Power quality & demand side management
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The document discusses power quality in electrical systems, highlighting its importance for equipment reliability and operational efficiency. Key issues related to power quality, such as voltage sags, frequency variations, and harmonics, are outlined, along with their impacts on utilities and consumers. Furthermore, it emphasizes the need for demand-side management (DSM) techniques to curb energy consumption and enhance power system economics.
Power quality & demand side management
- 1. MARK ANTHONY B. ENOY, REE IIEE ZN CHAPTER LECTURE 1
- 2. 3.1 Power System Planning 3.2 Power System Reliability 3.3 Economic Operation of Power System 3.4 Power Quality & Demand Side Management (DSM) Power System Economics
- 3. - Power Quality is a combination of Voltage profile, Frequency profile, Harmonics contain and reliability of power supply. - The Power Quality is defined as the degree to which the power supply approaches the ideal case of stable, uninterrupted, zero distortion and disturbance free supply. INTRODUCTION OF POWER QUALITY
- 4. Power Quality means quality of the normal voltage supplied to your facility. The IEEE defines POWER QUALITY as the ability of a system or an equipment to function satisfactorily in its electromagnetic environment without introducing intolerable electromagnetic disturbances to anything in that environment.
- 5. 1. Continuity of the supply. 2.”Quality” of the voltage. Power Quality mainly deals with:
- 6. The growing use of microprocessors and electronic equipment's has made us to focus on power quality . Equipment and machinery can be damaged or even fail when subjected to power anomalies . Voltage provided should be as close as possible to nominal voltage and waveform must be pure sine wave free from any harmonics and other disturbances.
- 7. Variation in voltage magnitude and frequency. Variation in magnitude can be due to sudden rise or fall of load , outages, repetitive varying loading pattern in rolling mills, power electronic converters, inverters, lightning..etc Variation in frequency can rise of out of system dynamics or harmonics injection. CAUSES OF POOR POWER QUALITY
- 8. 1. Reliability :- continuous availability, interruption/breakdown/outage free 2. Parameters:- Voltage- flicker, swell, sag/dip, unbalance Frequency- drop or rise Harmonics contains- SCR, converters, inverters etc. Transients POWER QUALITY COVERS
- 9. Non linear loads Arcing loads Switching operation Reactive loads Atmospheric condition Unstable loads Neighboring unbalance system SOURCES OF POOR POWER QUALITY
- 10. Voltage Sags :- A reduction in RMS voltage or current at the power frequency. TYPICAL POWER QUALITY PROBLEMS
- 11. The effect of poor power quality problems has serious implication on the utilities and customers. Higher losses in transformers, cables . Neutral wire burning due to third harmonics generated by non linear loads. Power factor capacitors may punctures. Energy meters will give faulty readings. IMPACT OF POOR POWER QUALITY (1)
- 12. Solid state protective relays may damaged . Speed drives may shut down. Motor will increase core and cu losses Non sinusoidal waveforms will reduce the efficiency of motors. Electronic computer may loss data due to voltage variation . Domestics TV and other equipments are affected by the poor quality. IMPACT OF POOR POWER QUALITY (2)
- 13. The nominal fundamental frequency of the whole system shall be 60 Hz. · Frequency variation: 59.7 Hz to 60.3 Hz Reference: Phil. Distribution Code Section 3.2 The nominal Substation Delivery Voltage shall be 13.2 kV line-to-line and 7.62 kV line-to-neutral. · Voltage variation (Line-to-Line): 12.54 kV to 13.86 kV · Voltage Variation (Line-to-Neutral): 7.24 kV to 8.002 kV Reference: Phil. Grid Code Section 3.2.3.4 The Nominal Voltage of the Distribution Connection Point shall be 7.62 kV for the primary side and 240 Volts for the secondary side. · Voltage variation (7.62 kV): 6.859 kV to 8.002 kV · Voltage Variation (240 V): 216 V to 252 V Reference: Phil. Distribution Code Section 3.2.3.3 Operational Standards & Guidelines
- 14. To avoid the huge losses related to PQ problems, the most demanding consumers must take action to prevent the problems. Among the various measures, selection of less sensitive equipment can play an important role. When even the most robust equipment is affected, then other measures must be taken, such as installation of restoring technologies, distributed generation or an interface device to avoid PQ problems.
- 15. - The availability of electric power with high quality is crucial for the running of the modern society. If some sectors are satisfied with the quality of the power provided by utilities, some others are more demanding. Conclusions
- 16. ENGR. MARK ANTHONY B. ENOY IIEE ZN CHAPTER Lecture 2 January 20,2018
- 17. The action of lessening in severity or intensity Definition of Mitigation
- 18.
- 19. Many PQ problems have origin in Transmission & Distribution network. A proper planned and maintained grid will avoid many PQ problems. - High level of redundancy; - Cleaning of insulators; - Trimming of trees nearby power lines… Grid Adequacy
- 20. Constant voltage transformers (CVT) were one of the first PQ solutions used to mitigate the effects of voltage sags and transients. To maintain the voltage constant, they use two principles that are normally avoided: resonance and core saturation. Constant Voltage Transformers
- 21. When the resonance occurs, the current will increase to a point that causes the saturation of the magnetic core of the transformer. If the magnetic core is saturated, then the magnetic flux will remain roughly constant and the transformer will produce an approximately constant voltage output.
- 22. If not properly used, a CVT will originate more PQ problems than the ones mitigated. It can produce transients, harmonics (voltage wave clipped on the top and sides) and it is inefficient (about 80% at full load). Its application is becoming uncommon due to technological advances in other areas.
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- 24.
- 25. Surge Arrester/ suppressors Isolation transformer Active/Passive Filter (harmonics) Transient Disturbances
- 26. Transient voltage surge suppressors are used to interface between the power source and sensitive loads, so that the transient voltage is clamped by the TVSS before it reaches the load. TVSSs usually contain a component with a nonlinear resistance (a metal oxide varistor or zener diode) that limits excessive line voltage and conduct any excess impulse energy to ground. Transient Voltage Surgé suppressors (TVSS)
- 27.
- 28. Isolation transformers are used to isolate sensitive loads transients and noise deriving from the mains. In some cases (Delta-Wye connection) isolation transformers keep harmonic currents generated by loads from getting upstream the transformer. Isolation Transformers
- 29.
- 30. The particularity of isolation transformers is a grounded shield made of nonmagnetic foil located between the primary and the secondary. Any noise or transient that come from the source in transmitted through the capacitance between the primary and the shield and on to the ground and does not reach the load.
- 31.
- 32. Noise filters are used to avoid unwanted frequency current or voltage signals (noise) from reaching sensitive equipment. This can be accomplished by using a combination of capacitors and inductances that creates a low impedance path to the fundamental frequency and high impedance to higher frequencies, that is, a lowpass filter. Noise Filters
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- 34. Power factor depends on:- 1. Displacement between current and voltage phasors 2. Total Harmonic distortion pf = displacement pf * distortion pf Current-voltage displacement can be minimized by using capacitor banks(to compensate the reactive power) and synchronous condensers, etc Harmonic Filters
- 35. Harmonic distortion can be minimized by using harmonic filters(an arrangement of linear elements). These elements are so arranged so as to eliminate the particular harmonics(of integral Fourier order). Once the harmonics are maximum filtered off, the distortion power factor(inversely proportional to the total harmonic distortion) turns unity and thus the power factor improves
- 36. Active Filter An active filter is a type of analog circuit implementing and electronic filter using activecomponents, typically an amplifier. Amplifiers included in a filter design can be used to improve the cost, performance and predictability of a filter. Passive Filter-Passive implementations of linear filters are based on combinations of resistors (R), inductors (L) and capacitors (C). Reactive and Harmonic Demand
- 37. Active filters
- 38.
- 39. Dynamic Voltage Restorer Tap changing transformer Voltage sag and Swell
- 40. The Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR), also referred to as the Series Voltage Booster (SVB) or the Static Series Compensator (SSC), is a device that utilizes solid state (or static) power electronic components, and is connected in series to the utility primary distribution circuit. The DVR provides three phase controllable voltage, whose vector (magnitude and angle) adds to the source voltage to restore the load voltage to pre-sag conditions.
- 41.
- 42. Transformer tap changer – if the transformer has a tap changer then the ratio between the magnitude of the power transformer primary and secondary currents will vary depending upon the tap position. The mean tap position should be taken for calculations and any spill current compensated by the relay bias circuit. Transformer tap changer
- 43.
- 44. 1. Off-circuit – The tap change may only be carried out when the transformer is not energized. Off- circuit tap changers are usually relatively simple switches mounted close to the winding tappings. The switches are under oil and are designed to change position only when the transformer is de-energized. There is consequently no breaking of current flow. The tap changer is operated by a handle, or wheel, from the outside of the tank in most transformers. Tap changers may be:
- 45. 2. Off-load – The tap changer may be operated when the circuit is energized but not when the circuit is drawing load current. Tap changers may be:
- 46. 3. On-load – The tap changer may be operated under load conditions. An on-load tap changer has a much more difficult duty than the off-circuit type. An international survey on failures in large power transformers (CIGRE Working Group Study Committee 12, Electra, Jan. 1983, No. 88, pp. 21–48) showed that tap changers were the source of some 40% of transformer faults. As the name implies, the on-load tap changer Tap changers may be:
- 47. On-load tap changer selection is best completed in conjunction with the manufacturer unless some standardization policy by the electrical supply utility dictates otherwise.
- 48. Static Power balancer Redistribution of single-phase loads equally to all phases (Utility level). Load Balancing (Plant level) Voltage Unbalance
- 49. Distribution static VAR compensator or Static VAR compensators (SVR) - Inject the pulses which are exactly 180 degrees out of phase of the unwanted harmonics , thus cancelling out the unwanted harmonics and yielding the output wave, very close in nature to the fundamental wave. Voltage Flicker
- 50. Static VAR compensators (SVR) use a combination of capacitors and reactors to regulate the voltage quickly. Solid-state switches control the insertion of the capacitors and reactors at the right magnitude to prevent voltage from fluctuating. The main application of SVR is the voltage regulation in high voltage and the elimination of flicker caused by large loads (such as induction furnaces).
- 51.
- 52. 1. Increasing power transfer in long lines 2. Stability improvement (both steady state and transient) with fast acting voltage regulation 3. Damping of low frequency oscillations (corresponding to electromechanical modes.) 4. Control of dynamic over voltages SVCs are used for:
- 53. • The integration of series-active and shunt-active filters. • The main purpose of a UPQC is to compensate for voltage flicker/imbalance, reactive power, negative sequence current, and harmonics. • In other words, the UPQC has the capability of improving power quality at the point of installation on power distribution systems or industrial power systems. • A UPQC that combines the operations of a Distribution Static Compensator (DSTATCOM) and Dynamic Voltage Regulator (DVR) together. Unified Power Quality Conditioner
- 54.
- 55. 1. The mitigation of all the power quality related issues leads to the economic operation of the power system. 2. A technically sound quality of power will be supplied to the equipments, thereby leading to their smooth operation and ensuring a long life for them. IMPACTS ON ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIETY
- 56. 3. The elimination of harmonics and other issues leads to the proper operation of the system, thereby eliminating the unwanted vibrations and keeping the system stable. 4. The reactive power is compensated at an acceptable and affordable cost and thus, the system efficiency improves.
- 57. 5. The power factor is improved; this leads to a heavy savage in the costs of electricity bills. 6. Above all, the problem of power pollution is eliminated.
- 58. POWER QUALITY maintenance is an important aspect in the economic operation of a system. Various PQ problems may lead to another undesirable problems. • Proper mitigation devices can be used to maintain the level of power quality as desired. Conclusion
- 59. ENGR. MARK ANTHONY B. ENOY IIEE ZN CHAPTER Lecture 3 March 3,2018
- 60. Define demand-side management To introduce to the students the concept of demand-side management for residential, commercial and industrial energy users. To give an overview of the different of DSM techniques To provide an overview of the major implementation challenges for DSM programmes. Objectives
- 62. The rate at which electric Energy is being used (usually expressed in MW, MVar, and MVA). Source: Philippine Grid Code Demand
- 63. The reduction in Demand for the control of the Frequency when the Grid is in an Emergency State. This includes Automatic Load Dropping, Manual Load Dropping, Demand reduction upon instruction by the System Operator and Voluntary Demand Management. Source: Philippine Grid Code Demand Control
- 64. A warning from the System Operator, not preceded by any other warning, which is issued when a Demand reduction is expected within the next 30 minutes. Source: Philippine Grid Code Demand Control Imminent Warning
- 65. An estimate of the future system peak Demand expressed in kW or MW of a particular Connection Point, Grid, sub- transmission system, or distribution area. Source: Philippine Grid Code Demand Forecast
- 66. means programs designed to influence utility customer uses of energy to produce the desired changes in demand. It includes load management, efficiency resource programs and conservation; “Demand-side management programs” or “DSM programs”
- 67. means any hardware, equipment or practice which is installed or instituted for energy efficiency or energy management purposes; “Demand-side measure”
- 68. means the process of selection and evaluation of DSM options that can achieve the highest level of effectiveness; “Demand-side resource” means a resource that manages the demand for end-use efficiency improvement for electrical power or energy by applying demand-side programs to implement one (1) or more demand-side measures; “DSM optimization”
- 69. means a resource that manages the demand for end- use efficiency improvement for electrical power or energy by applying demand-side programs to implement one (1) or more demand-side measures; “Demand-side resource”
- 70. Electrical energy can’t be stored cheaply or in great quantities. Therefore supply and demand has to be balanced simultaneously. Intro to DSM
- 71. To ensure sustenance of supply, the total capacity of electricity generation must be larger than the maximum demand.
- 72. During the past years, the demand for electricity is rising every year. The economic cost and environmental impact to build new power plants to satisfy the rising demand will be very expensive.
- 73. Demand Side Management (DSM) techniques provide variety of measures to reduce energy consumption, which leads to more manageable demand.
- 74. Before proceeding with DSM you must know your load profile. Know your load profile
- 75. Space heating/ cooling Water heating Cooking Lighting Industrial processes irrigation How do consumers use power?
- 76. Load curve- is the curve plotted by placing the ordinates KW in their proper time sequences. The curves are plotted for each 24hr day taking the average load on hourly bases. From the load curve the ff. information can be determined: a) maximum load of the station, b) size of the generating units to be installed, c) operating schedule of the station the area under the curve measures the total energy consumed by the load during the day When do consumers use power
- 77. Load curve
- 78. load duration curve (LDC) is used in electric power generation to illustrate the relationship between generating capacity requirements and capacity utilization.
- 79. Load management, also known as demand side management (DSM), is the process of balancing the supply of electricity on the network with the electrical load by adjusting or controlling the load rather than the power station output. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Load_management) Demand Side Management
- 80. “Demand-side management” or “DSM” means the planning, implementation, and evaluation by the electric utilities’ of their activities designed to influence customer use of electricity that produce the desired changes in the timing and/or level of electricity demand. DSM includes only activities that involve deliberate intervention by electric utilities to alter demand and/or energy consumption. (source: Energy Regulatory Commision-ERC-Philippines) Demand Side Management
- 81. 1. Cost reduction 2. Environmental and social improvement 3. Reliability and network issues 4. Improved markets WHY PROMOTE DSM?
- 82. 1. Cost reduction—many DSM and energy efficiency efforts have been introduced in the context of integrated resource planning and aimed at reducing total costs of meeting energy demand; Cost reduction
- 83. 2. Environmental and social improvement—energy efficiency and DSM may be pursued to achieve environmental and/or social goals by reducing energy use, leading to reduced greenhouse gas emissions; Environmental and social improvement
- 84. 3. Reliability and network issues— ameliorating and/or averting problems in the electricity network through reducing demand in ways which maintain system reliability in the immediate term and over the longer term defer the need for network augmentation; Reliability and network issues
- 85. 4. Improved markets—short-term responses to electricity market conditions (“demand response”), particularly by reducing load during periods of high market prices caused by reduced generation or network capacity. Improved markets
- 86. Any DSM technique implemented may result in one of the forms of demand reduction: A. Peak Clipping B. Conservation C. Load Shifting D. Improved markets Forms of DSM
- 87. refers to the reduction of utility loads during peak demand periods. This can delay the need for additional generation capacity. The net effect is a reduction in both peak demand and total energy consumption. Peak clipping can be achieved by direct control of customers’ appliances. A. Peak Clipping
- 88. refers to reduction in consumption by consumers. There is net reduction in both demand and total energy consumption. Strategic conservation can be implemented by motivating customers to use more energy-efficient appliances. B. Conservation
- 89. involves shifting loads from on-peak to off-peak periods. The net effect is a decrease in peak demand, but not change in total energy consumption. C. Load Shifting
- 90. 1. Direct load control. 2. Load limiters. 3. Commercial/industrial programs. 4. Frequency regulation. 5. Time of use pricing. 6. Demand bidding. 7. Smart metering and appliances. DSM techniques
- 91. A remotely controllable switch that can turn power to a load or appliance on or off. Such a device could also be used to regulate the amount of power that a load can consume. Direct load control devices can be operated by a utility or third party energy provider to reduce a customer's energy demand at certain times. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S03062619163154 58 1. Direct load control
- 92.
- 93. A load limiter or electricity limiter allows a reduced supply of electricity to power a few essential devices or appliances. An electric service load limiter limits the level of current a consumer receives from an electric utility power line. The load limiter is set either at the consumer's location or through a remote control such as an automatic meter reading system in the load limiter. https://www.google.com/patents/US6373150 2. Load limiters
- 94.
- 95. 3. Commercial/industrial programs Incentives are offered to participants (Project Sponsors) who install energy efficient retrofit projects in commercial and industrial facilities. This program also accepts new construction projects, which exceed minimum energy efficiency standards.
- 96.
- 97. A qualifying facility will be one with a peak demand of at least 100 kW at a single site or a combined peak demand of at least 250 kW at multiple sites. Each project must achieve a minimum summer peak demand reduction of 20 kW or 120,000kWh.
- 98. Incentives are paid to project sponsors for verified demand and energy savings. Project sponsors may be any company, contractor, or customer who installs energy efficiency measures.
- 99. Frequency regulation is the constant second- by-second adjustment of power to maintain grid frequency at 60 Hz to ensure grid stability. Today, frequency regulation is managed by grid operators who rely on generating resources like natural gas generators that ramp up or down to support changes in supply and demand. 4. Frequency regulation.
- 100. Water analogy
- 101. Time-Of-Use (TOU) rates are the fixed electricity prices* charged to all Regulated Price Plan customers, both residential and small business. Example: electricity demand is less than 50 kW in the Alectra Utilities (formerly PowerStream) service territory. TOU pricing varies based on the time of day and week customers use electricity. 5. Time of use pricing.
- 102. Time-of-use rate plans better align the price of energy with the cost of energy at the time it is produced. Lower rates during partial-peak and off-peak hours offer an incentive for customers to shift energy use away from more expensive peak hours, which can help you save money and reduce strain on the electric grid. What is a time of use rate?
- 103.
- 104. DAY OF THE WEEK TIME OF DAY TOU PERIOD TOU PRICE Weekends & Holidays: All day Off-peak $0.065 per kWh Weekdays: 7:00 a.m. to 11:00 a.m. On-peak $0.132 per kWh 11:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. Mid-peak $0.095 per kWh 5:00 p.m. to 7:00 p.m. On-peak $0.132 per kWh 7:00 p.m. to 7:00 a.m. Off-peak $0.065 per kWh TOU Prices - Winter - November 1, 2017 - April 30, 2018
- 105. DAY OF THE WEEK TIME OF DAY TOU PERIOD TOU PRICE Weekends & Holidays: All day Off-peak $0.065 per kWh Weekdays: 7:00 a.m. to 11:00 a.m. Mid-peak $0.095 per kWh 11:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. On-peak $0.132 per kWh 5:00 p.m. to 7:00 p.m. Mid-peak $0.095 per kWh 7:00 p.m. to 7:00 a.m. Off-peak $0.065 per kWh TOU Prices - Summer - July 1, 2017 - October 31, 2017
- 106. DAY OF THE WEEK TIME OF DAY TOU PERIOD TOU PRICE Weekends & Holidays: All day Off-peak $0.077 per kWh Weekdays: 7:00 a.m. to 11:00 a.m. Mid-peak $0.113 per kWh 11:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. On-peak $0.157 per kWh 5:00 p.m. to 7:00 p.m. Mid-peak $0.113 per kWh 7:00 p.m. to 7:00 a.m. Off-peak $0.077 per kWh TOU Prices - Summer - May 1, 2017 - June 30, 2017
- 107. The Demand Bidding Program (E-DBP) pays you for voluntary load reductions that you bid and deliver during periods of high system loads. If you submit a bid and are able to respond, you can earn generous payments, but if you are not able to respond or fall short of your bid, there is no penalty. 6. Demand bidding
- 108. Reduce peak-time energy use, increase your bottom line. Receive bill credits when voluntarily lowering energy use. This demand response program offers plenty of upside savings, with no downside risk.
- 109. The demand bidding/buyback is one of the demand response (DR) programs that encourages large consumers to change their energy consumption pattern and decline their peak load in return for financial rewards.
- 110. This procedure is useful for both the consumers and system operator (SO) and improves market efficiency by providing the opportunity for consumers to change the market clearing price (MCP) in peak hours. For our purpose, a proposed model has been developed for optimizing the load change bids in demand side. market clearing price is then determined from SO point of view considering the demand side bidding. In this paper the economics of the proposed process for demand bidding has been analyzed from both demand side and system operator point of view. Finally, the proposed model has been applied on CIGRE 32-bus test system. The results show a decrease in market clearing price (MCP) and an increase in profit of participants.
- 111. A demand bidding event will be dispatched- EX. Monday through Friday. Companies will dispatch one event per day for of 4 hrs to 8 hrs. The participant be notified by noon about the business day before the planned event and have up to 4pm to submit your bid via internet- ex. interAct( internet baed energy management system. At 5pm the participant will be notified the bid is accepted. After that the participant must reduce a minimum of 10kW or more for two consecutive hours within the planned event window. How does DBP work? I
- 112. The participant must reduce its energy usage by atleast 50percent of the amount stated to qualify for any incentive payment. Your regular electric billls will continue to be calculated each month based on your actual recorded monthly demands and energy usage. The incentive payment will be applied to the electric bill within a certain amount of time. Ex. 3 months after curtailment. How does DBP work? II
- 113. A smart meter is an electronic device that records consumption of electric energy in intervals of an hour or less and communicates that information at least daily back to the utility for monitoring and billing. 7. Smart metering and appliances
- 114. Smart meters
- 115. transmit energy use data to the utility, so that meter readers are no longer required receive and carry out commands such as disconnecting the supply when customers move out and reconnecting it when the next customer moves in monitor the supply for faults and automatically advise the utility in case of problems act as a ‘gateway’ or point of communications to the home for important information such as changes in price or notification of emergencies ultimately act as a two-way interface with the customer’s own appliances via a ‘home energy network’. Smart meters offer a range of capabilities and services which accumulation meters do not. They can:
- 116. Smart meters can transmit data, receive commands, monitor supply and communicate with appliances. How these capabilities are used by electricity suppliers and their customers varies from place to place, and is likely to change over time. In Australia, different states and electricity utilities have different policies on smart meters.
- 117. Some are committed to replacing old meters with smart meters over a predetermined timeframe, some are installing smart meters only in new buildings or when old meters need replacement, and some are continuing to install meters, which may have digital displays and record interval data but are not actually smart.
- 118. Smart appliances A smart appliance is a state-of-the-art device that connects to your smartphone, tablet or computer to give you more information and control than ever before. Your smart appliance can send you alerts, for example, so you'll know exactly when the laundry is clean or the cookies are ready.
- 119. Any device in your home that uses electricity can be put on your home network and at your command. Whether you give that command by voice, remote control, tablet or smartphone, the home reacts. Most applications relate to lighting, home security, home theater and entertainment, and thermostat regulation. How do smart devices work?
- 120.
- 121. Jarvis
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- 123. 1. Managing all of your home devices from one place. The convenience factor here is enormous. Being able to keep all of the technology in your home connected through one interface is a massive step forward for technology and home management. Theoretically, all you’ll have to do is learn how to use one app on your smartphone and tablet, and you’ll be able to tap into countless functions and devices throughout your home. This cuts way back on the learning curve for new users, makes it easier to access the functionality you truly want for your home. THE BIG ADVANTAGES
- 124. 2. Flexibility for new devices and appliances. Smart home systems tend to be wonderfully flexible when it comes to the accommodation of new devices and appliances and other technology. No matter how state-of-the-art your appliances seem today, there will be newer, more impressive models developed as time goes on. Beyond that, you’ll probably add to your suite of devices as you replace the older ones or discover new technology to accompany your indoor and outdoor spaces. Being able to integrate these newcomers seamlessly will make your job as a homeowner much easier, and allow you to keep upgrading to the latest lifestyle technology.
- 125. 3. Maximizing home security. When you incorporate security and surveillance features in your smart home network, your home security can skyrocket. There are tons of options here -- only a few dozen of which are currently being explored. For example, home automation systems can connect motion detectors, surveillance cameras, automated door locks, and other tangible security measures throughout your home so you can activate them from one mobile device before heading to bed. You can also choose to receive security alerts on your various devices depending on the time of day an alert goes off, and monitor activities in real-time whether you’re in the house or halfway around the globe.
- 126. 4. Remote control of home functions. Don’t underestimate the power of being able to control your home’s functions from a distance. On an exceptionally hot day, you can order your house to become cooler in just enough time before you get home from work. If you’re in a hurry to get dinner started but you’re still at the store, you can have your oven start to preheat while you’re still on your way home. You can even check to see if you left the lights on, who is at your front door, or make sure you turned off all your media while you’re away.
- 127. 5. Increased energy efficiency. Depending on how you use your smart-home technology, it’s possible to make your space more energy-efficient. For example, you can have more precise control over the heating and cooling of your home with a programmable smart thermostat that learns your schedule and temperature preferences, and then suggests the best energy efficient settings throughout the day. Lights and motorized shades can be programed to switch to an evening mode as the sun sets, or lights can turn on and off automatically when you enter or leave the room, so you never have to worry about wasting energy.
- 128. 6. Improved appliance functionality. Smart homes can also help you run your appliances better. A smart TV will help you find better apps and channels to locate your favorite programming. A smart oven will assist you with cooking your chicken to perfection -- without ever worrying about overcooking or undercooking it. An intelligently designed home theater and audio system can make managing your movie and music collection effortless when entertaining guests. Ultimately, connecting your appliances and other systems with automation technology will improve your appliance effectiveness and overall make your home life much more easier and enjoyable!
- 129. 7. Home management insights. There’s also something to be said for your ability to tap into insights on how your home operates. You can monitor how often you watch TV (and what you watch), what kind of meals you cook in your oven, the type of foods you keep in your refrigerator, and your energy consumption habits over time. From these insights, you may be able to analyze your daily habits and behaviors, and make adjustments to live the lifestyle you desire.
- 130. Never settle for low price. Choose the right appliance for you
- 131. Improving overall energy efficiency Improving reliability and quality of power supply Improving efficiency in transmission and distribution networks infrastructure investments and operations Reducing the risk of power shortages Saving capital investment to build new power plants Delivering energy to consumers more economically Saving the environment DSM benefits to the sector
- 132. Convincing customers to “spend to save” in energy efficient measures No incentive for tenets of high-rise buildings (majority of consumers in large cities) to save in cooling consumption; typically the AC is a part of the building general service that is included in the annual rent of the flats Extreme temperature and humidity levels during summer peak demand makes DSM measures in reducing AC consumption unfavourable. Common DSM challenges
- 133. Short recap • From prelim to Midterm
- 134. •Power Quality means quality of the normal voltage supplied to your facility. •1. Continuity of the supply. •2.”Quality” of the voltage
- 135. CAUSESOF POORPOWERQUALITY • Variation in voltage magnitude and frequency. • Variation in magnitude can be due to sudden rise or fall of load , outages, repetitive varying loading pattern in rolling mills, power electronic converters, inverters, lightning..etc • Variation in frequency can rise of out of system dynamics or harmonics injection.
- 137. Schedule of final exams • Next week
- 138. Thank You! EE 528 PROTECTIVE RELAYING Class of 2018 The End