This document discusses temperature, energy from the sun (insolation), and greenhouse gases. It notes that all matter is made of atoms that combine to form molecules, and that energy can act on and change matter. Kinetic energy is a form of energy that represents the movement of molecules, which relates to temperature. Incoming solar radiation at the top of the atmosphere is relatively constant when averaged annually at around 1400 watts per square meter. Water has a moderating effect on temperature.