of the Green Mountains afford luxurious
contrasts of colour. In the late evening the brilliant illuminations of Montreal
at the west side of the Victoria Jubilee Bridge, spanning the St. Lawrence
River, come into view.
In all Canada, perhaps, there is no more beautiful view than that of
Montreal lying under the white moonlight with Mount Royal in the shadowy
background, as seen from the railway train crossing the Victoria Jubilee
Bridge. The broken reflections of the moon are seen in a wide track in the
rippling, dancing waters in the middle of the river, while every lamp of the
long rows that border each side of the bridge is repeated in the river below.
The water front of the city is all aglow with brilliant lights; backward, in the
soft, receding shadows, gleam points of light from myriad homes, and the
long lines of street lamps make illuminated avenues of the thoroughfares.
The moon, like a silver globe, hangs over Mount Royal, while floating
clouds imprison the radiance for an instant and then, relenting, set it free
again.
40. Interior of Notre Dame, Montreal
Nor is the view by daylight less to be remembered. The mighty river
sweeps under the massive and majestic structure, while hundreds of
steamers, sailing vessels, steam tugs, craft, indeed, of every description, are
plying the waters of the St. Lawrence opposite the harbour, and the vast city
of Montreal in its transcendently beautiful location at the base of the
mountain completes a picture never to be forgotten. For miles the harbour is
lined with imposing stone structures, the city's warehouses; and the
numerous manufactories, with their tall chimneys sending out great volumes
of smoke, stretch away on the shores of the St. Lawrence as far as the eye
can reach, with their story of the wonderful commercial metropolis of the
Canadian empire. The picture is one to enchain the artist and the social
statistician as well. It is of itself a study in economics and commercial
development.
41. From an engineering standpoint this bridge ranks with the foremost
structures of contemporary achievements. The Victoria Tubular Bridge
which it replaced was built in 1860, and was at that time considered the
eighth wonder of the world; but it became insufficient to meet the increase
of traffic, and in October of 1897 the work of building the present
stupendous structure was inaugurated. The chief engineer was Mr. Joseph
Hobson, whose ingenuity and skill contrived to utilise the tube of the old
bridge as a roadway, on which a temporary steel span was moved out to the
first pier, the new structure being then erected outside the temporary span.
Begun in 1897, it was completed in 1899, and during its construction the
enormous traffic of the Grand Trunk System was delayed very little, a
remarkable fact when it is realised that while the old bridge weighed nine
thousand and forty-four tons, the new one weighs twenty-two thousand tons,
and while the width of the former was but sixteen feet, the width of the new
bridge is sixty-six feet, with a height of from forty to sixty feet, while the
one it replaced was but eighteen feet high. The old bridge was built for seven
million dollars, while the new one cost two million pounds. The latter carries
trains in both directions at the same time, trains with two consolidation
engines and tenders, coupled, whose average weight is five thousand two
hundred pounds to each foot of length, with a car-load of four thousand
pounds to the foot; and a moving load on each carriage way of a thousand
pounds a foot. Nor is there any limit prescribed for the speed of either
railway trains or carriage and motor car crossings.
This magnificent structure is, indeed, a marvel of the age. There was a
pretty scene that lives in memory which marked the date of October 16,
1901. On the very spot where the Prince of Wales (later King Edward) stood
when he drove the last rivet in the old Victoria Tubular Bridge in 1860, stood
their Royal Highnesses the Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and York (now
King George and Queen Mary), with a group of the officials of the railway,
thus linking into succession notable events separated by more than forty
years.
As one of the wonderful achievements of the opening year of the
twentieth century, this bridge draws thousands of sightseers, every year, to
study its beauty and marvellous efficiency.
42. The scenes that Cartier saw fade from the eye, and one sees the solid and
splendid business quarters of Montreal, the charming and enticing residential
sections. Yet again an anomaly—a mountain in the heart of a city! And it is
ascended, not by climbing over perpendicular rocks, but by an easy gliding
car that makes its ascent as much a part of a pleasure drive as might be the
drive in Hyde Park or in the Bois du Boulogne. Mount Royal suggests in
some way the Monreale of Palermo, save that it is crowned by no cathedral,
but from its height of a thousand feet it offers a panorama of city and river
and wood and mountain ranges that is indescribable. What must be the
influence on a city's life of having such a resort as this? It is in itself a
prospect of unique and unrivalled beauty; it is a playground for all forms of
recreation, al fresco; it is spiritual sanctuary. Again, the mystic vanishers
beset one's footsteps, and signals beckon from the vast azure sea of the air.
The sunset splendours glow and deepen over Westmount, Montreal's most
beautiful suburb, which climbs up the mountain side, with such views, such
charm of outlook, as one might well travel many a league to find.
It is again in that realm where nothing is but what is not, that one is led to
that haunt of the student and the antiquary, the Château de Ramezay, built
more than two hundred years ago by Claude de Ramezay, then governor of
Montreal. And if the American Congressional Commission, comprising
Franklin, Chase, and Carroll, who sat there for days and nights arguing,
pleading, insisting that Canada should unite with the thirteen states in their
rebellion and defiance of King George, had prevailed, had the Canadians
yielded, what would the course of history have been? How would its trend of
events have contrasted with the present? It is an interesting and curious
speculation not without historical value of its own.
The Antiquarian and Numismatic Society of Montreal acquired the
Château de Ramezay in 1895, after the building had passed through several
vicissitudes of ownership, to make of it an Historical Portrait Gallery and
Museum. One finds here a copy of the old painting in oils of the first
Ursuline Monastery in Quebec, which was built in 1640, and destroyed by
fire a year later, the original work being in the Ursuline Convent in Quebec.
In the foreground of the picture is the house that was occupied by Bishop
Laval in 1699. A large number of interesting old portraits are here, the gifts
of the descendants or adherents of the sitters themselves; and coats-of-arms,
43. antiquities, documents, and other matters of interest make up a valuable
historical museum.
Montreal is enshrined in legendary lore. The Ile de la Cité, in Paris, is
hardly more entangled in mystic story than is the metropolis of the
Dominion. The tale that has come down the ages that the martyred preacher
Saint-Denis walked from the heights of Montmartre, near Paris, to the Ile de
la Cité, carrying his severed head in his hands, does not more challenge one's
confidence in its authenticity than do many of the legends that haunt the
imagination of the visitor in Montreal. About the middle of the seventeenth
century a permanent settlement was founded in La Place Royale, near where
the old Customs House now stands. Upon a warehouse in close proximity is
placed a tablet with an inscription to the effect that on this site stood the first
manor-house of Montreal, which from 1661 to 1712 was the seminary of St.
Sulpice.
The story of the settlement of La Place Royale is one of the mystical tales
to be found in the Relations des Jésuites, and it tells that Jean Jacque Olier,
an Abbé of France, suddenly experienced a deep religious re-awakening, and
gave himself with ardour to devising and carrying out new projects in
connection with the education and training of young priests in St. Sulpice,
Paris. Hearing of the settlement on the island of Montreal he conceived the
idea of founding a mission there. The Sieur de la Dauversiére, of Brittany,
had conceived a similar project, and the two men met, by chance, as
strangers at Meudon. Although they had never seen each other before, they
fell into each other's arms and related their plans; they obtained the aid of
Madame de Bullion and other influential leaders at court, and formed a
society known as the Compagnie de Notre Dame de Montreal. It is further
related that about this time a young nun, Jeanne Mance, had a vision in
which she was called to go to the same place and found a convent. A French
writer records that then a miracle took place: "God, lifting for her the veils of
space, showed her while yet in France the shores of the island and the site
for Ville Marie, at the foot of the mountain." The little company landed from
the St. Lawrence on May 18, 1642, and at the first religious service held,
Father Vimont said, "You are a grain of mustard seed that shall rise and grow
till its branches overshadow the earth. You are few, but your work is the
work of God. His smile is upon you."
44. Thirty years later the first streets were laid out in Montreal. Religion and
education went hand in hand. In 1721 the population had increased to three
thousand; steam navigation was initiated in 1809 by the second steamboat
built in America (the first being that of Robert Fulton which plied on the
Hudson in 1807) and the steam river traffic between Montreal and Quebec
was thus begun. Navigation across the Atlantic from Canada opened in 1831;
the first railroad was successfully started in 1836; and Montreal was
incorporated in 1832. The Lachine Canal had been completed in 1825. From
the first, Montreal has been prosperous, and the present metropolis, rapidly
nearing a population of three-quarters of a million, with its nine miles of
river front, its fifty public parks, its admirable municipal improvements in all
modern appliances, stands as a monument to the faith and devotion of its
early founders led to the wilderness as by vision.
Montreal has an Art Gallery, of Greek Ionic architecture, built of Vermont
marble, the entrance hall lined with Bottichino marble, with handsome
staircases, and numerous salons. The collection of pictures and sculpture is
already an interesting one, and an annual Loan Exhibition is made possible
by the generous enterprise of the citizens, many of the private collections
being very rich in artistic treasures. Nor is music neglected in Montreal. The
organ recitals at Christ Church Cathedral are famous far beyond the city.
Women's work in Montreal is a very prominent and valuable feature of
the city's life; including much social service work and the promotion of
guilds of various orders. The Canadian woman, indeed, plays an important
part in the entire life and progress of the Dominion. The churches of
Montreal include many of great beauty, such as Notre Dame, St. James'
Cathedral, Christ Church Cathedral, and others. The Grey Nunnery, covering
an entire block, and the Royal Victoria Hospital are impressive buildings;
and the banks and office structures of the city are in many cases very
imposing and seem to duplicate the stately and impressive architecture of
London.
There is no Canadian industry that is without representation in Montreal
markets, and her manufactures have a world-wide repute. Montreal is the
greatest grain port of America, taking precedence of New York in the
quantity of grain handled at her port.
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