Performance Results of an Optically Pumped Cesium Beam Clock
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The document presents the development and performance results of a new optical cesium clock designed for various applications in telecommunications, science, and metrology. It highlights improved stability and lifetime compared to traditional magnetic cesium clocks, alongside contributions from the European Space Agency. The clock is ready for deployment, showcasing a maximum time interval error of just 6 nanoseconds over six days.
Performance Results of an Optically Pumped Cesium Beam Clock
- 1. Performance Results of an Optically Pumped Cesium Beam Clock Berthoud Patrick, chief scientist, time & frequency ITSF 2016: Time for a Smart Future, Prague, November 1-3, 2016
- 2. © 2016 ADVA Optical Networking. All rights reserved.2 Outline • Motivation and applications • Clock sub-systems development • Clock integration results • Conclusion and acknowledgment
- 3. © 2016 ADVA Optical Networking. All rights reserved.3 Identified Markets • Telecommunication network reference • Telecom operators, railways, utilities, … • Science • Astronomy, nuclear and quantum physics, … • Metrology • Time scale, fund. units measurement • Professional mobile radio • Emergency, fire, police • Defense • Secured telecom, inertial navigation • Space (on-board and ground segments) • Satellite mission tracking, GNSS systems
- 4. © 2016 ADVA Optical Networking. All rights reserved.4 Available Cs Clock Commercial Products • Long life magnetic Cs clock • Stability : 2.7E-11t-1/2, floor = 5E-14 • Lifetime : 10 years • Availability : commercial product • High performance magnetic Cs clock • Stability : 8.5E-12t-1/2 , floor = 1E-14 • Lifetime : 5 years • Availability : commercial product • High performance and long life optical Cs clock • Stability : 3.0E-12t-1/2 , floor = 5E-15 • Lifetime : 10 years • Availability : coming soon
- 5. © 2016 ADVA Optical Networking. All rights reserved.5 Motivation for an Optical Cs clock • Improved performance (short and long-term stability) for: • Metrology and time scales • Science (long-term stability of fundamental constants) • Inertial navigation (sub-marine, GNSS) • Telecom (ePRTC = enhanced Primary Reference Time Clock) • No compromise between lifetime and performance • Low temperature operation of the Cs oven • Standard vacuum pumping capacity • Large increase of the Cs beam flux by laser optical pumping
- 6. © 2016 ADVA Optical Networking. All rights reserved.6 Outline • Motivation and applications • Clock sub-systems development • Clock integration results • Conclusion and acknowledgment
- 7. © 2016 ADVA Optical Networking. All rights reserved.7 Optical Cesium Clock Architecture • Cs beam generated in the Cs oven (vacuum operation) • Cs atoms state selection by laser • Cs clock frequency probing (9.192GHz) in the Ramsey cavity • Atoms detection and amplification by photodetector (air) • Laser and RF sources servo loops using atomic signals Ramsey cavity Light Collectors Magnetic shield + coil FM User 10 MHz Laser Cs Oven Vacuum enclosure Photo- detectors RF source Sync Detect FM Laser source Sync Detect Cs beam
- 8. © 2016 ADVA Optical Networking. All rights reserved.8 Optical Pumping vs Magnetic Selection • Atomic energy states • Ground states (F=3,4) equally populated • Excited states (F’=2,3,4,5) empty • Switching between ground states F by RF interaction 9.192GHz without atomic selection (no useful differential signal) • Atomic preparation by magnetic deflection (loss of atoms) • Atomic preparation by optical pumping with laser tuned to F=4 F’=4 transition (gain of atoms) F’=5 F’=4 F’=3 F’=2 6P3/2 nRF = 9.192GHz F=4 F=3 6S1/2 133Cs atomic energy levels l = 852.1nm or nopt = 352THz Absorption Spontanousemission
- 9. © 2016 ADVA Optical Networking. All rights reserved.9 F=3,4 RFLaser Laser N S N S F=3,4 RF Cesium Clock: Magnetic vs Optical • Weak flux • Strong velocity selection (bent) • Magnetic deflection (atoms kicked off) • Typical performances: • 2.7E-11 t-1/2 • 10 years • Stringent alignment (bent beam) • Critical component under vacuum (electron multiplier) • High flux (x100) • No velocity selection (straight) • Optical pumping (atoms reused) • Typical performances: • 3E-12 t-1/2 • 10 years • Relaxed alignment (straight beam) • Critical component outside vacuum (laser)
- 10. © 2016 ADVA Optical Networking. All rights reserved.10 Clock Functional Bloc Diagram • Cs tube • Generate Cs atomic beam in ultra high vacuum enclosure • Optics • Generate 2 optical beams from 1 single frequency laser (no acousto-optic modulator) • Electronics • Cs core electronics for driving the optics and the Cs tube • External modules for power supplies, management, signals I/O Cesium tube Magnetic field and shields Cs Oven Collect CollectRamsey cavity Optics Laser Splitter Mirror Clock electronics RF Source Clock Ctrl Power Supply Photo Detect Photo Detect 4xSyncout(1PPS) Expansion electronics Serial(RS232) Syncin(1PPS) Display 10MHzsine 10MHzsine 10or5MHzsine(option) 10or100MHzsine(option) Metrology Manage ment Remote(TCP/IP) PPS DC/DC AC/DC Battery ExternalDCsupply ExternalACsupply
- 11. © 2016 ADVA Optical Networking. All rights reserved.11 Cs Tube Sub-Assembly Laser Viewports Photo-Detectors Viewports Ion Pump Pinch-Off TubeVacuum Enclosure Tube Fixation
- 12. © 2016 ADVA Optical Networking. All rights reserved.12 Optics Sub-Assembly • Optical sub-system • Free space propagation • Single optical frequency (no acousto-optic modulator) • Redundant laser modules (2) • No optical isolator • Ambient light protection by cover and sealing (not shown here) • Laser module • DFB 852 nm, TO3 package • Narrow linewidth (<1MHz)
- 13. © 2016 ADVA Optical Networking. All rights reserved.13 Complete Cs clock • Front and top view • LCD touchscreen • Optics + Cs tube in front • Core electronics • Rear view • Power supplies (AC, DC, Battery) • Sinus Outputs (5, 10, 100MHz) • Sync 1PPS (1x In, 4x Out) • Management (RS 232, Ethernet, Alarms) • Dimensions: standard 19” rack (450 x 133 x 460 mm3) • Mass:17.5kg • Power consumption: 35W
- 14. © 2016 ADVA Optical Networking. All rights reserved.14 Outline • Motivation and applications • Clock sub-systems development • Clock integration results • Conclusion and acknowledgment
- 15. © 2016 ADVA Optical Networking. All rights reserved.15 Laser Frequency Lock • Green curve: laser current (ramp + AM modulation) • Blue curve: modulated atomic fluorescence zone A (before Ramsey cavity) • Pink curve: demodulated atomic fluorescence in zone A • Automatic laser line identification and laser lock (micro- controller)
- 16. © 2016 ADVA Optical Networking. All rights reserved.16 Ramsey Fringes • Dark fringe behavior (minimum at resonance) • Central fringe • Amplitude = 350pA • Linewidth = 730Hz (FWHM)
- 17. © 2016 ADVA Optical Networking. All rights reserved.17 Time Interval Error • Recording of 10MHz phase output vs H-maser reference clock • Holdover mode • Maximum time interval error (peak-to-peak): 6ns over 6 days • No evidence of frequency drift • Ready to be used for ePRTC
- 18. © 2016 ADVA Optical Networking. All rights reserved.18 Outline • Motivation and applications • Clock sub-systems development • Clock integration results • Conclusion and acknowledgment
- 19. © 2016 ADVA Optical Networking. All rights reserved.19 Conclusion and Acknowledgment • Development of an industrial optical cesium clock for ground applications • Design using laser instead of magnets • Better performance • No compromise on Cs tube lifetime • MTIE measured in holdover: 6ns over 6 days • Ready to be used for ePRTC • Acknowledgment: this work is being supported by the European Space Agency
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