Open Knowledge and University of Cambridge European Bioinformatics Institute
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This document discusses open data and open science. It highlights Jean-Claude Bradley as a pioneer of open notebook science and open data who believed closed data means people die. It describes tools like ContentMine that can automatically extract data like chemical reactions, phylogenetic trees and clinical trial results from papers. Visitors can extract specific types of data while repositories can solve problems communally with continuous publication and validation.
![http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/read
… an unprecedented public good. …
… completely free and unrestricted access to [peer-
reviewed literature] by all scientists, scholars, teachers,
students, and other curious minds. …
…Removing access barriers to this literature will
accelerate research, enrich education, share the
learning of the rich with the poor and the poor with
the rich, make this literature as useful as it can be, and
lay the foundation for uniting humanity in a common
intellectual conversation and quest for knowledge.
(BOAI, 2003)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ebi-140515051540-phpapp02-151124231117-lva1-app6891/85/Open-Knowledge-and-University-of-Cambridge-European-Bioinformatics-Institute-33-320.jpg)
![Ross Mounce (Bath), Panton Fellow
• Sharing research data:
http://www.slideshare.net/rossmounce
• How to figures from PLOS/One [link]:
Ross shows how to bring figures to life:
• PLOSOne at http://bit.ly/PLOStrees
• PLOS at http://bit.ly/phylofigs (demo)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ebi-140515051540-phpapp02-151124231117-lva1-app6891/85/Open-Knowledge-and-University-of-Cambridge-European-Bioinformatics-Institute-51-320.jpg)
Open Knowledge and University of Cambridge European Bioinformatics Institute
- 1. Open Data Peter Murray-Rust*, Open Knowledge and University of Cambridge European Bioinformatics Institute, UK, 2014-05-15 *Shuttleworth Fellow 2014-5
- 2. Overview • Most scientific data is lost; costs many billions… • … AND LIVES. Closed Data Means People Die • Human problem; lack of vision + active opposition. • Fully open data can change this • Appreciation of Jean-Claude Bradley’s work • Panton Fellows (Ross Mounce, Sophie Kershaw) • Content Mining as partial solution (Hargreaves UK) • WHAT YOU MUST DO
- 3. Elsevier wants to control Open Data
- 5. Award of Blue Obelisk Jean-Claude Bradley Egon Willighagen
- 7. Conventional Research “Lab” work paper/th esis Write rewrite Re-experiment publish ??? Validation?? DATA All your data are belong to publisher
- 8. Free/Open Software Development Engineered repository World community CODE rewrite validate CODE fork CODE Re-use CODE Re-use Github, BitBucket Stackoverflow, Apache e.g. Chem4Word (M-R group) Outercurve repository, Now developed by ex-pharma s/w And interfaced to ChemDoodle inspires OSI
- 10. Open Source software inspires Open Science Jean-Claude Bradley 2006
- 11. Open Notebook Science, ONS Jean-Claude Bradley 2006
- 16. And spectra were included as well Jean-Claude Bradley 2006
- 18. TOOLS Open Science Open engineered repository World community INSTRUMENT validate merge MODEL CODE DATA DATA knowledge calibrate Problems are solved communally; Nothing is needlessly duplicated; “publication“ is continuous ; data are SEMANTIC Machines and humans Working together
- 19. Mat Todd, University of Sydney • JC was a pioneer in open science, and uncompromising about its importance. We had so many productive interactions over the years, starting from the end of January 2006, when we started our open chemistry project on The Synaptic Leap (JC was the first to comment!) and JC posted his very first experiment online at Usefulchem. I remember starting to think about how to do completely open projects, looking around the web in 2005 to see if anything open was going on in chemistry, and coming across JC's lone voice, and I thought "Wow, who is this guy?" He had dedication and integrity - we'll all miss him. 2014-05-15 (Mail to PM-R)
- 20. Mat Todd, University of Sydney: Antimalarial
- 22. The economic value of data • I believe that we spend globally ca 400 billion USD / yr on public research. • The outputs include: – Knowledge / papers / patents – Organizations – People – materials – Data – many billions/year and much is lost
- 27. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinventing_Discovery Michael Neilsen Kasparov versus the World, The Wisdom of Crowds, various online collaborative projects InnoCentive, collective intelligence, Paul Seabright's economic theory, online chat History of Linux, Open Architecture Network, Wikipedia, MathWorks' computer programming contest communication in small groups, particularly as studied by Stasser and Titus; praxis of science; a discussion of communication among scientists Don R. Swanson and Literature-based discovery, predicting influenza with Google searches, Sloan Digital Sky Survey, Allen Institute for Brain Science, Ocean Observatories Initiative, Human Genome Project, Google Translate Democratizing Science Galaxy Zoo, Foldit, citizen science, eBird, open access, arXiv, PLoS The Challenge of Doing Science in the Open Complexity Zoo, academic publishing The Open Science Imperative Open science, academic journal publishing reform, SPIRES appendix - The problem solved by the Polymath Project
- 29. “Free” and “Open” • "Free software is a matter of liberty, not price. ’free speech', not 'free beer'”. (RMS) • “A piece of data or content is open if anyone is free to use, reuse, and redistribute it” (OKFN)http://opendefinition.org/ • “open” (access) has multiple incompatible “definitions”. Major split is “human eyeballs” vs copying and machine “reusability” • “Open” is a marketing term for publishers, who frequently (often deliberately) do not grant full Openness.
- 30. 4 Freedoms (Richard Stallman) • Freedom 0: The freedom to run the program for any purpose. • Freedom 1: The freedom to study how the program works, and change it to make it do what you wish. • Freedom 2: The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor. • Freedom 3: The freedom to improve the program, and release your improvements (and modified versions in general) to the public, so that the whole community benefits. "I’ve spent a third of my life building software based on Stallman’sfour freedoms, and I’ve been astonished by the results. WordPress wouldn’t be here if it weren’t for those freedoms, and it couldn’t have evolved the way it has.” - Matt Mullenweg, co-creator of WordPress
- 31. Critical Historical Open Events • Free Software Foundation (RMS, 1985) and Linux (Torvalds, 1991) • The World Wide Web (TBL, 1991) • The human genome (1990-2001) The life of Aaron Swarz (1986-2013)
- 32. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda_Principles • Automatic release of sequence assemblies larger than 1 kb (preferably within 24 hours). • Immediate publication of finished annotated sequences. • Aim to make the entire sequence freely available in the public domain for both research and development in order to maximise benefits to society.
- 33. http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/read … an unprecedented public good. … … completely free and unrestricted access to [peer- reviewed literature] by all scientists, scholars, teachers, students, and other curious minds. … …Removing access barriers to this literature will accelerate research, enrich education, share the learning of the rich with the poor and the poor with the rich, make this literature as useful as it can be, and lay the foundation for uniting humanity in a common intellectual conversation and quest for knowledge. (BOAI, 2003)
- 34. Where to put the data?
- 35. Mendeley From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia • Mendeley – a social media site used by many scientists to store metadata … • … purchased by Elsevier in 2013 • David Dobbs, in The New Yorker, described motive as: – to acquire its user data, – to destroy or coöpt an open-science icon that threatens its business model. • PM-R: Mendeley can also Snoop and Control
- 36. Authors don’t deposit data (Ross Mounce)
- 37. NOTE: RSC have always published raw crystal data as “CC0” and the enhanced data is openly available
- 39. Restrictions on Re-use of Crystallographic data NOTE: The CCDC is based on data contributed by scientists as part of publication and validation
- 42. (auth: Mark Hahnel in response to our debates)
- 43. Panton Principles for Open Data in science(2010) • …make an explicit and robust statement of your wishes. • Use a recognized waiver or license that is appropriate for data. • open as defined by the Open Knowledge/Data Definition (… NOT non-commercial) • Explicit dedication of data … into the public domain via PDDL or CCZero
- 44. Panton Authors and Fellows
- 45. Sophie Kershaw, Panton Fellow : Doctoral Training in Oxford
- 46. Sophie Kershaw, Panton Fellow
- 47. Reproducibility? Begley & Ellis (2012) Nature 483, 531-533 Image shown is from front page of Begley & Ellis (2012), produced by the Nature Publishing Group
- 48. “Train a new generation of data scientists and broaden public understanding” “Riding The Wave” European Commission October 2010
- 49. Rotation-Based Learning (RBL) Phase 1: Initiator • No communication permitted between groups • Attempt to reproduce existing literature • Deliver a coherent research story by the end of Phase 1 Phase 2: Successor • Communication between groups still prohibited • Validate and develop the inherited research story • Critique your predecessors • Role of research producer vs. research user • Can this approach help to foster awareness of reproducibility issues? Throughout Phases 1 & 2: • Daily lectures on open science culture & techniques • First-hand application to own research work • Version control using GitHub • Daily group supervision
- 50. “Do you think you would be more confident in the future about trying to apply Open techniques to your work..?” • 50% Yes, by myself • 41% Yes, with help/guidance • 9% No opinion/neutral • 0% No
- 51. Ross Mounce (Bath), Panton Fellow • Sharing research data: http://www.slideshare.net/rossmounce • How to figures from PLOS/One [link]: Ross shows how to bring figures to life: • PLOSOne at http://bit.ly/PLOStrees • PLOS at http://bit.ly/phylofigs (demo)
- 52. TOOLS Open Notebook Science Open engineered repository World community INSTRUMENT validate merge MODEL CODE DATA DATA knowledge calibrate Problems are solved communally; Nothing is needlessly duplicated; “publication“ is continuous Machines and humans Working together CC-BY
- 53. Content Mining “Lab” work paper/th esis Write publish ??? DATA Intelligent software To read scientific papers DATA Despite the inefficiency and loss much unused data remains In published articles. Publishers have tried to stop us mining it. On 2014-06-01 IT WILL BE LEGAL IN UK!
- 54. Content Mining • 1,000,000 papers/year => 3,000 / day => 2 /min • 10,000+ phylogenetic trees (Ross Mounce, BBSRC) • 20,000 chemical reactions / day • >> 1 million graphs, plots, bar charts, statistics • Possible on a laptop • http://contentmine.org Anyone interested in data from clinical trials papers?
- 55. AMI2: High-throughput extraction of semantic chemistry from the scientific literature Andy Howlett, Mark Williamson, Peter Murray-Rust, Unilever Centre, Cambridge
- 56. AMI2 is a framework that can extract semantic data from the scientific literature.
- 58. Visitor Design Pattern/Example Visitor= something that extracts a specific type of data SpeciesVisitor, ChemVisitor, PhylogeneticTreeVisitor, GeoLocationVisitor, ClinicalTrialVisitor … Visitable= something that can have specific data extracted PDF, SVG, Table
- 59. ChemistryVisitor Can interpret diagram or look up chemistry in PubChem or ChEBI
- 63. C) What’s the problem with this spectrum? Org. Lett., 2011, 13 (15), pp 4084–4087 Original thanks to ChemBark
- 64. After AMI2 processing….. … AMI2 has detected a square
- 66. Thanks • BBSRC for PLUTo project (Bath) • Unilever Research for PhD (Andy Howlett) • TSB / Cambridge IP (PDRA Mark Williamson) • Shuttleworth Foundation (Fellowship PM-R) • Julian Huppert MP and David Willetts (support for Hargreaves copyright reform) • Christoph Steinbeck (EBI) Metabolights • The ContentMine team (Michelle Brook, Ross Mounce, Jenny Molloy, Richard Smith-Unna, CottageLabs) • The Blue Obelisk • Open Knowledge • Apache PDFBox and all F/LOSS software authors • Unilever Centre and University of Cambridge
- 67. CLOSED ACCESS MEANS PEOPLE DIE • Create Open Notebook Science in your discipline • Actively release data into Public Domain. • Actively campaign against any re-use restrictions (including CC-BY-NC) • Refuse to work with closed organizations CLOSED DATA MEANS PEOPLE DIE
- 69. TOOLS Open Science Open engineered repository World community INSTRUMENT validate merge MODEL CODE DATA DATA knowledge calibrate “Publication” is continuous and all “curious minds” can be involved.
Editor's Notes
- #2: Hi, I’m here to talk about AMI; a data extraction framework and tool. First, I just want highlight some of key contributors to the projects; Andy for his work on the ChemistryVisitor and Peter for the overall architecture. In this talk, I’m going to impress the importance of data in a specific format and its utility to automated machine processing. Then I’m going to demonstrate AMI’s architecture and the transformation of data as it flows through the process. I’m going to dwell a little on a core format used, Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) before introducing the concept of visitors, which are pluggable context specific data extractors. Next, I’m going to introduce Andy’s ChemVisitor, for extracting semantic chemistry data, along with a few other visitors that can process non-chemistry specific data. Finally, I will demonstrate some uses of the ChemVisitor, within the realm of validation and metabolism.
- #56: Hi, I’m here to talk about AMI; a data extraction framework and tool. First, I just want highlight some of key contributors to the projects; Andy for his work on the ChemistryVisitor and Peter for the overall architecture. In this talk, I’m going to impress the importance of data in a specific format and its utility to automated machine processing. Then I’m going to demonstrate AMI’s architecture and the transformation of data as it flows through the process. I’m going to dwell a little on a core format used, Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) before introducing the concept of visitors, which are pluggable context specific data extractors. Next, I’m going to introduce Andy’s ChemVisitor, for extracting semantic chemistry data, along with a few other visitors that can process non-chemistry specific data. Finally, I will demonstrate some uses of the ChemVisitor, within the realm of validation and metabolism.
- #57: As scientists, we publish our findings and data, and these generally manifest as PDFs on journals’ websites; ~60% of all documents are PDF. However, during this process, much information has been lost.. Hence a vast amount of Scientific knowledge has been rendered inaccessible. AMI2 is a tool that is attempting to extract data, primarily (but not exclusively) from PDFs, to produce a format that is useful to automated processing. AMI is derived from the term amanuensis; someone who copies manuscripts. In a perverse way; this is attempting to make cows from beef burgers. Dial-a-molecule is now involved
- #58: This is an overview of how the framework looks. The entire codebase is written in JAVA and is released under quite a generous Apache 2 license. One pass over the information flow
- #59: “Do the right thing” based on the type of two objects. Talk more about design patterns Two Abstract classes Picked up via reflection
- #62: Latin species name
- #63: Thus a ChemVisitor knows how to create a CMLMolecule from a SVGVisitable if it contains a picture of the molecule. OSRA counter argument:not duplication, diversity, AMI has plugins,works with JAVA
- #64: ChemBark
- #72: Ross’ talk for example pictures Phylogenetic trees to NeXML