Online Instruction Types: O'Connor

Using Internet Effectively for Different Types of Courses A practical guide from almost 10 years of online course development and instruction – Summer 2006 By Eileen O’Connor, Ph.D. Empire State College – State University of New York [email_address]

Summary of Presentation The author presents her experiences with online course development and implementation, addressing a variety of approaches and considering the merits in light of a course’s objectives and student population. Her presentation will include a discussion of and links to: online discussions for encouraging student ownership and collaboration; companion websites for improving local community and school relations; and, email-supported online tutorials for skill building

Agenda & Considerations Introduction / welcome As you listen to this presentation, ask yourself: what has been your experience with online teaching to date? can the prompting questions (included in the presentation) help you think about ways these technologies might support your work? The presentation will: begin with an overview of communication technologies in the classroom address three areas that demonstrate selected uses of technology; you should consider if these areas might possibly apply to your work close with some general notes on online development. Many links are provided within this presentation so that you can visit these web sites later. Hopefully we can continue to communicate and share ideas long after the conference ends. Thank you for attending this presentation.

Using Internet and courseware for teaching, instruction, and communication Internet and e-technologies can allow virtually any form of communication and interaction and, remember that the young are very attuned to technology as you can see too, it is the way the world will work in the future Internet & online courses can extend your geographic and temporal reach In this presentation and discussion, we will consider only a few of many possible examples Experiment to learn what you can do: Think beyond ways you are communicating presently Consider what technology avenues are open to you . . . but keep on exploring new avenues as well.

To start you thinking: in what ways could Internet & online courses support your objectives? What areas require procedural instructions, background information, lists and libraries? How are you trying to build a learning community among your students? Do you think such a community can improve learning? (this is a critical epistemological / philosophical question) Where would you like to have more visibility to a community outside the school?

Overview of approaches considered Procedural / skill building Community / Dissemination Collaboration within a course

Considerations with use of Internet for instruction and/or for procedural information Examples will follow on next slides A portion of most instructional environments includes procedures, lists, and resource links. Use Internet to preserve this information for more than one course or use. Organize these long-term website carefully: Consider the overall design & the ways that users will navigate the web site Use searches and indexes when possible to make information easier to find Realize that users are not pleased with changes to the web site, so consider at least your front page carefully when you begin Develop page numbering & referencing conventions that will work in print as well as online.

Design considerations for this largely procedural web site used to teach computer skills Since technology skill building was the primary objective, the relationship within the course was between the teacher (the master) and the individual student (the apprentice). This was not a collaborative relationship. All instructions were created by the teacher online in advance of the course. Careful attention to instructional design was followed. During the course itself, the instructor sent reminders weekly to these 100% online students; a homework assignment was due each week. Although students could be “creative” with their technology assignments, they had to meet the course objectives and demonstrate certain competencies in use of the technology (PowerPoint & others) More than 1,000 teachers have taken these courses; they have been well received. Please visit: http://www.InteractiveLearningSolutions.net/mast-power - (request password)

Navigation within this “procedural” web site Multiple ways to access the course content

Establishing objectives within each module; the method of instruction Well written instructional objectives are critical if you want to minimize questions to the instructor and stress for the student, particularly when you are evaluating specific skills. Since this course was primarily to build computer skills, the objectives were technology-related The course demonstrated the skills-to-be-acquired by using creative teacher examples from a variety of teaching scenarios

Providing directions for the technology lessons within each module To guide students through steps at their computer , you must be very careful with the instructions written. Proving images and step-by-step instructions, and downloadable examples can be very helpful.

Examples important to teachers were used In each course, examples from a variety of content areas were shown to encourage creative thinking about the technology To the right is an image of ways an elementary school teacher could use PowerPoint to teach about shapes

Examples important to teachers were used In each course, examples encouraged creative uses of the technology In the example to the right, you can see how images, timelines, maps, and directions were used as a way to illustrate PowerPoint features and as a way to suggest teaching social studies

Providing animated (audio-visual) instruction – supporting different types of learners Since there are different learning styles, providing audio-visual animations can help the learner understand directions (creating these animations is time consuming and requires specific skills – these animations were made in Flash)

Locating information during the course and providing ways for use after the course ends A search link brought readers to an interactive index that allowed them to find information about technology outside of the tutorial itself. A coding system was used so that the materials and the search index could be printed and used as a book after the course ended.

Applications to your situation – procedural / skill-building What are your information or instructional needs that can be served with a well-designed website (password protected, if necessary) that can be used repetitively, easily, and over long periods of time?

Advantages of using online discussion boards in courses Can encourage student participation at times convenient to them less student fatigue and improved participation Preserves a record of instruction and interactions facilitates course evaluation and research Allows for greater student participation all “voices” can be heard even when a student is quiet in the classroom or has a different native language than most of the class. The relationships within this environment: teacher-student & student-student

Building collaboration within a course Determine what types of assignments can serve for these discussions; can they be: A reading? A project? A group project? Consider your educational & instructional philosophy: Articulate communication and writing expectations for discussion groups: allow informal language if you want honesty and often better quality work than you might expect; you may want different standards for formal papers Consider allowing the posting of all works, even before review : Pros: Encourages better work; supports collegial development Cons: Some student postings may not be good; you need a disclaimer & a way to address errors in a tactful manner Determine how much presence you want as an instructor Recommended that “some” presence should always be asserted; discussion boards with no faculty presence at all can become problematic.

Online discussions with students can support many objectives – consider these areas: Students can: discuss / debate readings, postings, news articles post and discuss original works and projects reflect on common experiences (an example of a discussion where students chose their own topics is shown on a later slide) Suggestions: Encourage the use of good subject headings; no one wants to open a file if it is not relevant to their interests.

As an instructor you make “authority” decisions that influence communication within the course When respectful, informal conversation is allowed student commentary may be more thoughtful and honest Students & teacher together? Students as an unedited voice? Teacher as primary voice? What voices prevail?

An example of procedural considerations within a discussion board

Online discussion with students – an example of building a collaboration within a course Objectives of this course: To build a collaborative of teachers who will generate their own understanding of teaching and learning through: examination of their own learning experiences readings and study observations in school districts; discussion of observations. Types of students in this course: In this program, the students are adults from non-teaching disciplines that are making a career change into teaching. Ways that students are considered within this course Respect of the student and student ownership of his / her work is critical Students must be active participants in developing their own understanding (constructivism) In many parts of the course, students choose their own topics with approval and guidance from the instructor.

Another course where students selected discussion topics These future teachers in math and science chose the topics that they discussed online. These students were asked to consider supports and impediments to technology in schools in choosing topics.

Applications to your situation – collaboration through discussion boards Where could you use a discussion to encourage student ownership and genuine participation? What parameters do you want to establish to ensure quality participation?

Establishing relationships outside the course, classroom or institution Areas for communication and dissemination to a larger community Ways to herald the work of students Students will work more diligently if they know there is a possible public forum Students can take ownership of the website development and website standard setting – as part of their assignment Some authoring software allows you to easily incorporate student work as a design element (example shown on a later slide )

Establishing relationships outside the classroom – example of an urban community This website (shown on the next few slides) was designed initially as a way to engage classroom teachers in uses of technology Many school events were photographed and posted daily Images were used largely because of the elementary school audience Web authoring software (FrontPage by Microsoft) was used to allow easy update of content and the link structure.

Establishing relationships outside the classroom – design / navigation considerations The design should be somewhat stable – a viewer should be able to return and navigate in approximately the same way Consider the opening page quite seriously; get as much critical information on this page as possible – without being too “wordy” Find a metaphor or image if possible or simply use a large list of links Create a site map & multiple ways of navigation if possible (see the next few slides) Secure permissions for use of individual identities and names, particularly with minors

Establishing relationships outside the classroom – student work / multiple navigation pathways More student themes – The opening page highlights main activities Site map provides alternative navigation

The background was created by student artists within the elementary school This raindrop pattern & the umbrella were created by a sixth grade student Original backgrounds can be easily created in Microsoft Front Page

Consider the information for the homepage – a page of logically-organized links is useful

Consider the information for the homepage – is a metaphor or visual image possible? However, good metaphors can be very difficult to create Often, lists of links (as on the previous slide) are easier with new web sites

Website can alert parents, other institutions and community to internal events -- example

Establishing relationships outside the classroom – proven interest People return – to see the school / to see their children This site is still being viewed although no entries have been made in three years (see the site statistics to the right).

Establishing relationships outside the classroom – proven interest The image to the right shows some of the pages still being visited, three years after any entries have been made.

Applications to your situation – community building / community informing What information or activities would you want to broadcast a larger audience? How could you use a web audience as a way of encouraging better learning?

Considerations when developing an online course (or part of a course) Follow appropriate design considerations . . . as with any teaching Define your objectives for the online or Internet portion; do you want: To deliver information and procedures? To develop a collaborative community among the course participants during the course timeframe? To inform individuals or institutions outside the school, heralding student work in the process?

Technology considerations when developing an online course (or part of a course) Although the design should be based upon the relationships you want to build and your educational philosophy, consider these tech tips to get you started: use trial and error at the start; it is easy to change after you see the effectiveness; read books too – but don’t be afraid to try; this is still a new medium of expressing and the technologies available are changing too don’t expect that you will be an expert with the technology – it is OK for things to go wrong; have non-technology backup plans you do not have to be perfect in front of your students ; have your students help you – they will appreciate the opportunity think outside the box, you can do things you have not done before consider the support that is reasonably available to you; you can work in a quick development mode (such as PowerPoint) to allow you to test what you want to do.

Example uses of Internet in instructional support A web site of student projects with technology -- http://www.learn-with-tech.net ; domain name and server supported by the instructor (approximately $150 per year (USA dollars)) Community website – http://www.ils-courses.net/toast2 Opening to an information website with a visual metaphor – http://www.InteractiveLearningSolutions.net Online, primarily skill-building course with email communication: (please request password) http://www.InteractiveLearningSolutions.net/mast-power

Disclaimer – Ways of Working The work you have seen was created by Dr. Eileen O’Connor to serve her university students in teacher education and to serve professional clients (school districts) The work with web sites was created by O’Connor and, although reasonably well designed, does not represent the caliber of work possible with the help of technical support staff. These materials are shown as a demonstration of ways to work and represent a constantly emerging understanding of O’Connor in website design for instruction, collaboration, and communication purposes

References to Supportive Studies Bransford, J..D., Brown, A. L., & Cocking, R. (eds) (1999). How People Learn: Brain, Mind, Experience, and School. National Academy Press. Brownlee, J., Purdie, N. and Boulton-Lewis, G. (2001). Changing epistemological beliefs in pre-service teacher education students. Teaching in Higher Education 6(2):247-268. Chickering, A. & Ehrmann, S. C. (1996). Implementing the Seven Principles: Technology as Lever . AAHE Bulletin, October, pp. 3-6. Coppola, B. (2006). Balancing Theory, Practice, and Technology in a Graduate Teacher Education Class. Proceedings from Opening Gates in Teacher Education (Mofet Institute). Kuriloff, P. (2005). Breaking the Barriers of Time and Space: More Effective Teaching Using e-Pedagogy . Innovate 2 (1). Retrieved January 30, 2006, from http://www.innovateonline.info Lee, J. A. & Busch, P. E. (2005). Factors Related to Instructors’ Willingness to Participate in Distance Education. The Journal of Educational Research , November/December 2005 [Vol. 99 (No. 2)] McCombs, B. L. & Vakili, D. (2005) A Learner-Centered Framework for E-Learning, Volume 107, Number 8, pp. 1582 – 1600. Retrieved: 2/19/2006 from Teachers College Record .

References to Supportive Studies Palloff, R. M. and Pratt, K. (1999). Building Learning Communities in Cyberspace: Effective Strategies for the Online Classroom (1st edition). Jossey-Bass. Plourde, L. (2002). Elementary Science Education: The Influence of Student Teaching – Where It All Begins. Education, 123(3). 253-245. Reeves, T., Herrington, J. & Oliver, R. (2002). Authentic activities and online learning. Retrieved March 5, 2006. http://elrond.scam.ecu.edu.au/oliver/2002/Reeves.pdf Rodgers, C. (2002). Defining Reflection: Another Look at John Dewey and Reflective Thinking; Volume 104 Number 4, 2002, p. 842-866. Retrieved : 8/5/2004 from Teachers College Record Seamon, M. (2001). Changing Instructional Practices through Technology Training. The Book Report, 1, 44-48. Seeman, E. (2005). Reforming Teacher Education Programs. [Interview with Education World. ] Retrieved March 2, 2006. http://www.education-world.com/a_issues/chat/chat152.shtml . Zhao, Y., Pugh, K., Sheldon, S., Byers, J. (2002). Conditions for Classroom Technology Innovations. Teachers College Record. 104, 482-515.

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