OCS352 INTERNET OF THINGS notes _Unit -I

Unit I
Introduction to IoT
Dr. Prabhakar D. Khandait
HOD (ETC)
KDKCE, Nagpur

IoT
Unit I: Introduction to IoT (4)
• IoT definition & Characteristics,
• Advantages and disadvantages,
• IoT functional blocks, sensing , actuation ,
• Physical design of IoT,
• Logical design of IoT,
• Constraints affecting design in IoT .
9/9/2023 Dr.P.D.Khandait, HOD (E&TC),KDKCE IOT Unit-I 2

Introduction
• Internet of Things (IoT) comprises things that have unique identities
and are connected to the internet.
• Existing devices , such as networked computers or 4G enabled mobile
phones already have some form of unique identities and are also
connected to the internet, the focus on IoT is in the configuration,
control and networking via the internet of devices or things , that are
traditionally not associated with the Internet.
• These include devices such as thermostats, utility meters, a blue
tooth- connected headset, irrigation pumps and sensor or control
circuits for an electric car’s engine

Introduction …….
• Experts already forecasted that by the year 2020 there will be a total of
50 billion devices/ things connected to the internet.
• The scope of IoT is not limited to just connected things(Devices,
appliance, machines) to the Internet.
• Applications on IoT networks extract and create information from
lower level data by filtering, processing , categorizing, condensing and
contextualizing the data.
• The information obtained is then organized and structured to infer
knowledge about the system and or its user, its environment and its
operations and progress towards its objectives, allowing a smarter
performance.

IoT definition & Characteristics
The Internet of Things (IoT) describes the network of physical
objects—“things”—that are embedded with sensors,
software, and other technologies for the purpose of
connecting and exchanging data with other devices and
systems over the internet.

IoT definition….
“The Internet of Things (IoT) is a system of interrelated
computing devices, mechanical and digital machines,
objects, animals or people that are provided with
unique identifiers and the ability to transfer data over a
network without requiring human-to-human or human-
to-computer interaction.”

IoT definition….
• Internet of Things (IoT) has been defined as
Definition: A dynamic global network infrastructure with self-
configuring capabilities based on standard and interoperable
communication protocols where physical and virtual Things have
identities, physical attributes, and virtual personalities and use
intelligent interfaces, and are seamlessly integrated into the information
network, often communicate data associated with users and their
environments.

Dynamic & Self-Adapting: IoT devices and systems may have the
capability to dynamically adapt with the changing contexts and take
actions besed on their operating conditions, user's context, or seed
environment. For example, consider a surveillance system comprising
of a number of surveillance cameras. The surveillance cameras can
adapt their modes (to normal or infra-red night modes) based on
whether day or night. Cameras could switch from lower resolution to
higher resolution modes when any motion is detected and alert nearby
cameras to do the same.
In this example, the surveillance system is adapting itself based on the
context and changing (e.g.dynamic) conditions.
IoT Characteristics

Self-Configuring: IoT devices may have self-configuring
capability, allowing a large number of devices to work
together to provide certain functionality (such as
weather monitoring). These devices have the ability configure
themselves (in association with the loT infrastructure), setup
the networking, and fetch latest software upgrades with
minimal manual or user intervention.

• Interoperable Communication Protocols: IoT devices may
support a number of Interoperable communication
protocols and can communicate with other devices and also
with the infrastructure.
• Unique Identity: Each loT device has a unique identity and a
unique identifier (such as an IP address or a URI). IoT
systems may have intelligent interfaces which adapt based on
the context, allow communicating with users and the
environmental contexts.
• IoT device interfaces allow users to query the devices,
monitor their status, and control them remotely, in association
with the control, configuration and management
infrastructure.

Integrated into Information Network: loT devices are usually integrated
into the information network that allows them to communicate and
exchange data with other devices and systems.
IoT devices can be dynamically discovered in the network, by other
devices and/or the network, and have the capability to describe
themselves (and their characteristics) to other devices or user
applications.
For example, a weather monitoring node can describe its monitoring
capabilities to another connected node so that they can communicate
and exchange data.
Integration into the information network helps in making loT systems
"smarter" due to the collective intelligence of the individual devices in
collaboration with the infrastructure. Thus, the data from a large number
of connected weather monitoring IoT nodes can be aggregated and
analyzed to predict the weather.

Advantages of IoT
• Internet of things facilitates several advantages in our daily lives. Some of
its advantages are given below:
• Minimize human effort: As IoT devices interact and communicate with
each other, they can automate the tasks helping to improve the quality of a
business’s services and reducing the need for human intervention.
• Save time: By reducing the human effort, it saves a lot of our time. Saving
time is one of the primary advantages of using the IoT platform.
• Enhanced data collection: Information is easily accessible, even if we are
far away from our actual location, and it is updated frequently in real-time.
Hence these devices can access information from anywhere at any time on
any device.
• Improved security: If we have an interconnected system, it can assist in the
smarter control of homes and cities through mobile phones. It enhances
security and offers personal protection.

Advantages of IoT….
• Efficient resource utilization: We can increase resource utilization and
monitor natural resources by knowing the functionality and how each
device works.
• Reduced use of other electronic equipment: Electric devices are directly
connected and can communicate with a controller computer, such as a
mobile phone, resulting in efficient electricity use. Hence, there will be no
unnecessary use of electrical equipment.
• Use in traffic systems: Asset tracking, delivery, surveillance, traffic or
transportation tracking, inventory control, individual order tracking, and
customer management can be more cost-effective with the right tracking
system using IoT technology.
• Useful for safety concerns: It is helpful for safety because it senses any
potential danger and warns users. For example, GM OnStar is an integrated
device that identifies a car crash or accident on the road. It immediately
makes a call if an accident or crash is found.

Advantages of IoT….
• Useful in the healthcare industry: Patient care can be performed
more effectively in real-time without needing a doctor’s visit. It gives
them the ability to make choices as well as provide evidence-based
care.

Advantages Disadvantages
Minimizes the human work and effort Increased privacy concerns
Saves time and effort Increased unemployment rates
Good for personal safety and security Highly dependent on the internet
Useful in traffic and other tracking or
monitoring systems
Lack of mental and physical activity by
humans leading to health issues.
Beneficial for the healthcare industry Complex system for maintenance
Improved security in homes and offices Lack of security
Reduced use of many electronic devices as
one device does the job of a lot of other
devices
Absence of international standards for
better communication

Disadvantages of IoT
• As the Internet of things facilitates advantages, it also creates a
significant set of drawbacks. Some of the IoT disadvantages are given
below:
• Security issues: IoT systems are interconnected and communicate
over networks. So, the system offers little control despite any security
measures, and it can lead to various kinds of network attacks.
• Privacy concern: The IoT system provides critical personal data in full
detail without the user’s active participation.
• Increased unemployment: Unskilled workers or even the skilled ones
are at a high risk of losing their jobs, leading to high unemployment
rates. Smart surveillance cameras, robots, smart ironing systems,
smart washing machines, and other facilities are replacing the
humans who would earlier do these works.

Disadvantages of IoT…
• The complexity of the system: The designing, developing, maintaining, and
enabling the extensive technology to IoT system is quite complicated.
• High chances of the entire system getting corrupted: If there is a bug in
the system, it is possible that every connected device will become
corrupted.
• Lack of international standardizations: As there is no international
standard of compatibility for IoT, it is problematic for devices from different
manufacturers to communicate with each other.
• High dependency on the internet: They rely heavily on the internet and
cannot function effectively without it.
• Reduced mental and physical activity: Overuse of the internet and
technology makes people ignorant because they rely on smart devices
instead of doing physical work, causing them to become lethargic and
inactive.

Applications of IOT
• The applications of Internet of Things span a wide range of
domains including (but not limited to)…
• Homes, cities, environment, energy systems, retail, logistics,
industry, agriculture and health as listed in Figure 1.2.

Applications of IOT…..
• For homes, IoT has several applications such as smart
lighting that adapt the lighting to suit the ambient
conditions, smart appliances that can be remotely monitored
and controlled, intrusion detection systems, smart smoke
detectors, etc.
• For cities, IoT has applications such as smart parking systems
that provide status updates on available slots, smart lighting
that helps in saving energy, smart roads that provide
information on driving conditions and structural health
monitoring systems.

• For environment, loT has applications such as weather
monitoring, air and noise pollution, forest fire detection and
river flood detection systems.
• For energy systems, IoT has applications such as including
smart grids, grid integration of renewable energy sources and
prognostic health management systems.
• For retail domain, IoT has applications such as inventory
management, smart payments and smart vending machines.

• For agriculture domain, loT has applications such as smart
irrigation systems that help in saving water while enhancing
productivity and green house control systems.
• Industrial applications of loT include machine diagnosis and
prognosis systems that help in predicting faults and
determining the cause of faults and indoor air quality
systems.
• For health and lifestyle, loT has applications such as health
and fitness monitoring systems and wearable electronics.

Physical Design of IoT
• Things of IoT
• The “Things” in IoT usually refers to IoT devices which have
unique identities and can perform remote sensing, Actuating and
monitoring capabilities.
• IoT devices can exchange data with other connected devices and
applications (directly or indirectly), or collect data from other
devices and process the data locally or send the data to
Centralized servers or cloud based applications back ends for
processing the data or from some task locally and other task
within the IoT infrastructure, based on temporal and space
constraints (ie : Memory, processing calibrators, communication
latencies and speed and deadlines).

Things of IoT ……
• An IoT device may consist of several interfaces connections
to other devices, both wired and wireless. See fig 1.3.
• These include
I)IoT interfaces for sensors
II) interfaces for internet connectivity
III) memory and storage interfaces
IV) audio video interfaces.
• An IoT Device can collect various types of data from the
onboard or attached sensors, such as temperature , humidity,
light intensity.

Things of IoT ……
• IoT devices can also be varied types, for instance, wearable
sensors, smart watches, LED light automobiles and industrial
machines.
• Almost all IoT devices generate data in Some form or the
other which when processed by Data Analytics systems leads
to Useful information to guide further actions locally or
remotely.
• For instance sensor data generated by a soil moisture
monitoring device in a Garden when processed can help in
determining the optimum watering schedule. Fig.1.4 shows
different IoT devices.

IoT Devices
1. Consumer electronics: Camcorders, cameras, etc.
2. Household appliances: Television, DVD players, washing
machine, fridge, microwave oven, etc.
3. Home automation and security systems: Air conditioners,
sprinklers, intruder detection alarms, closed circuit television
cameras, fire alarms, etc.
4. Automotive industry: Anti-lock breaking systems (ABS),
engine control, ignition systems, automatic navigation
systems, etc.
5. Telecom: Cellular telephones, telephone Switches, handset
multimedia applications, etc.
6. Computer peripherals: Printers, scanners, fax machines, etc.

IoT Devices……
7. Computer networking systems: Network routers, switches,
hubs, firewall etc.
8. Healthcare: Different kinds of scanners, EEG, ECG machines
etc.
9. Measurement & Instrumentation: Digital multi meters,
digital Oscilloscopes, logic analyzers, PLC systems, etc.
10. Banking & Retail: Automatic teller machines (ATM) and
currency counters, point of sales (POS)
11. Card Readers: Barcode, smart card readers, hand held
devices etc.

IoT Protocol
• Link Layer:
• Link Layer protocols determine how the data is physically
sent over the network’s physical layer or medium (example
copper wire, electrical cable, or radio wave).
• The Scope of The Link Layer is the Local Network
connections to which host is attached.
• Host on the same link exchange data packets over the link
layer using the link layer protocol.
• Link layer determines how the packets are coded and
signaled by the hardware device over the medium to which
the host is attached (such as Coaxial Cable).

• 802.3-Ethernet:
• IEEE 802.3 is a collections of wired Ethernet standards for the
link layer.
• For example 802.3 is a standard for 10BASE5 Ethernet that uses
coaxial cable as a shared medium,
• 802.3.i is standard for 10BASE-T Ethernet over copper twisted
pair connection, 802.3.j is standard for 10BASE-F Ethernet over
fiber optic connection
• 802.ae is the standard for 10Gbits/s Ethernet over fiber, and so
on.
• These standards provides data rate from 10 Mb/s to 40 gigabits
per second and the higher.
• The shared medium is Ethernet can be a coaxial cable , twisted
pair wire or and Optical fiber. The Shared medium(i.e. broadcast
medium) carries the communication for all the devices on the
network.

• 802.11- Wi-Fi:
• IEEE 802.11 is a collection of wireless Local area network
(WLAN) communication standards, including extensive
descriptions of the link layer.
• For example 802.11a operate in the 5 GHz band,
• 802.11b and 802.11g operate in the 2.4 GHz band.
• 802.11n operates in the 2.4/5GHz band.
• 802.11ac operates in the 5GHz band.
• 802.11ad operates in the 60 GHz band.
• These standards provides data rate from 1Mb/s to 6.75Gb/s.

• 802.16-wiMAX:
• IEEE 802.16 is a collection of wireless broadband Standards,
including extensive descriptions for the link layer (also called
WiMax).
• WiMax standard provides a data rates from 1.5 Mb/s to 1Gb/s.
The recent update (802.16m) provides data rates of 100Mb/s for
mobile stations and 1Gb/s for fixed stations.

• 802.15.4 LR-WPAN:
• IEEE 802.15.4 is a collection of standards for low rate
wireless personal area network(LR-WPAN).These standards
form the basis of specifications for high level communication
protocols such as Zigbee. LR-WPAN standards provide data
rates from 40 kb/s to 250kb/s. These standards provide low
cost and low speed Communications for power constrained
devices.

• 2G / 3G / 4G- Mobile communications:
• These are different generations of mobile communication
standards including second generation (2G including GSM
and CDMA),3rd Generation (3G-including UMTS and
CDMA2000) and 4th generation (4G- including LTE).
• IoT devices based on these standards can communicate over
cellular networks.
• Data rates for these standards range from 9.6kb/s (for 2G) to
upto 100Mb/s (for 4G).

• Network / Internet layer :
• The network layers are responsible for sending of IP
datagrams from the source network to the destination
network.
• This layer Performs the host addressing and packet routing.
• The datagrams contains a source and destination address
which are used to route them from the source to the
destination across multiple networks.
• Host Identification is done using the hierarchical IP
addressing schemes such as IPv4 or IPv6.

• IPv4: Internet protocol version 4(IPv4) is the most deployed
internet protocol that is used to identify the devices on a
Network using a hierarchical addressing scheme.
• IPv4 uses 32 bit addresses scheme that allows total of 2^32
addresses. As more and more devices got connected to the
internet these addresses got exhausted in the year 2011.
• The IPv4 has succeeded by IPv6.

• IPv6: It is the newest versions of internet protocol and
successor to IPv4. IPv6 uses 128 bit address schemes that
allows total of 2^128 addresses.
• 6LoWPAN: 6LoWPAN (IPv6 over low power wireless
personal area networks) brings IP protocol to the low power
device which have limited processing capability. It operate in
the 2.4 GHz frequency range and provide the data transfer
rate off to 250 kb/s.
• 6LoWPAN works with the 802.15.4 link layer protocol and
defines compression mechanism for IPv6 datagrams over
IEEE 802.15.4 based Network.

•Transport layer :
• The Transport layer protocols provides end-to-end message
transfer capability independent of the underlying network.
The message transfer capability can be set up on connections,
either using handshake (as in TCP) or without handshakes/
acknowledgements (as in UDP). It provides functions such as
error control , segmentation, flow control and congestion
control.

• TCP: Transmission Control Protocol(TCP) is the most widely
used transport layer protocol, that is used by the web
browsers (along with HTTP , HTTPS application layer
protocols) email program (SMTP application layer protocol)
and file transfer (FTP).
• TCP is a connection Oriented and stateful protocol. while IP
protocol deals with sending packets, TCP ensures reliable
transmissions of packets in order. TCP also provide error
detection capability so that duplicate packets can be discarded
and lost packets are retransmitted.
• The flow control capability of TCP ensures that the rate at
which the sender sends the data is not too high for the
receiver to process.

• UDP: unlike TCP, which requires carrying out an initial setup
procedure, UDP is a connectionless protocol.
• UDP is useful for time sensitive application that have very
small data units to exchange and do not want the overhead of
connection setup.
• UDP is a transactions oriented and stateless protocol.
• UDP does not provide guaranteed delivery, ordering of
messages and duplicate eliminations.

• Application layer :
• Application layer protocol define how the application
interfaces with the lower layer protocols to send the data over
the network.
• The Application data are typically in files, is encoded by the
application layer protocol and encapsulated in the transport
layer protocol .Application layer protocol enable process-to-
process connection using ports.
• Port numbers are used for application Addressing (e.g. Port
80 for HTTP, Port 22 for SSH etc)

• HTTP: Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is the application
layer protocol that forms the foundations of world wide web
(WWW). HTTP includes commands such as GET, PUT,
POST, DELETE, HEAD, TRACE, OPTIONS etc. The
protocol follows a request-response model where the client
sends request to server using the HTTP commands. HTTP is a
stateless protocol and each HTTP request is independent of
the other requests. An HTTP client can be a browser or an
application running on the client (e.g. application running on
an IoT device ,the mobile applications or other software.)
• HTTP protocol uses Universal Resource Identifiers (URIs) to
identify HTTP resources.

• CoAP: Constrained application protocol is an application
layer protocol for machine to machine (M2M) application.
• M2M meant for constrained environment with constrained
devices and constrained networks. Like HTTP, CoAP is a
web transfer protocol and uses a request- response model,
however it runs on the top of the UDP instead of TCP. CoAP
uses a client –server architecture where client communicate
with server using connectionless datagrams. It is designed to
easily interface with HTTP. Like HTTP, CoAP supports
method such as GET, PUT, POST & DELETE .

• WebSocket: Websocket protocol allows full duplex
communication over a single socket connections for sending
message between client and server. WebSocket is based on
TCP and Allows streams of messages to be sent back and
forth between the client and server while keeping the TCP
connection open. The client can be a browser, a mobile
application and IoT device

• MQTT :Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) is a
light-weight messaging protocol based on public-subscribe
model. MQTT uses a client server Architecture where the
clients (such as an IoT device) connect to the server (also
called the MQTT broker) and publishes message to topics on
the server.
• The broker forward the message to the clients subscribed to
topic.
• MQTT is well suited for constrained environments where the
devices have limited processing and memory resources and
the Network bandwidth is low.

• XMPP: Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol(XMPP)
is a protocol for real-time communication and streaming
XML data between network entities.XMPP powers wide
range of applications including messaging, presence, data
syndication, gaming multiparty chat and voice / voice calls.
XMPP Allows sending small chunks of XML data from one
network entity to another in near real time. XMPP supports
both client to server and server to server communication
paths.

• DDS: Data distribution service (DDS) is the data centric
middleware standard for device-to-device or machine to
machine communication. DDS uses a publish subscribe
model where publishers (e.g. device that generate data) create
topics to which subscribers(e.g. device that want to consume
data) can subscribe. Publisher is an object responsible for
data distribution and the subscriber is responsible for
receiving published data. DDS provide quality of service
(QoS) control and configurable reliability

• AMQP: Advanced Message Queuing protocols (AMQP) is an
open application layer protocol for business messaging.
AMQP support both point to point and publisher/subscriber
models, routing and queuing.
• AMQP broker receive message from publishers (e.g. devices
or applications that generate data) and route them over
connections to consumers (application that process data)
Publishers publish the message to exchanges which then
distribute message copies to queues.

Logical design of IoT
• Logical design of an IoT system refers to an abstract
representation of the entities and processes without going into
low level specifics of the implementations .
• An IoT system comprises of a number of functional blocks
that provide the system the capabilities for identification,
sensing, actuation ,communication and Management.

• The functional blocks are---
• Devices: An IoT system comprises of the devices that provide sensing,
actuation, monitoring and control function.
• Communication: Communication block handle the communication for
the IoT systems.

IoT functional block ……
• Services : An IoT system uses various types of IoT services
such as services for device monitoring ,device control
services ,data publishing services and services for device
Discovery.
• Management: Management Functional blocks provide
various functions to govern the IoT system
• Security: Security functional block secures the IoT system
and by providing functions such as authentication,
authorization, message and content integrity and data
security.

IoT functional block ……
• Application: IoT application provides an interface that the
users can use to control and monitor various aspects of the
IoT system.
• Application also allow users to view the system status and
view or analyze the processed data.

IoT communication models
• Request response model: Request-response is a Communications
model in which the client sends request to the server and the server
responds to the requests.
• when the server receives a request it decides how to respond, fetches
the data, retrieves resource representations, prepares the response, and
then sends the response to the client.
• Request-response model is a stateless communication model and each
request response pair is independent of others. Figure 1.7 shows the
client-server interactions in the request response model.

IoT communication model …..
• Publish – Subscribe model: Publish-Subscribe is a communication
model that involve publishers, brokers and consumers.
• Publishers are the source of data. Publishers send the data to the
topics which are managed by the broker. Publishers are not aware of
the consumer.
• Consumers Subscribe to the topics which are managed by the broker.
When the broker receives the data for a topic from the publisher, it
sends the data to all the subscribed consumers. See fig 1.8 for this
model.

• Push pull model: Push pull is communication model in which the data
producers push the data to queues and the consumers pull the data
from the queues.
• Producers do not need to be aware of the consumer.
• Queues help in decoupling the messaging between the Producers and
Consumers .
• Queues also acts as a buffer which helps in situations when there is a
mismatch between the rate at which the produces push data and the
rate at which the consumers pull the data. See fig 1.9 for the model.

• Exclusive pair: Exclusive pair is a bi directional, fully duplex
communication model that uses a persistent connections between
the client and the server.
• Once the connection is setup it remains open until the client sends a
request to close the connection.
• Client and server can send messages to each other after connection
setup. Exclusive pair is a stateful Communication model and the
server is aware of all the open connections. See fig 1.10 for the model

IoT communication Application Programming
Interfaces (APIs)
• REST- based communication API:
• Representational state transfer (REST) is a set of architectural
principles by which you can design web service and Web API that
focus on a system’s resources and how resources states are addressed
and transferred. REST API follow the request- response
communication model.
• The REST architectural constraints apply to the components,
connectors, and data elements within a distributed hypermedia
systems

REST architectural constraints
• Client server:
• The principle behind the client-server constraint is separation of
concerns. For example, client should not be concerned with the
storage of data which is a concern of the server.
• Similarly the server should not be concerned about the user interface
which is a concern of the client.
• separation allows client and server to be independently developed
and updated.

IoT communication APIs ….
• Stateless: Each request from client to server must contain all the
information necessary to understand the request , and cannot take
advantage of any stored context on the server . The session state is
kept entirely on the client.
• Catch-able: Catch constraint requires that the data within the
response to a request be implicitly or explicitly labeled as catch-able
or non-catch-able. If a response is catch-able then a client cache is
given the right to reuse that response data for later, equivalent
requests. Catching can partially or completely eliminate some
attractions and improve efficiency and scalability.

• Layered system:
• Layered System constraint, constrains the behavior of components
such that each component cannot see beyond the immediate layer
with which they are interacting.
• For example client cannot tell whether it is connected directly to the
end server or to an intermediary along the way.
• System scalability can be improved by allowing intermediaries to
respond to request instead of the end server, without the client
having to do anything different.

• Uniform interface:
• Uniform interface constraints requires that the method of communication
between client and server must be uniform.
• Resources are identified in the request (by URIs in the Web based System)
and are themselves separate from the representation of the resources that
are returned to the client.
• When client holds a representation of a resource it has all the information
required to update or delete the resource (provided the client has required
permissions).
• Each message includes enough information to describe how to process the
message.

• Code on demand : Servers can provide executable code or scripts for
clients to execute in their context.
• This is the only optional constraint

WebSocket based communication API:
• WebSocket API allow bi directional, full duplex communication
between client and servers. WebSocket API follows exclusive pair
communication model.
• Unlike request-response APIs such as REST, the WebSocket APIs allow
full duplex communication and do not require new connection to be
set up for each message to be sent.
• WebSocket communication begins with connection setup request
send by the client to the server. This request (called as WebSocket
handshake) is sent over HTTP and the server interprets it as an
upgrade request.

WebSocket based communication API….
• If the server supports WebSocket Protocol, the server responds to the
WebSocket handshake response. After the connection is setup the
client and the server can send data/messages to each other in full
duplex mode.
• WebSocket API reduce network traffic and latency as there is no
overhead for connection setup and termination requests for each
message.
• WebSocket is suitable for IoT applications that have low latency or
high throughput requirements

IoT enabling Technologies
• It is enabled by several Technologies including wireless sensor
networks, cloud computing, big Data Analytics, embedded system,
security protocols and architectures, communication protocols, web
service, mobile internet and semantic search engine .

wireless sensor network
• Wireless sensor network (WSN) comprise of distributed devices with the
sensor which are used to monitor the environmental and physical
conditions.
• A WSN consists of a number of end nodes and routers and a coordinator.
• End nodes have several sensors attached to them. End node can also act as
a routers.
• Routers are responsible for routing the data packet from end nodes to the
coordinator.
• The coordinator node collect the data from all the nodes.
• Coordinator also act as a Gateway that connects the WSN to the internet.

Examples of IoT systems with WSN….
• Weather monitoring systems use WSN in which the nodes collect
temperature, humidity and other data which is aggregated and
analyzed .
• Indoor air quality monitoring systems use WSN to collect data on the
indoor air quality and concentration of various gases.
• Soil moisture monitoring systems use WSN to monitor soil moisture at
various location.
• Surveillance systems use WSN for collecting surveillance data(such as
motion detection data)
• Smart grid use wireless sensor network for monitoring the grid at
various point.
• Structural health monitoring systems use WSN to monitor the health
of structure (buildings , bridges) by collecting vibration data from
sensor nodes deployed at various points in the structure.

Cloud computing:
• Cloud Computing is a transformative computing paradigm that involves
delivering applications and services over the internet.
• Cloud Computing involves provisioning of computing networking and
storage resources on demand and providing these resources as metered
services to the users, in a “ pay as you go” model.
• cloud Computing resources can be provisioned on demand by the user
without requiring interactions with the Cloud Service Provider.
• The process of provisioning resources used automatic Cloud Computing
resources can be accessed then it worked using standard access mechanism
that provide platform-independent access through the use of heterogeneous
client platforms such as workstations laptops tablets and Smartphones the
computing and storage resources provided by Cloud Service Provider our
food to serve multiple user using multi Tenancy. Multi-tenant aspects on the
multiple users to be served by the same physical hardware .
• Cloud Computing services are offered to user in different forms like IaaS,
PaaS, SaaS

Infrastructure as a service(IaaS) :
• IaaS provides the user the ability to provision computing and storage
resources.
• These resources are provided to the users as virtual machine instances
and virtual storage.
• Users can start, stop configure and manage the virtual machines
instance on the virtual storage. Users can deploy operating systems
and applications of their choice on the actual resources provisioned in
the cloud .
• Cloud Service Provider manages the underlying infrastructure.
• Virtual resources provisioned by the users are billed based on a pay-
per-user paradigm.

Platform as a service(PaaS) :
• Platform as a service provides the user the ability to develop and
deploy application in the cloud using the development tools,
application programming interfaces (APIs), software libraries and
services provided by the Cloud Service Provider.
• The Cloud Service Provider manages the underlying cloud
infrastructure including servers, network, operating systems and
storage .
• The users themselves are responsible for developing, deploying,
configuring and managing applications on the cloud infrastructure.

Software as a service(SaaS) :
• SaaS Provides the user a complete software applications or the user
interface to the application itself .
• The Cloud Service Provider manage the underlying cloud infrastructure
including servers, network, operating systems, storage and application
software, and the user is unaware of the underlying architecture of the
cloud.
• Applications are provided to the user through a thin client interface (for
example Browser). SaaS applications are platform independent and can be
accessed from various client devices such as workstations,laptop,tablet and
smartphones, running different operating systems.
• Since the cloud service provider manages both the application and data,
the users are able to access the applications from anywhere.

Big Data Analytics
• Big data is defined as collections of data set whose volume, velocity in
terms of its temporal variations or variety, is so large that it is difficult
to store, manage, process and analyze the data using traditional
database and data processing tools.
• Big Data Analytics involving several steps starting from Data cleaning,
data munging, data processing and visualization.

Examples of big data generated by IoT
systems …
1. Sensor data generated by IoT system such as weather monitoring
stations
2. Machine sensor data collected from sensor embedded in Industrial
and energy system for monitoring their files and protecting failure
3. Health and fitness data generated by IoT devices such as wearable
fitness band.
4. Data generated by IoT system for Location tracking of vehicle.
5. Data generated by retail inventory monitoring system.

Characteristics of data (VVV):
• Volume: Through there is no fixed threshold for volume of data to be
considered as big data, however the term big data is used for massive
scale data that is difficult to store, manage and process using
traditional data bases and data processing architecture. The
• volume of data generated by modern IT, industrial and Healthcare
systems for example is a growing exponentially driven by the lowering
cost of data storage and processing architectures and the need to
extract valuable insights from the data to improve business processes,
efficiency and services to consumer.

Characteristics of data…
• Velocity: Velocity is another important characteristics of big data and
the primary reasons for exponential growth of data velocity of the
data of a store how fast the data is generated and how frequently it
varies. Modern IT Industrial and other systems are generating data at
increasing the highest speeds.
• Variety: Variety refers to the forms of the data. Big data comes in for
different forms such as structured or unstructured data including text
data, audio, video and sensor data .

Communications protocol:
• Communications protocols form the backbone of IoT system and
enable network connectivity and coupling to applications.
• Communications protocols allow device to exchange data over the
network.
• These protocols define the data exchange formats and data encoding
schemes for devices and routing of packets from source to
destination.
• Other function of the protocol include sequence control flow control
and transmissions of Lost packet.

Embedded systems
• An Embedded system is computer system that has computer
hardware and software embedded perform specific task.
• In contrast to general purpose computers or personal computers
which can perform various types of tasks, embedded systems are
designed to perform a specific set of tasks.
• Embedded system include Microprocessor and Microcontroller,
memory (RAM, ROM, cache), networking units (Ethernet WI-FI
adaptor), input/output unit, display keyboard , display and storage
such as Flash Memory.
• some embedded system have specialist processes such as digital
signal processor (DSP), graphic processor and application.

IoT levels and Deployment Templates
• IoT level 1:
• Level One IoT system has a single node / device that performs sensing
and/or actuation, stores data, reforms analysis and the host to the
application.
• Level 1 IoT systems are suitable for modeling low cost and low
complexity solutions where the data involving is not big and the
analysis requirements are not computationally intensive.

Level 1 IoT system (e.g. Home automation)
• This system consists of the single node that allows controlling the
lights and appliances in your home remotely .
• The device used in this system interface with their lights and
appliances using electronic relay switches.
• The status information of each light or appliance is maintained in a
local database.
• REST service deployed locally; Allow retrieving and updating the state
of the each light or appliances in the status database.

Home automation…
• The controller service continuously monitor the state of each light or
appliance and triggers the relay switches accordingly.
• The applications which is deployed locally has a user interface for
controlling the lights or appliances.
• Since the device is connected to the internet, the application can be
accessed remotely as well.

IoT level 2:
• Level 2 IoT system has a single node that performs sensing and/or
actuation and local analysis.
• Data is stored in the cloud and application is usually cloud based
systems are suitable for solutions where the data in world is big,
however the primary analysis requirement is not computationally
intensive and can be done local itself.
• Example of Level 2 IoT system: e.g. smart irrigation.

Smart irrigation.
• The system consists of the single node that monitor the soil moisture
level and control segregation system.
• The device used in this system collect soil moisture data from sensor
the controller service continuously monitor the moisture level.
• If the moister level drops below a threshold t , the irrigation system is
turned on.
• For controlling the irrigation system actuators such as solenoid valve
can be used.
• REST Web Services is used for storing and retrieving data which is
stored in the cloud database.
• A cloud based application is used for visualizing the moisture level
over a period of time, which can help in making decisions about
irrigation schedules.

IoT Level 3:
• Level 3 system has a single node .
• Data is stored and analyzed in the cloud application is cloud-based.
• Level 3 IoT system is suitable for solutions where the data involved is
big and analysis requirements computationally intensive.
• Example of Level 3 IoT system say tracking package handling.

Tracking package handling
• The system consists of a single node that monitors the vibration level for
package being shipped.
• The device in the system uses accelerometer and gyroscope sensor for
monitoring vibration levels. The controller service send sensor data to the
cloud in real time using a website service. The data is stored in the cloud
and also visualized using a cloud based application.
• The analysis component in the cloud can Trigger alert the vibration level
become greater than threshold. The benefit of using websocket service
instead of the REST service this example the sensor data can be sent in
real-time to the cloud.
• Cloud based application can subscribe to the sensor data feeds for you in
the real-time data.

IoT level 4
• A level 4 IoT system has multiple nodes that perform local analysis.
• Data is stored in the cloud and application is cloud based,
• Level 4 contains local and cloud based observer nodes which can
subscribe to and receive information collected in the cloud from IoT
devices.
• Observer node can process information and use it for various
applications, however observer nodes do not perform any control
function.
• level 4 IoT systems are suitable for solutions where multiple nodes
are required the data involved is big and the analysis requirements
are computationally intensive.

• Let us consider an example of level four IoT system for Noise
Monitoring.
• The system consists of multiple nodes placed in different locations for
monitoring noise level in an area. In this example with sound sensor.
Nodes are independent of each other each node runs in one
controller service that sends the data to the cloud.
• The data is stored in a cloud database the analysis of the data
collected from a number of nodes is done in the cloud
Noise Monitoring

IoT Level 5:
• IoT system has multiple end nodes and one coordinator node and
nodes that perform sensing and / or actuation.
• Coordinator node collects data from the entry and send to the cloud.
Data is stored and analyzed in the cloud and applications is cloud
based.
• Level 5 IoT system are suitable for forest fire detection. The system
consists of multiple nodes placed in different locations for monitoring
temperature, humidity and carbon dioxide levels in a forest.

Forest fire detection
• The endnodes in this example are equipped with various sensors such
as temperature humidity and to CO2.
• The coordinator node collects the data from the end nodes and act as
a Gateway that provides internet connectivity to the IoT system.
• The controller service on the coordinator device sends the collected
data to the cloud .
• The data is stored in the cloud database. The analysis of the data is
done in the computing cloud to aggregate the data and make
prediction.

IoT Level 6:
• IoT Level 6 system has multiple Independent end nodes that perform
sensing and / or actuations and send data to the cloud.
• Data is stored in the cloud and applications is cloud based .
• The analytics component analyze the data and store the results in the
cloud database.
• The results are visualized with the cloud based application. The
centralized controller is aware of the status of all the end nodes and
send control commands to the nodes.

Weather monitoring
• Consider an example of level 6 IoT system for weather monitoring.
• The system consists of multiple nodes placed in different location for
monitoring temperature, humidity and pressure in an area.
• The end nodes are equipped with various sensors such as temperature
,pressure and humidity.
• The end nodes send the data to the cloud in real time using a websocket
service .
• The data is stored in a cloud database.
• The analysis of the data is done in the cloud to aggregate the data and
make predictions.
• A cloud based applications is used for visualizing the data.

Constraints affecting design in IoT
• These constraints consist of what we term the 5 ‘P’s of IoT: power,
processing, place, price and proportions, as illustrated in the image
below.

Constraints affecting design in IoT…
• The 5 'P's
• Power
• Specifically the access to mains power, is a key determinant of how an IoT
application is architected. The use of battery power necessitates numerous
compromises in terms of connectivity technology used, communications
protocols, processing and more. All of those choices have implications for
the power usage and require some sort of trade off. According to
Transforma Insights’ analysis of real world IoT deployments, over one-
quarter of enterprise IoT deployments today are reliant on battery power,
and with the increasing prevalence of LPWA technologies, the ability of
enterprises to deploy applications where there is no mains power will only
increase. By 2030 it’s easily possible that 50% of enterprise IoT
deployments will be heavily or exclusively based on battery-powered
devices.

• Processing
• This includes all of the semiconductor capabilities on the device
including CPU and memory. This is expensive. Moore’s law has
obviously helped to reduce that cost, assisted by hardware
techniques such as system on a chip (SoC) and chip on board (CoB)
which have helped to reduce the cost for the same grade of
equipment. The latest development in the field is ARM’s PlasticARM
solution. On the software side, a raft of embedded operating systems
including Amazon FreeRTOS, RIOT, TinyOS and Zephyr have come
available with very small footprints, giving greater capability on
processing constrained devices.

• Place
• Where the device is located is a constraint when it limits access to specific
networks (and power) and/or the ability of people to access the device.
Geographically remote devices may have very limited options of how to be
connected, often being limited to technologies that are low bandwidth or
costly, or both. This might create a strong impetus for increasing processing
on the device, using machine learning to automate local decision making.
This helps to minimise what traffic needs to be sent. This limitation also has
strong implications for, for instance, which networking protocols might be
used, favouring less chatty ones such as MQTT-SN. Furthermore, being in a
remote location can also limit the ability of people to make changes to the
device manually (necessitating remote management).

• Price
• Always going to be consideration and a limitation on what a developer can
do with an IoT device. There are almost no applications that are completely
price insensitive, meaning there is always an incentive to keep prices low.
The link between price reduction and adoption is not linear; a halving of
the cost of putting a device into the field, whether that be connectivity or
hardware costs, will likely mean much more than double the sales. As an
example, disposable devices (which Transforma Insights includes in its TAM
Connected Devices IoT Forecasts) might be viable at a high price point for
tracking high value assets such as pharmaceuticals or precious metals, but
the volumes of those devices will be tiny. Cut the price by 90% and it
becomes viable for millions of much lower value assets. Cut it by 99% and
the sky’s the limit.

OCS352 INTERNET OF THINGS notes _Unit -I

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OCS352 INTERNET OF THINGS notes _Unit -I