Perspectives of learning and teaching
- 1. EXCEPTIONAL CHILDRENS-UNDER ACHIEVERS AND MENTALLY RETARDED CHILDREN PREPARED BY MEKHA DEVI M
- 2. UNDER ACHIEVERS According to James Underachievers are those people who achieved accademically at a level below what would be expected for the individuals ability level. In other words underachievement is the discrepancy between child’s school performance and some index of child’s ability.
- 3. CHARACTERISTICS OF UNDER ACHIEVERS Underachievers posses one or more of the following characteristics. 1.They show a discrepancy between ability and achievement because they fail to work up to their ability in school subjects. 2.underachievers have low self esteem,low levels of self confidence,lack of goals and feelings of inferiority. 3.poor study habits. 4.Poor school performance
- 4. 5.They show learning disabilities of diverse nature. 6.They posses low locus of control. 7.They have poor test results at school and no hobbies or interest at home. 8.They have low self-image , often displaying distrust,indifference and lack of concern and hostility.
- 5. CAUSES OF UNDER ACHIEVEMENT 1. Physical factors:-Defects of sense organs , physical and motor handicaps , persistent or chronic illness etc. can cause underachievement. 2. Socio-Psychological factors:-Poor self esteem ,low levels of self confidence, inability to persevere , lack of goals ,feeling of inferiority, lack of believe in the achievement ideology and low accademic and social self concepts contribute significantly to under achievement. 3. Family related factors:-This includes factors like family conflict,low expectations of success in school subjects , emotional disturbance between parent and child , lack of learning facilities in the home and parental disputes.
- 6. 4. A poor fit between the child and the school placement. 5. School related factors:-Factors like less positive teacher- student relationship,having too little time to understand the material,poor instruction,too few options,less supportive classroom climate,lack of motivation and interest in classroom etc. contribute to underachievement.
- 7. EDUCATIONAL PROVISIONS FOR UNDERACHIEVERS 1. Early identification and counselling:-The school counsellor should take steps to identify underachievers at the early school years with assistance from teachers and parents. 2. Special classroom:-These classroom have a small student- teacher ratio,more freedom and control of their own learning. 3. Adjusting school activities:-Flexibility of curriculum,instructional strategies to meet individual needs,varied learning style options,setting goals not far from students ability etc. will help help to minimise the incidents of underachievement.
- 8. MENTALLY CHALLENGED/MENTALLY RETARDED CHILDREN 1. An individual whose IQ is below 70 is considered as mentally retarded. 2. Mental retardation need not be a lifelong condition , especially for those whose degree of retardation is relatively mild. 3. IQ below 70 is termed as educable mentally retarded IQ 50-70 is termed as trainable mentally retarded IQ below 25 is termed as custordial mentally retarded.
- 9. CHARACTERISTICS OF MENTALLY RETARDED CHILDREN The characteristics of mentally retarded children are classified into two categories. 1.Cognitive characteristics:-The most obvious characteristics of mentally retarded children are their reduced ability to learn. This include a)Attention deficit b)Poor memory c)Inadequate language development d)Poor accademic performance
- 10. 2.Personality characteristics:-Mentally retarded children display some unique characteristics. a)Social and emotional inadequacy b)Lack of motivation c)Limited individual differences d)Adjustment problem
- 11. CAUSES OF MENTAL RETARDATION Genetic and Enviornmental factors are the two main causes of retardation.
- 12. EDUCATIONAL PROVISION FOR MENTALLY RETARDED CHILDREN 1.Special schools with special arrangement of equipment,suitable enviornment and specially trained teachers for backward children will be most benefited by students. 2.Curriculum ,methods of evaluation,should be adjusted according to their individual needs. 3.The learning task should be brief and uncompleted. 4.There should be provision for over learning. 5.Curriculum includes activities for teaching occupational jobs.
- 13. IDENTIFICATION OF MENTALLY RETARDED CHILDREN • Intelligence tests :- There are various types of IQ tests. Because of their accuracy and predictive capabilities practitioner prefer individually administered tests to group tests. Stanford-Binnet and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised(WISCR-R) are the most common individual IQ tests for children. Both the tests are verbal. • Assessing adaptive behaviour :- There are numerous adaptive behaviour measures are available.Two of the most commonly used measures are AAMD Adaptive Behaviour Scale-School edition and the Adaptive Behaviour Inventory For Children(ABIC).
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