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Practical access to service design

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Service Design is a new field that addresses the design of services. It helps organizations innovate and improve existing services to make them more useful, usable, and desirable for clients as well as more efficient for the organization. The service sector now makes up the largest part of the economy in many countries. However, services are often less productive and satisfying than they could be. Service Design recognizes services have unique characteristics and requires a different approach than product design. It takes a holistic, multidisciplinary perspective to address the complex nature of services. Service Design helps bridge the gap between organizations and clients to create better experiences. It provides a framework and tools to understand client needs, generate ideas, and realize improved services

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KISD Service Design Service Design practical access to an evolving field 1 Stefan Moritz
Practical access to service design
Service Design Practical access to an evolving field Stefan Moritz, London 2005 Köln International School of Design MEDes – MA European Studies in Design University of Applied Sciences Cologne Fachhochschule Köln Service Design Faculty of Cultural Sciences Fakultät Kulturwissenschaften © Copyright 2005 Stefan Moritz, All rights reserved. To use any of the contents of this work a permission of the author is required in writing. practical access to an evolving field Contact: hello@stefan-moritz.com To use any of the material that does not belong to the Prof. Birgit Mager author the permission of the individual originator is Head of department for Service Design required.
Executive summary Service Design helps to This summary provides an insight into Service Service Design integrates management, market- Design and how it can help address some key ing, research and design. It acts as an interface challenges facing organisations today. and connects organisations and clients in a new way. Service Design is a new holistic, multi-disciplinary, innovate (create new) or integrative field. It helps to either innovate or improve services to make them more useful, us- able, desirable for clients, as well as more efficient Many organisations in the market today are working to improve and innovate services, and there are many great examples of that in Virgin and effective for organisations. Atlantic, First Direct, FedEx, however, improve- improve (existing) services The service sector makes up the biggest part of the economy, up to 70% of GDP. However, services ment is seldom done regularly, systematically or even intentionally. That is why there is a need for dedicated Service Design. are not as productive for organisations and as to make them more useful, satisfying for clients as they could be. Services Recognising how Service Design can give organisa- have a design problem. tions a significant competitive advantage is a starting point. From there, to get involved in Professionals in the service sector need to realise Service Design it is essential to first have a com- that they are involved in design and use Service usable, desirable for clients plete understanding of it and this paper sets out Design to improve it. Services have unique fea- in detail what is required to do so. It explains and tures. They are not tangible, cannot be stored or describes the framework in which service design owned, consumption happens at the same time as operates, explores existing models, details the six production and they are complex experiences that and efficient as well as minds-sets required to complete a service design happen over time. Therefore, designing services project (understanding, thinking, generating, requires special considerations. filtering, explaining and realising) and provides Design as a whole has changed and Service overview models, a process and a practical job effective for organisations. Design can address the unique challenges that description. the service economy is facing. Design is not only To conclude, Service Design is a very different way crafting details of products anymore. It is a field of approaching the way we think of the relation- that designs complex and interactive experiences, ship between organisations and clients. This paper It is a new holistic, multi- processes and systems. It involves expertise and defines the essential role that Service Design can experts from related fields and clients in the play in nurturing that relationship through the design process. It uses special processes, tools and creation of outstanding and innovative service methods. experiences. Through Service Design organisations disciplinary, integrative field. Service Design arose about 10 years ago. Since then it has continued to evolve through a number of channels and has gained significant momentum can create competitive advantages, loyal satis- fied clients and higher profit margins. Improving services is essential – not only to drive organisa- in the last couple of years through the develop- tions forward, but economies too. ment of an international Service Design Network.
Contents INTRODUCTION ACCESS TO SERVICE DESIGN 13 About this paper 113 Bridging the gap 15 Goal 115 Service Design framework 17 Methodology 121 Service Design overview 123 Service Design (SD) tasks CHANGING WORLD 124 — SD Understanding 23 Service revolution 12 8 — SD Thinking 29 What differentiates services 132 — SD Generating 32 Understanding design 13 6 — SD Filtering 14 0 — SD Explaining SERVICE DESIGN SOLUTION 14 4 — SD Realising 39 What is Service Design 14 9 Considerations 43 What differentiates Service Design 15 0 Service Design overview model 48 Areas with related expertise 15 4 Service Design process 57 Service Design benefits 161 Service Design role description service design evolution CONCLUSION 66 Service Design to date 167 Conclusion 69 Service Design players 73 The Service Design Network APPENDIX 75 Examples of outstanding services 177 Glossary service design reality 18 5 Service Design tools & methods 85 Who is designing services now 241 Bibliography 89 Workshop with practitioners 24 4 Acknowledgements Service Design Contents 8 9
10 Introduction INTRODUCTION 11 Service Design
About this paper Objective The paper explores this question, identifies how This paper introduces Service Design as a way for possible tasks can be addressed by Service Design practitioners to deliver value for their organisa- and it develops a model that groups tasks into a tion. This paper looks at the development of workable framework. Service Design and describes where it is at Which tools can be used to enable Service Design? today. It gives people that work with services an Which can be identified in other disciplines? How understanding of, and practical access to, Service can some of them need be adopted to Service Design. Design? And overall: Which ones can be developed specifically for designing services? Enable understanding and access The paper also helps identify the skills required to The service economy is booming – yet clients manage and become active in Service Design and are not always satisfied, and the service sector explores a set of tools that are helpful to achieve is still less productive than the manufacturing those tasks. sector.1 Service Design is a new field in which user oriented strategies and concepts are designed to make services work better for an organisation and their clients. Service Design is offering a competi- tive advantage for organisations and ensuring quality experiences for clients. For example it helps organisations to offer better services than their competitors and to raise clients awareness to the service they consume. However, so far only a few organisations use it.2 Why? Service Design Introduction 13 12 1 According to the UK treasury the service sector is 1/3 less productive than the manufacturing sector, as stated by Kevin Gavaghan in a conversation. 2 As found e.g. by research of the University of Westminster
Goal “One of the big The complex and multi-disciplinary field of Service Design according to some experts can address some of the key challenges that our To me is clear that I have a unique opportunity to use the experience and the network that partially result from the MEDes1 and from Birgit Mager’s2 challenges is to get society and economy is facing. Given that Services have specific implications, designing them is a complex, iterative and support and endorsement. The combination of both enables me finally to write the first master in Service Design – a subject that I’m very passionate about. people in the service multi-disciplinary process. Service Design is a field that allows and encourages competencies from This work includes four chapters. The first chapter different fields to come together. Experts from sets out to set up the background for the develop- different disciplines have contributed with various ment of Service Deisgn, including the changes in industry to realise that perspectives to this new practice. the economy and in design. The second chapter gives an insight into Service Design as a new field, To make it easy for a broad range of professionals including what it differientates and what it can to fully understand Service Design, this work deliver. The third chapter explores how Service sets out to turn Service Design into a tangible, they are involved in Design can be made accessible in a practical way. accessible reality. As a practical starting kit it The fourth chaper is the conclusion of this work. compiles tools and methods of Service Design to The working process has been kept transparent facilitating the explanation of Service Design to and documented via a Blog.3 This paper includes clients, institutions and investors. design and to get help research, thoughts and reasoning as well as some In addition this work gives me, as the author, the material that specifically helps to understand opportunity to establish a holistic and practi- Service Design. Quotes, visual material and sum- cal knowledge of Service Design, as well as an maries support this paper to be a compact and to improve it.” opportunity to explore and understand various reader friendly summary of Service Design. tools and experts in Service Design and its related fields. It enables me to examine this field from an international perspective, to equip myself with a broad range of valuable contacts, tools and Bill Hollins, Service Design pioneer knowledge. Service Design Introduction 15 14 1 MEDes – European studies in design. A new programme joining seven European design universities, including two years in two different countries. 2 Birgit Mager is Professor for Service Design at Köln International School of Design, Cologne 2 On-line communication platform: http://master.stefan-moritz.com
Methodology In the four different areas of research, interviews, desk research and a workshop were used to CONDUCTED RESEARCH ivestigate and understand Service Design, related fields, service practitioners and various tools. 1. Service Design To establish a profound understanding of the · Literature review Service Design field various papers and books have · Expert interviews been reviewed. A seminar that was conducted by · Model & process review RSA-Design1 in London helped to gain understand- · Tool analysis ing of different perspectives on Service Design. The attendance of a one-day workshop for prac- 2. Related fields titioners in the service sector that Birgit Mager · Expert interviews held in Cologne, helped to understand the detailed · Model & process review background, tools and methods of Service Design · Tool analysis as well as the audience that attended this work- shop. 3. Practitioners · Interviews Several interviews and conversations with various · Desk research Service Design experts helped to gain understand- · Workshop ing not only about the Service Design practice but also about the landscape and actors within 4. Service Design Tools this new field and different perspectives. The · Interviews emerging international Service Design Network was · Desk research a crucial platform to access people and material. · Prototyping Different resources that are available from those · Workshop Service Design experts have been reviewed and analysed. n Service Design Introduction 16 17 1 The Royal Society for the encouragement of Arts, Manufactures & Commerce. http://www.rsa-design.net/
n Methodology Service Design is a multi-disciplinary approach. The various relating and overlapping fields have been reviewed to research relevant existing tools. The methods and tools that are available within these areas of related Business expertise have been reviewed to be applied or adopted to Service Design. Experts in some areas have been consulted to gain detailed understanding of the tasks that cover the discipline and the tasks and skills that are used to perform these tasks. The understanding of the related fields is crucial to understanding Service Design. The audience that this work aims to enable to use Service Design was specified in the goal. To find out their context, needs and goals several interviews have been conducted. This understanding is crucial for the suc- cess of this work. To investigate how different tools can be used with this audience a workshop has been carried out. Research that was available from Service Design the University of Westminster has been reviewed and gave insights into the way that services are currently developed and innovated. Research has also been undertaken to analyse the tools that are currently being used by the various academic and consultancy players in the Service Design Network. Desk research into existing tools has helped to gain a list of tools and methods that can be used in Service Design as such or that can be adopted to the specific needs of Service Design. Design A Service Design workshop helped to identify insights, develop ideas and find solutions and to test different tools. In the workshop a supporting service has been discussed and designed. This activity therefore covered Related rich results: Insights into the needs of practitioners, the development of ideas, and testing the tools that have been prepared especially for this fields workshop. The end result of this work can be seen as a starting point and discussion base. It enables precise and quality input from both sides, the Service Design experts and the service practitioner community. Service Design Introduction [ model one ] Where does Service Design fit in? This map shows two things: Service Design is part of the worlds of Business, 18 19 Design and Related fields. Only some aspects of the whole systems are covered in this work. The description of the methodology highlights what these areas are.
20 Changing world CHANGING WORLD 21 Service Design
“There’s been a lot of focus Service revolution Four main drivers lead the on product innovation over We are surrounded by services every day. – We listen to the radio. – The window cleaner makes service revolution sure that the sun can shine into our apart- ment. – Our mail is delivered. – The hairdresser 1 . The service economy is booming the years, but very little gives us a new summer cut. – We borrow books from the library. – We go online, book our holiday and finally take the plane to the Caribbean. – 2 . The product market is satisfied 3 . Technology enables services discussion or thought on And that is not new. Services have been around for centuries – the old Greek and Romans had serv- 4 . Humans have individual needs ants and even prior to that services were provided and also paid for. innovation in the service Still, we are aware that some things have changed dramatically in the last say 25 years. We have reached the end of the monopoly of the industrial sector – despite the vast era.1 In the end of the 19th century the steam machine, bigger factories, new inventions and methods pushed a mass of cheaper goods in the growth of that part of market. The industrial revolution created an ocean of cheaper and better products in developed countries. Today, most households have two TVs, an electrical toothbrush, a car, and most of us our economy.” stereos and PCs. Like the industrial revolution that transformed society and economy we are now about to experience the service revolution.2 Changing world Service Design John A. Byrne, editor-in-chief of Fast Company magazine, January 21, 2005 23 22 Service Innovation, http://blog.fastcompany.com 1 Thackara, John: In the Bubble 2 Conversations with Lavrans Løvlie
n Service revolution 1. The service economy is booming 2. The product market is satisfied The World bank recognises a strong growth of the “As a consequence of mass and serial production, service sector and expanding trade in services: products increasingly resemble each other.” 6 “Service industries increased their share of the Over the last years products got more and more world economy during the past two decades, while similar. From a client* standpoint the twenty the relative shares of agriculture and industry different washing powders that are available in shrank in most developing regions.” 1 every super market are all fulfilling the same purpose. And the basic function of cleaning and The service economy is the dominant part of the basic quality is taken for granted for all of them. In economy of most developed countries. The USA the last years branding has worked on positioning, and Japan are the worlds leading countries in their creating unique selling propositions and market- massive service economies. Catching up with ing has pushed and promoted those products. A this in European countries, services are becoming documentary revealed that shampoo packaging increasingly important for the economy. Up to is redesigned every two weeks in Germany on 70% of the GNP lies in the service sector today.2 average. But also outside the FMCG market many Service has been recognised as third sector beside new versions of old prodcuts are being created all agriculture and manufacturing. In the past years the time, even though the results are not always a fourth sector around transformation of data innovative or very different from before.7 and information into knowledge has also been This is not to say that there won’t be new unique recognised.3 The currency of that new economy products. However, the industrial revolution ena- lies mainly in services. bled a new quality of life in developed countries. Pure service companies are emerging in surprising Results such as the Volkswagen peoples car or Ikea places. Product companies are developing into furniture enabled a wide range of people to afford solutions companies by adding services to accom- designed products. To make prices even cheaper pany their products. Jan Carlson at Scandinavian and to be more competitive most producing Airlines said: “We don’t fly planes any more – we companies moved their manufacturing facilities fulfil the travel needs of our clients.” 4 to low price countries mainly in Asia. More and more hybrid product-service companies Services are used to support products com- are relying a lot more on services. For example the petitiveness and to ad value. Many products are Changing world revenue mix at IBM has gone from platforms for services. More and more the real Service Design 68% products / 32% services in 1994 business does lie in services and products repre- to 48% / 52% in 2003, a 63% change in ten years.5 sent the possibility to consume the service. But 25 24 1 World bank. Retrieved from the world wide web the 2005-03-12. 6 Mager, Birgit (2004): Service Design. A Review. (page 9). Cologne http://www.worldbank.org Supermarket shelf: The product market is satisfied. Over the last years products got more and more similar. 7 http://uiaf.fi/projects/zone 2 DIEC. Retrieved from the world wide web the 2005-03-16. http://diec.co.uk * In this work the word client is used consistently instead of customer, consumer or user. This is representing the change of thinking in Service 3 Bel, Daniel: The Coming of Post-Industrial Society Design towards seeing and treating clients as important and part of the process. 4 Mager, Birgit (2004-11-16): Service Design workshop, Cologne 5 Rae, Jeneanne M. et. al. (2004): Services Are Different. In Head’s Up! On Organizational Innovation. Online weekly. InnovationNetwork.
n Service revolution this does not mean that products are not impor- 3. Technology enables services 4. Humans have individual needs Conclusions tant any more. Services are integrated in complex A change in technology resulted in the industrial Clients are complicated. They have individual The opportunity for Service Design is to address hybrid product and service units that complement revolution. It changed the way companies worked needs and expectations that can’t be standard- these drivers and to support the service market the service offering. For example a mobile phone and offered many new possibilities. Furthermore, ised. Depending on context and situation every with new concepts. The future lies in good as a product is the enabling platform to use the the service revolution is based on a wide range client has different needs even for the same serv- designed services. Successful organisations service of communication. The phone mostly of technological changes. The internet, telecom- ice. The same person might want to go through an have moved from product centred organisations comes for free with a service contract. This exam- munications, computers & wireless devices airport very quickly on a business trip but might towards offering mainly services, other organisa- ple has been used a lot to illustrate how important again open up many possibilities. All these new want to relax with a coffee and do some shopping tions can benefit from such change too. services are and that products are just there for technologies work as service enablers.7 Services on a private holiday. This need goes clearly beyond The market is full of products. Organisations the service. Yet the mobile phone is playing a can be provided in new ways. Banking for example different packaging of the same things. In a store need to find new ways of standing out against significant role as a fashion item. Therefore the is now possible via the internet or on the phone. somebody wants to browse around themselves the competition and to offer new value. Just service hybrid represents a new unit that requires New services can be offered such as broadband and somebody else expects direct specific help. In selling and pushing advertising and pricing is not new design – in strategy, branding and marketing. for example. There are unlimited opportunities in the last years life styles and patterns changed and sufficient. Service Design can help to create a new creating service systems that offer value in new today a bank manager can listen to hip-hop, eat in relationship between organisations and clients. ways. a good restaurant and go home on roller blades. Technology offers new possibilities how to deliver Technology has changed the relationships The mechanics of client behaviour play a much services and enables new kinds of services. But between clients and service providers. Therefore bigger role in information chains than they do in it is not always true that new technology has to technology represents new possibilities as well as supply chains. Especially in services where clients be used for its own sake. Clients are individuals challenges. Physical boundaries are not existing are directly involved in the process. This is why it with human needs, wants and feelings. There are any more. Networks make it possible to have serv- is getting increasingly hard to estimate or guess services that robots and computers can’t offer in ice centres in countries with cheap labour. Online what any one person wants.8 the same way humans can. Service Design puts services are very quick and rather easy to copy. No computer, machine or robot can cope with the clients in a stronger focus. Overall networks and technology have changed so individual needs of clients sufficiently. Service is a drastically in the last two decades. big opportunity to offer a totally new dimension This development changed the way things worked of value. and offers fertile ground for the service revolu- tion. Changing world Service Design Sources & further information: 8 Karmarkar, Uday: Will you survive the service revolution? June 2004. Harvard Business Review. > http://worldbank.org > http://diec.co.uk > Rae, Jeneanne M. et. al. (2004): Services Are Different. In Head’s Up! On Organizational Innovation. Online weekly. InnovationNetwork. 26 27 7 Conversation with Lavrans Løvlie, Live|Work > Mager, Birgit (2004): Service Design. A Review. Cologne.
What differentiates services 70% – a large part of the economy is in the service 2. Services are not separable from sector and the vast range of different services1 consumption Services... underlines the fact that services are everywhere. Production and consumption of services mostly occur at the same time. Supplying a service is To explain what is unique about services the inseparable from the consumption by the client. differences between products and services have The challenge is that the involvement of clients 1. Are not tangible been examined (Sasser, Hollins, Mager etc.). This cannot be planned or prepared in services. New differentiation is still valid today and underlines technology offers possibilities for self-service. 2. Are not separable from consumption the major shift in thinking that is needed for and Even though elements and modules can be pre- delivered by Service Design. pared there is always an overlap between service 3. Cannot be stored Given the amount and complexity of services it and consumption. is helpful to describe what services are not. The 4. Cannot be owned English magazine The Economist wrote: “Service is 3. Services cannot be stored everything that can’t fall on your feet.” 2 Gener- 5. Are complex experiences ally some key features summarise what is unique As services are not physical they cannot usually be stored or inventoried. Clients expect services to about services. Those unique features represent 6. Quality is difficult to measure some of the challenges that are addressed within be accessible most, if not all of the time. Services simultaneously lose their value if they are not Service Design. used. In contrast, the seat on a plane looses its value once the plane has departed. Source: Mager, Birgit: Service Design – a review. Hollins, Bill: Design and its management in the service sector. 1. Services are not tangible Services have no physical form, they can not be 4. Services cannot be owned physically touched. They cannot be seen before Most services are used on the spot. Nobody can purchase or taken home after. One cannot touch take services home. Most services are not trans- legal advice or a journey, though one can often see ported or exportable. Services are used rather than the results. The challenge is to find ways to create owned. Nobody can own a massage for example. tangible manifestations and representations that communicate the value of the service. Changing world Service Design 28 29 1 Please see list of services on page 74 1 Brandeins. German management magazine. 04-2002
n What differentiates services “No consumer ever buys a product. PRODUCT SERVICE Consumers buy what products provide.” > Produced > Performed Peter Drucker, business & management specialist > Material > Immaterial 5. Services are complex experiences Conclusion > Tangible > Intangible Services happen over time and across several The unique features of services have a major influ- Touchpoints. Unlike tangible products, no two ence on the experience that clients have compared service delivery experiences are alike. Clients to the experience clients have with products. > Can be stored > Can’t be stored perceive services on many different levels. The Services can include different components. That overall interface and experience connects is a can be space, product and service components. combination of the experiences of all Touchpoints. The total experience that clients have is made up > Usually without client > Interaction with client from different contacts with these components. 6. Service quality is difficult to measure Every encounter of a part of a service is called a The measures of quality in a service tend to Touchpoint. That means that services are dif- > Consumption after production > Consumption = production be qualitative and there are few quantitative ferent, more complex and basically exist from measures. As a result, there is a wider variability the perception that clients have across different in services and it is more difficult to control the Touchpoints. > Defects in manufacturing > Mistakes in behaviour quality of a service. An organisation that provides services needs to address research, innovation and development in a different way than that of products. This is where Service Design comes in. [ model two ] Products and services are different Changing world Service Design This overview shows the most prominent differences. The implications of these differences are addressed in Service Design. Source: Backmann, Michaela (1998): Designmanagement als strategischer Erfolgsfaktor im Dienstleistungssektor. Diplomarbeit im Lehrstuhl für Innovations- und Technologie- management. University Regensburg. As cited in Kleebank, Nina (2000). Diploma in 30 31 Designmanagement. KISD. Cologne. Sources & further information: > The Service Management Course, (by Hart, C., J. Heskett, and W. E. Sasser Jr. N.Y.: Free Press, 1990). > Hollins, Bill: About Service Design. Design Council. http://design-council.org > Conversations with Birgit Mager, Bill Hollins, Sean Blair & Lavrans Løvlie
Understanding design Design used to be seen as a profession that poster. It would be questioned if in this specific operates in specialist areas such as graphic design, case a light-beam or projection could work better. product design and fashion design. One of the Instead of a new fridge design a service concept tasks that design used to be associated with, was could deliver fresh food. Design does not only to make things look good. Design used to work at operate on a specialist level any more. It combines the very end of the process in most companies. the expertise of different design disciplines to A product designer for example would be respon- sible for the shape and look of a product that develop holistic concepts. The co-operation of different experts enables a new platform of multi- 1 was already developed. Design is not any more disciplinary work. restricted to the surface of things and how they look. And it is not any more only employed at the end of the product development process. New scope of design 2 Design has changed its scope and goes beyond designing artefacts. It used to be limited mostly Disciplines are melting on to the level of designing features of products, In the last years companies and academic institu- rooms, stationary etc. Design today extends to the 3 tions recognised the need and potential of a experience that clients have with products, serv- new approach to design practise. For example ices, spaces or a mix of these. But design is used the model design school in Cologne offered a also to design the processes and systems that are new multi-disciplinary design education across thirteen areas of design.1 Design companies such behind these experiences. On the broadest level design comes in to policy making, is involved to 4 as IDEO hired professionals from different fields develop strategies and philosophies. Design is such as psychology, human factors, zoology and being recognised as a business driver that should ethnography to state but a few.2 The consequence be integrated up front in a project. In the course of is that designers work on broader horizons and are a project as time goes by design is involved from able to integrate specialist expertise. the broadest to the most focused level. From the [ model three ] In such working practise the awareness for lacking strategy to the actual details of the outcome. n Levels of design knowledge or experience and the sensitiveness 1 Design of features (product, service or space) towards the real needs of a project increase. That 2 Design of client experience means that a designer would not just design a 3 Design of processes and systems Changing world 4 Design of strategy, philosophy, policy or ideology Service Design Based on: Worldviews of Design, Spirit of Creation, 2004 33 32 1 Köln International School of Design, Cologne. http://kisd.de 2 IDEO, design group. http://ideo.com
n Understanding design Co-design “No design, no matter how beautiful and ingenious, is any good if it does not fulfil a user New roles for designers Design has developed and opened new fields for designers. New roles such as Interaction Design, “We are all designers now.” need.” 1 That seems rather obvious. But the role Gender Design, Experience Design, Design Man- of the user (client) in the design process has agement, Strategic Design, etc. have emerged. John Thackara, Author of In the Bubble changed (please see model four). Designers used Designers that have been trained in a traditional to see users from a design centred observational design background have taken specialised educa- perspective. At a later stage the user was imagined tion to accommodate the new market needs and to think about what they might want or need. A possibilities. Also Service Design is a new role for different approach was when designers actually designers. Conclusion made contact with users. This participation was Design involves the understanding of client wants, needs, motivations 1 Design Council. Retrieved from the world wide web the 2005-05-12. http://www.design either in representing the user or experiencing the and contexts as well as business, technical and domain requirements and council.org.uk New designers user. This new way of designing included the user constraints. This knowledge can be translated into artefacts, into plans 2 Hollins, Bill. Various papers online. Retrieved Design has also opened up a new field for people from the world wide web the 2005-05-27. finally in the design process and is today practised for artefacts or strategies that set frameworks or give direction. Design http://wmin.ac.uk/dm/ traditionally considered non-designers to par- as User Centred Design. This participatory design ensures that the overall experience of products, services and spaces is use- 3 Thackara, John (2005): In the Bubble. ticipate in multidisciplinary approaches. Design Designing in a Complex World. The MIT Press. makes clients part of the project and involves ful, usable and desirable as well as efficient, effective, economically viable Cambridge, Massachusetts. Page 226 offers a new platform for collaboration of people them in a collaborative design. The research group and technically feasible.1 from different backgrounds and with different Luotain at the UIAH in Helsinki is working on vari- experiences. Are you already a designer? Other- Design has been recognised as an important factor for businesses and it has ous projects that include clients in different parts wise you might want to become one? been identified (e.g. by the Design Council) that companies that use design of the design process. in a more integrated way are more successful.2 Design strives to create experiences that go across products, spaces or services. It takes the view of a product or service from the entire life cycle with a client, from before they perceive the need to when they discard it. Design has always been involved in change. Without changes design would not be that necessary. The changes that we are facing have resulted not only in new designs. They have resulted in a re-designing of design. Design User User User User Centred Imagined Represented Experienced Centred As John Thackara (Doors of Perception) writes in the last line of his book In Design Design the Bubble. Designing in a Complex World: “We are all designers now.” 3 Changing world Service Design O B S E RV AT I O N PA R T I C I PAT I O N RO LE IM MER SIO N [ model four ] 34 35 Co-design 1 Design Council. Retrieved from the world wide web the 2005-04-23. This model shows how design has changed http://www.designcouncil.org.uk towards User Centred Design. Clients are involved Diagram source: User Centred Design Conference, 2003-05-12, UIAH, Helsinki, in the design which is called Co-design. Luotain presentation, referencing Bill Gavers This represents one of the dimensions that changed in design.
36 Service Design solution SOLUTION SERVICE DESIGN 37 Service Design
What is Service Design 1 Live|Work presentation at the RSA-Design “It’s one of those From the previous chapter it becomes clear that services are different. Service Design seminar. October 27, 2004. Conversations with Lavrans Løvlie The world is changing. The service sector has an increased significance for 2 Conversations with Sean Blair organisations. So what does that mean? 3 Presentation from Jenny Winhall from the new unit RED at the Design Council, at the Services have been provided for a long time. And when it comes to serving RSA-Design Service Design seminar. areas that is a October 27, 2004. wine or cutting somebody’s hair nobody would have thought about getting help from a designer to improve their services. If it comes to the delivery of slightly more complex service, like the supply tweener, falling of a parcel, we know that design can offer help with the corporate design of forms, corporate fashion of the drivers outfit or with the design of the packaging. But for a long time there was no profession existing that would look after the planning and detailed execution of the overall service – between other a Service Designer. The design of products seems very normal to us today and interestingly that emerged in a rather similar way to how Service Design is developing. In the 19th century new technology enabled a variety of new machines and departments in devices. Designers like Raymond Loewy and the German Bauhaus engaged themselves with giving the technology a more human face. To design meant to make sure that products are beautiful and pleasing as well as useful. 1 a company.” Today product design is more complex and advanced. The principle is the same – designers think about the end user and make sure that products are useful, usable and desirable. At the same time designers implement manufacturing processes in organisations that are effective and efficient.2 Service Design is the design of the overall experience of a service as well as Jeneanne M. Rae, Co-founder of Peer Insight the design of the process and strategy to provide that service. Service Design solution Peer Insight is currently conducting a massive research into the innovation of services. They formed a collaborative venture among eight companies, including Mastercard and Siebel Systems, to share data and deconstruct the suc- Service Design is a process across the four D’s – Discover, Define, Develop & cesses and failures in service innovation. Deliver 3. It is about understanding client, organisation & market, develop ideas, translate them into feasible solutions and to help implementing Service Design them. Service Design is involved in the ongoing live-cycle of services and offers continuous evolution. Services can be constantly changing in time. n 38 39
Ser v ic n What is Service Design e In te r f ac De s e Service Design is not a new specialist ign e d To uch p oin , ts design discipline. It is a new multi- Or ga ni disciplinary platform of expertise. sa tio n Cl ien t What does this mean? Service Design is not a short Service Design creates and shapes the client inter- project that carries a service through to launch. It face and crafts all details of the service journey. is an ongoing process. It is work with components, Methods and tools are used to make the service workshops and projects to integrate new service experience consistent, desirable, useful, viable, in practises into organisations. Effectively, Service line with the brand and commercially successful. [ model five ] Design adapts to organisations and needs, and is For companies Service Design offers the possibil- Service Interface translated into business structures and processes. ity to create additional value, to differentiate Service Design works on the design of all different against competitors, to better use resources and Touchpoints that together result in a designed service interface Service Design is planning and shaping useful, to connect to consumers in a desirable way. For usable, desirable, effective and efficient service clients Service Design represents the improve- experiences. Service Design helps to understand ment of everyday life and the provision of quality consumers, the market, resources available and experiences. The Service Interface is the pattern derived from space and of the overall situation. The different insights into clients expectations, needs and various contacts that a client has with a brand roles are played by service personnel instead of ac- experiences across all Touchpoints and over time. Service Design connects the desires of the client through different Touch-Poins of a Service Jour- tors. But just as in the theatre a service is a unique with the desires of an organisation. Service Design Service Design helps to unveil opportunities, ney. It is established over time and is the platform individual experience. The stage is the equivalent is a mediator that understands how to build produce ideas, solve problems and create for the Service Experience. to the Service Design interface. the bridge between the two within the overall implementable solutions. It provides meaning- Service Design solution context. A metaphor used for Service Design is that of a Just as in the theatre, Service Design covers not ful specifications, guidelines and strategies. It theatre stage. Klaus Weyh refers to it as Broadway only the design of every detail that happens on generates ideas, develops solutions and creates Management1. The service experience happens stage, but also processes, organisation, business concepts. It uses criteria to identify the best ideas Service Design on a stage. The difference to a real theatre is that and preparation back stage. Only when all factors and solutions. It finds ways to explain and share the client is part of the show literally. But as in the front and back are working together will the client insights, complex structures and processes. It theatre a complete service experience is always experience the service as working perfectly and uses prototyping to test results, plans and process a mixture of the actors that play their roles, the sufficiently. maps to implement the solutions. stage design and different objects that are used. In service, the stage design is the design of the 40 41
What differentiates Service Design 1. Service Design truly represents the 1. Service Design truly represents Earlier in this paper the special features of services were discussed. They differ to products, happen clients perspective the clients perspective over time, are complex, interactive and stretch across different Touchpoints. The consequence is To design services it is important to establish a good understanding of the goals, motivations and that the design and therefore also the research, latent needs that clients have. They are difficult development and implementation need to be to predict and mostly clients are not consciously 2. Service Design addresses the addressed differently. Service Design integrates aware of those needs. As well as needs there are different fields and clients in the design process. some principles that feel more natural to some unique features of services It is a new field that connects organisations and clients than others. clients in a new way. This paper explores how When IDEO developed the service strategy for Service Design addresses the challenge. The Juniper Financial they observed the bank’s clients 3. Service Design integrates expertise following pages set out to identify what is unique about the field Service Design. in their homes as they paid bills, at banks, ATMs and elsewhere. One of the latent needs identified from different disciplines was that people are used to keeping bills in a stack and then pay them all together at some point. Based on this insight they included a gentle 4. Service Design is interactive reminder function in the online banking portal. Similarly to the bill stack, a virtual list would grow and indicate gently, e.g. with colours, when its time to pay. The service had the possiblity to use a 5. Service Design is ongoing mechanism that matches the natural behaviours of clients. Service Design is a Services so far are provided by organisations and are thought through and planned (designed) new field that connects mostly from this provider perspective. The point of difference that the Service Design approach organisations and offers is the development of service systems Service Design solution which are focusing on the client as well as on the clients in a new way. organisation. n Service Design 43 42
n What differentiates Service Design Clients are involved in designing the service 2. Service Design addresses the unique 3. Service Design integrates expertise “ When designing and delivery process. Without a client there can be no features of services from different disciplines service. That has a number of consequences on Clients encounter different Touchpoints over time. Design has developed into a strategic, concep- developing a new service, the design of services. Service Design needs to use A Touchpoint is a contact point with one of the tional and multi-disciplinary field. Therefore organisations need to think new ways of testing services. elements of the service offering – like receiving a many designers are used to working with experts confirmation letter. from diverse fields, such as research, technology, about trust, about increasing In Service Design it is easy to confuse user-clients with customer-clients. For consumer products, All Touchpoints can be considered experience communication etc. a sense of transfer of owner customers are often the same as users, but in puzzle pieces of a service and can be build out Service Design usually addresses internal as well ship and about experience. corporate, technical or service domains, users and of product and service components. The overall as external clients. In an organisation there are customers rarely describe the same sets of people. experience that a consumer has is driven by the different people that need to be seen as clients. Changing the method of Customers of a product are those who make the Service Interface. It is a mental concept in the Service Design ensures that everyone involved in payment, can not impact the decision to purchase the service. clients mind. Designing this interface means to a project feels like a client, and that the different align all Touchpoints against the Service Design methods and tools used ensure excellent internal design of a product, but it is concept. and external service experience.2 a major change in the devel Services are different from products. Yet in many Design (including communications) always has opment of a service.” cases they are connected to products in some been a mediator / translator between industry and way. Or as Bill Hollins says: “A lot of services ride people, technology and application and between Marc Innegraeve, service expert on the back of products.” 1 Service Design does offer and need. There is no reason that market- not exclude products but rather looks at the unit ers, engineers or others could not contribute to of product and service as they are experienced projects in the multi-disciplinary field Service together by clients. Design. They might prefer it to be called Service Marketing etc. However, Service Design as a field offers a very unique portfolio of tasks and there are different tools and skills needed to provide those. Later, the role description of the Service Design Scout helps to establish a description of what role Service Design can play in an organisa- Service Design solution tion. Service Design Touchpoints All Touchpoints are experience puzzle pieces of the service. They complement the overall experience across the service interface. Each piece helps to shape a whole. 44 45 1 Conversation with Bill Hollins, London 2005 2 Mager, Birgit (2004): Service Design – a review. Page 17. Cologne.
n What differentiates Service Design “You can’t Service Design is not a new specialist design discipline. It is a new multi-disciplinary platform of expertise. Born in design thinking it integrates various fields of expertise. However, at the 5. Service Design is ongoing Given the variety of services that exist, Service Design has to cope with different situations and contexts to products. The systems that Service experience the same time at the very core it has a specific offer designed to address the various design challenges in the booming service economy. Design creates and improves are complex and stretch over time. Service Design looks at a scope from long term strategies and designs processes to implementing consistency across organisations experience until you 4. Service Design is interactive Service Design enables behaviours and dynam- ics. It offers clients the possibility to connect a in small details such as the style of a text mes- sage. What is unique about services is that they experience it.” live. They cannot be pre-produced and stored potential with a result. It provides all resources until somebody employs them. That has major and components that are necessary for a client to implications for the development of a service. For do what they want to do. As has been identified example, even though Service Innovation is able before the client is an integral part of the service to develop a service and then launch it, Service performance. Bill Moggridge, IDEO Design continues after the Service is in use and One big advantage with services is that it is much monitors it for constant improvement. Amazon easier to make changes. Even though it is new and is a Service Design minded company and since its not easy, depending on the complexity of a service launch in 1995 every day parts of the experience it is very feasible to prototype services and to test are changed and improved.4 implementation models. “It is easier to innovate and less expensive in services than in manufactur- ing.” 3 Service Design solution Service Design 46 47 3 Conversation with Bill Hollins, London 2005 4 Conversation with Lavrans Løvlie, London 2005
Areas with related expertise Service Design is a multi-disciplinary process. That means that Service Design integrates and links various fields of expertise. To understand this is important for two reasons. Firstly, to appreciate the portfolio of expertise that Service tions Design brings together. Secondly, to understand that these areas with related s Branding on expertise provide existing tools, knowledge, resources and experience. For c r e la ati example some tools that are used in product market research can either be ic P ubli un P r i ce n used or adopted to be used specifically for Service Design. mm tio mo Co Service Design connects a new profile of expertise with a multi-disciplinary Pro Pro working model. It represents a new practise of work that utilises the best and du ct Mar ke t i ng y de v most suitable experience, tools and knowledge from the various backgrounds. elo o log pm ent y ch At the same time Service Design continues to work in co-operation with a pool Ps of experts. Hum an r e p hy s ourc og r a es Et hn Throughout the Service Design process it is evident that these areas’ affects, g an i s a t i o n are part of and link into Service Design. Based on desk research, interviews M a n a g em e n t Re sea rch c l i en t with Service Design experts and from analysing different examples, the areas Process management service design Market research in the diagram give an overview of the most important fields related to Service or Design. Obser ment v ation nage t y ma Based on that knowledge, Service Design can be seen as a hub that brings Q uali Tes together the experience, methods and tools from the various fields to employ y t ing eg them in the specific development and innovation of services. St r at De sign In many organisations there are people responsible for improving and innovat- Pa n sig ing services. Many of them work on elements of Service Design, but often r ti ig n de c ip Pro without calling it or recognising it as such. ion n at de s lisation e sig Interior design duc or ct yd a ce ra t de ce d As the diagram shows, marketing and design have always mediated between te es er f In ig n S e nsua sig r ie n the organisation and the client. Marketing mostly operates from an organisa- Int n Service Design solution E xpe tions perspective. Design on the other hand mostly works from a clients perspective. Service Design integrates management, marketing, research and design. Therefore it combines the best and most relevant tools and experience Service Design from the areas with related expertise to address the challenges of the service economy. On the following pages key fields, integral and essential to the development of Service Design (please see model six) are discussed. The descriptions are [ model six ] helpful in explaining what aspects Service Design covers with terms that are Service Design expertise 48 49 established and that practitioners can relate to. Service Design integrates management, marketing, research and design. It creates a unique connection of organisation and client. The areas of related expertise are used and integrated in Service Design and also used in bringing in specialised experts from those areas.
n Areas with related expertise Branding project. Even though Service Design can integrate Interior (& exterior) design Ethnography Branding is important to make sure that all ele- product components and design product-service Given that many services are performed and This special way of research uses an anthropolo- ments of a company look and feel consistent and concepts, if an important part of a new service consumed in set environments (e.g. airport, gist’s tool kit of methods and theories to observe are visually and sensually aligned with the brand. is a product, product design specialists would be shop, hospital, etc.) the design of spaces is an clients in their natural habitat. Ethnography Even though services require special treatment the brought into the project to develop this device. important element of Service Design. It is not only provides insights in cultural trends, attitudes and main competency driving the field of branding is That could be for example a special water-resistant important that the atmosphere is in line with the lifestyle factors that influence clients decisions similar to that of Service Design. On a detail level device with a big interface for servicing techni- image and quality that the service offers, as well and behaviour. And as one can not isolate service therefore, the principles of corporate design, cor- cians. certain details can improve the experience, make experiences from their life context, ethnography porate fashion and corporate communication are a service more useful and desirable for clients and provides the possibility to learn and test very close crucial for service design too. On a holistic level, more efficient and effective for the organisation. to reality. Eric Arnould describes ethnography as Psychology the thinking in the branding field to recognise that Orientation and overview can be given in differ- “a way to get up close and personal with consum- As in many other fields and especially in various every Touchpoint with the brand is a communica- ent ways and can be important for the service. ers.” 1 It situates clients in their larger social and design disciplines psychology plays an important tion opportunity needs to be employed to Service A space is not only full of Touchpoints that need cultural context and provides holistic understand- role. Given that services encounter and interact Design also. to be designed, it is the stage and setting for the ing how products and services will resonate with with human beings this is particularly important service performance. In conclusion, as interior and the client’s daily life. Given that understanding to Service Design. Psychology is important to exterior design works to set the tone and expecta- these issues is crucial to Service Design, Product design gain understanding of underlying drivers and tion of clients it needs to be incorporated into ethnography can play an important role in almost Products are often an essential part of services the demand for new services. It is also important Service Design. any Service Design project. and form together a hybrid product-service combi- to understand the influence that details of a nation. Therefore understanding of the design Service Design have on the overall perception. For of products is important to develop and design example understanding the psychology of the Participatory design Interaction design successful product-service hybrid concepts. But perception of waiting is used in Service Design. The main concept of this new area of design is Examines the role of behaviours in physical and even for services that do not include any product To develop ideas that provide clients information to make the client part of the design process. virtual spaces as well as the convergence of physi- components the principles and knowledge from how long they have to wait for example. Waiting This way of approaching design is particularly cal and digital products and the way they interact product design are important. To develop tangible time is perceived shorter when this information is relevant to designing services. In Service Design it with human beings. interfaces and to design the packaging for services provided. The application of general knowledge of is possible to use the knowledge, techniques and This new field works on designing interactions. these principles can be employed. Product design psychology is vast in Service Design and special- methods from this area to create collaborative and Especially in the case of software applications and therefore is an important element within Service ists can be important partners to develop specific innovative Service Designs together with clients. web-sites clients interact with a system through Service Design solution Design but is also brought in as a field in its solutions or to evaluate different Service Design As the client is part of the delivery of the service an interface. Interaction design is about designing own right to cover product design elements of a concepts. (production and consumption overlap in services) a system that can be understood and used by cli- the client can be part of designing the service also. ents in an easy way and fulfils their expectations. Service Design User Centred Design involves special methods In Service Design the same principles are used to of research and design that enable the client to design the interactions of clients with the interac- contribute to the design process. tive system service. Information architects work on the systems and pathways that are provided for clients to find the information that they look for 50 51 and to offer them relevant information that they 1 Eric Arnould. Professor of Marketing. University of Nebraska
n Areas with related expertise might be interested in. Service Design designs the Sensualisation systems, pathways and interactions for services. This extends the concept of visualisation to all It therefore includes a variety of interfaces or other senses (hearing, tasting, smelling, touching, Touchpoints to interact with clients. moving, etc.). Sensualisation is used to explain complex intangible concepts. It helps to envisage future ideas mostly in visual and tangible ways. Interface design In Service Design animations and films can show This discipline is working on the design of machine scenarios that highlight how a service would and product interfaces. Interface is the set of work. Image montages can very simply create the devices that gives the user control and feedback. impression that certain Touchpoints exist and Even a pair of scissors has an interface that how they work. That can be used to discuss and helps control the cut and gives feedback about develop detailed solutions of parts or the overall the thickness of the paper. In Interface design service experience or as Visioning discussion base usability has been the field of extensive research to discuss what could be achieved in the future. to ensure that all details of designed interfaces Sensualisation can help to develop Service Proto- are easy to understand and comfortable to use. types of different complexity and level of detail. In Service Design there can be components that require actual interface design such as computer terminals. But also the overall concept of design- Market research ing interfaces is used in Service Design and To find out what kind of similar offers are already applied to services. on the market, to identify market gaps and to know about trends market research is a very important field. Also benchmarking is important Strategy to find principles and offers that companies from In any organisation a strategy is an elaborate and other fields provide. For any Service Design project systematic plan that specifies the way certain ob- it is important to find out about the context that jectives should be achieved. For example Commu- the service is going to live in. nication Strategy provides a plan that includes the alignment of different communication channels. Service Design solution The strategy would specify different phases and Marketing emphasise certain tactics. “Strategy is the overall Marketing is often described as the techniques vision and the plan how to get there.” according that are used to attract and to persuade consum- Service Design to Dr. Wayne Fletcher, Head of Communication ers. That means that marketing encourages Strategy at Carat International.1 In Service Design recipients of targeted communication messages strategy is a very important element to ensure to purchase or use products or services. n consistency and effective planning. 53 52 1 Conversation with Dr. Wayne Fletcher, London, 2005-06-07
n Areas with related expertise Marketing is a huge field that includes several Product development Experience design Summary different areas. It has succeeded, for example in This represents the entire cycle of a new product Experience Design is an approach to manage the Service Design brings together a unique set of the communication between organisations and from concept through manufacturing including creation of successful client experiences. This expertise. The field of Service Design is influenced (groups of) clients. Mostly marketing is focused design, engineering, materials selection, compo- approach includes consideration and design in and based on other fields. That means that Service on product-thinking and has experience in nent selection, manufacturing process selection, all three spatial dimensions, over time, the five Design is a multidisciplinary team process. communicating from an organisation perspective and documentation. Service Design extends the senses, interactivity as well as personal meaning The margins of these related and linked fields are towards clients. Even though Service Design is principle of developing products to developing and the emotional context. Designed experi- rather blurred. Some of the described fields are based on the organisation-client-relationship and services. In many companies services are devel- ences can use any medium, including spatial / areas, some are labels and some are content. But manages communication and interaction in both oped by product development departments as environmental installations, print products, they establish an overview of this new field and directions, marketing is still involved and ele- they are seen as the products of the company. hard products, services, broadcast images and support the understanding of the new by showing ments of marketing are used in a new way. Often Service Design at times works together sounds, live performances and events, digital and the combination of existing and known areas. with internal experts in companies that have been online media. To design service experiences this is involved in product development. needed in many Service Design projects. The consequence of the structure that Service Process management Design is based on is that every team member Development and distribution processes in needs to have a basic understanding of this manufacturing are managed in order to ensure Communication planning portfolio of related fields. For Service Design effectiveness, security and efficiency. Process This area covers all means of providing therefore a new set of skills as well as tools and management is planning and administering the information and content to the public, methods is necessary. A very crucial consequence activities that are necessary to achieve the best including TV, radio, Internet, papers, outdoor is a new level of communication that is needed to performance in a process and helps identify and magazines. It plans how to communicate link the experience and knowledge of these fields opportunities for improving quality, operational important messages to key stakeholders of an together. Integration and communication is the performance and ultimately client satisfaction. To organization in the most effective way possible. glue that holds Service Design together. deliver services a range of providers and different In Service Design planned communication is people have to work together. Process manage- important towards the client as well as internally ment is an important factor in the design and in the service providing organisation. implementation of services. Service Design uses for example service blueprinting to design and implement processes. Service Design solution Service Design 54 55
Service Design benefits The paper so far has shown that Service Design is Service Design can play a crucial part in the addressing the specific needs of services. It has success of any organisation and can deliver ten shown what is unique about services and what drivers of change: consequences this has on the design. It has shown that Service Design is necessary but what are the 1. True understanding of market needs specific benefits of Service Design? It is evident that the growing service sector has 2. Higher value with the resources an increasing significance for our society and available economy. In many countries the service sector is far less productive than it could be. At the same 3. Changes organisational culture time the quality of service that is available to clients can be considered on average still very 4. New perspectives on future poor. Service Design can address these challenges development and deliver a range of other benefits. 5. Higher effectiveness Service Design works across both the organisa- tion and the client(s). Therefore Service Design 6. Better efficiency benefits the organisation and the client at the same time. The benefits that it delivers to clients 7. Connects organisation and clients have positive effect on organisations as happy and satisfied clients are the ultimate goal of any 8. Higher quality service experiences organisation. as basis of success Clients want to maximise the value they can gain from a service or a product-service combination, 9. Differentiation against competition organisations want to increase their success for example in being more effective, generate higher 10. Brand affinity profits, better reputation and in developing strong Service Design solution brands. The benefits of Service Design are summarised here from the perspective of an organisation. It is Service Design organisations that need to get involved in Service Design. The advantages for Clients again benefit the organisation as the client is a big measure in the success formula of any organisation. Service Design is rooted in client satisfaction. 56 57
n Service Design benefits 1. True understanding of market needs 2. Higher value with the resources 3. Changes organisational culture 4. New perspectives of future Traditionally suppliers orient themselves on the available For any organisation to offer successful services development market which means that they offer only as much Service Design helps organisations to utilise their means that a lot of different people need to Designing services starts with the development of quality as necessary. In case of products the client resources better and more profitably. That is work together. Service Design integrates people client oriented strategies. It takes into considera- can estimate the real value of usage only in the delivered through different methods that Service from several levels of the organisation in the tion the market, client needs as well as economic actual consumption after the product has been Design brings in. One example is that services design process. That not only offers the best and ecological factors and the possibilities of already bought. The client therefore has to rely that are already provided can be made tangible. knowledge and experience across the organisation technologies. on aesthetic or brand promises that the product That could be a sign that points to the clean floor to be utilised in the project. Also it ensures that Service Design will ensure that new services that or its marketing give.1 Service Design delivers in stating No rubbish – we clean for you. Another everybody is on board and supportive to make reach the market will be competitive, safe, satisfy on methods that help organisations understand example is Line of Balance that can be used to changes happen. That is crucial to the delivery of clients and be profitable. Furthermore, as markets true market needs. Given that clients are part of make sure that all stages of the service process new services. change, continuing design supports the future the service delivery they can be part of the design work in sequence and take the same length of In most organisations still it is the least experi- success of organisations. process as well. The value of a service is estimated time. That is very important if technology such enced and least trained people that have the most by clients mostly whilst they are using the service. as scanners or experts such as doctors need to be Understanding true market and client needs client contact. The more senior people are the The quality needs to be treated differently with utilised more profitably. Clients benefit from less gives organisations the opportunity to offer new less they are in direct contact with clients and the services than it used to be with products. Organi- waiting time and a better service experience. successful services. Instead of reacting to new actual delivery of services.1 sations are facing the challenge to offer service offers of competitors it is possible to lead the Service Design benefits to organisations in mak- quality on an individual ongoing basis. Service In call centres for example calls are generally market through Service Design. For example the ing service businesses more profitable (sell more). Design helps to manage that. handled by staff with basic experience. Only after Inconvenience Analysis highlights the potential for In the example of an airport, saving check-in time a client has called a few times or cannot be helped new services in creating value by making clients obviously gives clients more time to shop in the the client is passed on to experienced members of lives more convenient. Given that services do not airport. The real big difference can be made in staff.2 need necessarily long development, engineering, getting those clients quicker and easier to the production or testing times, they can be improved plane, get more planes through the airport and Only if the organisation has a service minded far more quickly than products. therefore more people to shop in the airport. It culture and everybody treats clients as important can be assumed that on average people spend not individuals and guests the service experience In thinking beyond products, organisations can that much more money in ten more minutes. If can be excellent. Often the atmosphere and utilise Service Design to find new use for existing more people spend some time in the airport they the services that are provided within a service knowledge, experience, resources and networks. Service Design solution will spend more money in total. organisation are good indicators of a service A German plumbing company for example used culture. Service Design changes the organisational the access they had to various data about the culture by including people in the project and by houses they worked in. They offer a new service Service Design providing maps and tangible explanation that help that bundles their knowledge to a database that everybody to understand, share and contribute to contains data about the house and gives all the Service Design. building companies and the house owner access to data and plans.3 58 59 1 Conversation with Birgit Mager, Cologne 1 Rummel, Carlo (1994): Designmanagement: Integration theoretischer 2 Conversation with research specialist Phil Gullen, London Konzepte und praktischer Fallbeispiele. Deutscher Universitäts Verlag. 3 Mager, Birgit: Exhibition guide. Wanderausstellung. Service – ein Produkt. Wiesbaden.
n Service Design benefits The way sensualisation can be used in Service 5. Higher effectiveness 6. Better efficiency 7. Connects organisation and clients Design helps to establish a new level of commu- Service Design manages the achievement of Service Design reduces costs of development, sup- Good service leads to satisfied, purchasing as well nication inside the organisation and with clients. intended results. The objectives that an or- port, training, documentation and maintenance, as returning clients. Service Design raises client It provides the possibility for experts that speak ganisation sets are based on understanding the shortens the development time and improves satisfaction in providing the alignment of all different specialist languages to communicate market and client needs as well as the resources marketability. For any organisation it is crucial to Touchpoints and providing quality service experi- about one future concept and establish shared and constraints inside the organisation. The not waste resources and to make the most out ences. It manages expectations in aligning the understanding. For example the tools of Vision- objectives are specified and implemented in the of what is available. That sometimes contradicts interface of the service. It ensures that feedback ing enable an organisation to talk about future service strategy and specification documents. with providing quality service experiences. Service from clients is used to constantly improve the de- possibilities from a future standpoint. If a short Through the iteration of testing, evaluation and Design balances the effort to develop and provide sign of the service. Bad service on the other hand, film shows how a service would work in the future development Service Design ensures effective- services with the maximum impact and the best leads to angry clients and a loss in sales. Service it can be discussed as a specific vision, including ness throughout the process. For example service experience possible. Often client segmentation Design manages a very special relationship. what the advantages and further possibilities prototypes are used to ensure that a solution is can be used to ensure the appropriate level of Products and entertainment can be sold as one would be. From that standpoint it can be worked effective and delivers against the strategy. The service quality. Some passengers need the shuttle of the experiences. A service needs to fulfil client back to work out how to get there. All hurdles like connection to real client needs makes sure that from the parking to check-in to be quick and expectations and needs on an ongoing basis. “but we don’t have the legal possibilities to do the service provided is the service that satisfies frequent and are happy to pay for this service that” can be overcome and if the concept is good clients. Service Design ensures that the objectives feature. Other passengers have time and would Like a personal relationship between people not they can be solved together as everybody is on the of the organisations are met. prefer a cheaper service offer. A bigger bus that with the first problem the relationship will be at same page. goes every half-hour could be combined with risk. But it is crucial that the other side recognises small shuttle cars that can leave immediately. the problem and does something about it. As in any relationship once the partner is not satisfied Service Design ensures that the resources avail- and chooses to use another service it is going to able can be used to the full. be very difficult to re-establish the relationship. There is not only a big opportunity in maintaining satisfied clients. If clients trust one service and are satisfied they usually spend more time and purchase more. In the future trust and time are most likely going to be even more important than Service Design solution purchase. Service Design 60 61
n Service Design benefits Service Design identifies new areas to offer 8. Higher quality service experiences 9. Differentiation against competition 10. Brand affinity services and to extend the service. It therefore as basis of success “As products and also services are becoming Bad service causes a bad client experience. A bad represents the potential to convince and attract Even though services are intangible and virtual increasingly commoditised, designing a desirable client experience influences the experience of the new clients. Designing services always integrates Service Design creates desirability. Every detail of experience becomes the competitive advantage brand. Clients are more satisfied when a system clients in the design process. That means that the the overall presentation of a service works as a and source of better margins.” Kevin Gavaghan offers relevant services that match their needs new level of relationship manifests itself also in part in setting expectation and to shape an experi- and expectations. Service Design can be used as a key differentiator the way the design works. The service is not only ence that is desirable. against competition. The idea for services can be A majority of clients are loyal only to a few service judged by clients in questionnaires. Constant test- In service quality there are different levels of qual- the same and still the experience can be designed brands and buy repeatedly these services. ing of new ideas and solutions and the evaluation ity that are appropriate. Service Design is facing to be very different. Often it is the little things of success enables clients to experience what they this by making sure that the client’s expecta- that make the big difference. Service Design does could not imagine useful. tions are monitored and fulfilled. All details are not only help to craft this differentiation at the Often clients do not know what they want yet. designed in a way that is in line with the specific same time it develops means to communicate the Once they can try a new service they might ap- service and adopt to individual needs as much as difference in the right way to clients. Car-sharing preciate a side of this service that was underesti- possible. is a concept that exists in many cities. Details mated by the organisation. Text messaging is one such as naming cars or providing community rules Often service quality means that clients are in example of a new service that was underestimated and a thought through web-site can make all the control and get to choose. It is not always the and just tried out. We all know how successful it difference. waiting time that needs to be cut on all cost. is today. Often it is enough to inform clients about the Service Design represents clients in different ways reason and the waiting time that is left. all along the process. Personas are one tool that Quality service experience gives clients the feeling is used to establish research based archetypes that somebody is thinking about them, imagining that represent certain types of clients. The design to be in their shoes and provides a service for can then be based on those clients’ profiles to them. make sure the service is going to strengthen this relationship. From the clients’ perspective Service Service Design delivers business value in enhanc- Design provides a consistent service and brand ing the client’s experience. The service strategy image and experience. aligns all details and delivers a consistent quality Service Design solution experience that only surprises if it is going beyond A strong relationship between organisations and expectation. their clients is a crucial factor of success. Service Service Design Design can help to build that relationship. 63 62
64 Service Design solution | Service Design evolution EVOLUTION SERVICE DESIGN 65 Service Design
Service Design to date “It’s only recently been recog- Today it is easy to recognise the vast growth of In 1995 Birgit Mager became the first professor of “There is an urgent need for the service sector. However, even though Service Service Design and her lectures, publications and nised that services as much as Design is considered a new fast growing field, projects have continuously supported the recogni- professional exchange in order products have to be designed. forward thinking experts did recognised and tion of the immaterial aspects of design.3 to better and faster develop the established its principles over ten years ago. [...] Birgit Mager worked on several publications that field of Service Design.” The basic concept of Service Design is the recogni- have been published in German. Some elements Birgit Mager (Co-founder of the Service Design Network) tion that Services have quality problems which of those were included in Service Design – a Review A well designed service can can be addressed with the same principles of which was published in English for the tenth design that are used to improve products. There anniversary of Service Design in Germany. Mager provide great competitive have been papers and books on Service Innovation has been working on university and consultancy The London based consultancy Spirit of Creation7 was asked to develop a strategy to help the advantage for a business, even and Service Marketing that looked at the innova- projects with Siemens, Provinzial and SwissCom- economic development of the North East region tion, improvement and communication from an Mobile as well as massive research projects for the if that business isn’t a service organisation’s perspective. However, the paper German Ministry of Science Research. of England. They successfully pitched the concept of a Service Design education centre for managers provider.“ that is recognised to have first brought together In England Live|Work4 launched a Service Design and together with a network of 200 experts they the terms Service and Design is Designing Services consultancy in 2001. From a pre-dominantely have developed the concept and the business plan that Deliver from G. Lynn Shostack in the Harvard http://design-council.net Interaction-Design background they work for for a Service Design education centre. Business Review in 19841. This paper introduces clients such as Orange, Telecom Italia, BBC and the Blueprinting tool to design services. Later, Gill In the summer of 2004 Spirit of Creation and Birgit Sony Ericsson. Service Design solution | Service Design evolution and Bill Hollins included a Design-Management Mager established the Service Design Network8. perspective on Service Design in the book Total The Interaction Design Institute in Ivrea, Italy has A growing international network of academics, Design in 1991. set up a department that researches and develops practitioners and businesses establish codes of service interaction5. The Institue is moving to conduct for the theories, methods and practices In that same year, 1991, Michael Erlhoff and Birgit the new premises of the Domus Academy in Milan of Service Design. Mager established Service Design as one of the as Domus has made Service Design part of their fields of education and research in the model A committee including Bill Hollins from the education too. design school KISD at the University of Applied University of Westminster and Lavrans Løvlie from Sciences Cologne, Germany. The Köln International Since 2002 the international design consultancy Live|Work are currently working on a paper for School of Design2 was the first university world- IDEO6 has included Service Design in their offer- British Standards that gives a recommendation on wide that offered Service Design education. ing. Fran Samalionis is Head of Service Design. For the definition of Service Design. IDEO the move into services was a progression after they decided to not only design products but Service Design client experiences. IDEO offers their clients help in innovating and improving the design of experi- ences across products, services and spaces. 66 67 1 Shostack, G. Lynn (1984): Designing Services That 3 http://service-design.de 7 http://spiritofcreation.com Deliver. Harvard Business Review. 4 http://livework.co.uk 8 http://servicedesignnetwork.org/ 2 The Köln International School of Design (KISD) used to be called Fachbereich Design (FB07) at the time 5 http://interaction-ivrea.it http://kisd.de 6 http://ideo.com
Orientation Service Design players Academic To visualise the current ecology of players in the Service Design field, two different approaches have been chosen. University of Westminster Some key institutions that are involved in Service Design have been mapped in a matrix against their orientation and background (please see model seven). Politecnico di Milano* KISD* The matrix shows the current ecology as either more academic or commercially oriented. Furthermore, it highlights that some institutions have more of a Carnegie Mellon Univ.* classic design and others a business background. There are other companies and institutions involved in improving and innovating services, some of which might have a different background than design and business but they have not Domus* been mapped here. This matrix is not scientific or absolute, however it gives a helpful overview and understanding of the current ecology and background of DSchool Ivrea Institute* the institutions considered throughout this paper. The second approach is a mind map of the current Service Design ecology Background Business (please see model eight on the following pages). Given the development of the Design Service Design Network the natural differentiator of the different player is their geographical origin. The mind map shows different institutions and companies connected to the countries that they are currently most representative of. Service Design solution | Service Design evolution Live|Work* It is worth noting that the mind-map visualises a personal perspective and is not absolute. However, nonetheless it gives an overview of one model of perception of the current Service Design industry. For this paper the overview also represents the network of resources and interview-partners. Service-Design Gbr* In Service Design a Service Ecology Map is the visualisation of a system of actors that form a service and the relationships between them. A Service Ecology Map represents a systemic view of a service and the context it will operate in. IDEO* Spirit of Creation* Commercial Service Design [ model seven ] Service Design ecology matrix Key institutinons that are involved in Service Design 68 69 * Member of the Service Design Network
[ model eight ] Service Design mind map Michael Erlhoff Elena Pacenti Astrid Van der Auwera Daniela Sangiorgi Birgit Mager Ezio Manzini KISD Domus Politecnico di Milano Simona Maschi Stefan Moritz Italy Interaction Design Institute Ivrea Germany Stefan Holmlid Linköpings University Service Design Sweden Kevin Gavaghan Service Design solution | Service Design evolution Sean Blair Vijay Kumar Spirit of Creation Illinois Institute of Technology US UK University of Westminster Carnegy Mellon Univ. Live|Work Design Council Service Design IDEO Shelley Evenson British Standards RSA Chris Downs 70 71 Fran Samalionis Bill Hollins Marc Jones Lavrans Løvlie Service Design competition
The Service Design Network The international pool of Service Design experts “ At some time in the future, are joining forces. The international Service Design Network is a network of academic and commercial the Service Design Network institutions. may consider providing access The network – initiated by Spirit of Creation, Birgit to an innovative worldwide Mager and others – was founded last Summer in London. network for the wider It developed through a panel of experts discussing dissemination and the speed and momentum of the service economy exploitation of their growth, the attractiveness of a framework to help the more rapid and assured growth of the new know-how and their community of practice, and the benefits to all of Intellectual Property.” establishing a Service Design Network. http://servicedesignnetwork.org Further meetings took place in Chicago in the end of 2004 and in Cologne in the beginning of 2005. These meetings included members from IDEO, Carnegie Mellon University, Linkoping University, Service Design solution | Service Design evolution Domus Academy, University of the Arts London and Politecnico di Milano to state but a few. The Service Design Network is a growing interna- tional panel of universities, research centres and design studios. All of them are working on, and have experience in, Service Design. They all are passionate about developing and strengthening the knowledge and expertise in this new field. Service Design 73 72
Examples of outstanding services To illustrate how Service Design can contribute to the success of an organi- Service Activities related to the: sation some example projects and case studies have been collected and are presented on the following pages. Wholesale and retail trade Sale of goods In model nine on the left a general list of services has been provided. It Transportation and warehousing Distribution of goods shows the breadth of services. However, only some companies pay special Information Gathering and dissemination of written, audio or visual informa- attention to the services they provide to make them truly outstanding. tion, including films and records To show the variety of possible contributions the following examples high- Finance and insurance Facilitation of financial transactions, including those related to risk light details and the difference that elements of Service Design can make. management A few short case studies were chosen in order to give an insight in the broad Real estate, rental and leasing Temporary transfer of property, and the temporary or definitive range of Service Design contributions. transfer of real estate The case studies show that research, development, improvement and inno- Professional, scientific and Provision of specialised, generally “knowledge based”, expertise vation is part of businesses reality. However, the examples show elements technical (e.g. legal, accountancy and engineering) of Service Design and are not all achieved in a systematic way. Not in all of the examples the design is an ongoing activity. Management of companies and Management of companies and enterprises, such as holding enterprises companies Therefore the following case studies help to understand some of the ele- ments that Service Design integrates into a systemic ongoing practise. Administrative and support, and Day-to-day support of other organisations (e.g. clerical assistance Service Design solution | Service Design evolution waste management agencies, travel agencies and personnel firms) Education Provision of instruction and training (e.g. schools and specialised training centres) Heath care and social assistance Provision of health care and social assistance (e.g. doctors, hospi- tals and clinics) Arts, entertainment and Provision of entertainment in a broad sense (e.g. museums, opera, recreation theatre, sports and gambling establishments) Accommodation and food Provision of lodging, or the provision of meals, snacks or beverages services Service Design Public administration Governing or administration of public entities and programmes Other Provision of personal services, repair and maintenance activities, professional societies, religious institutions, etc. 75 74 [ model nine ] List of services Source: Based on US Bureau of Census, 1999.
n Examples of outstanding services Virgin door to door service Orange future experience strategies Web tracking of packages Bank without branches Even though it is not part of an holistic pro- New technologies often drives businesses’ strate- In 1994 Federal Express launched a service that First Direct created a revolutionary banking service gramme Virgin Atlantic uses the Service Design gies while clients experiences seldom do. The tracks packages online. It allows the 900,000 launched in October 1989. An internal project at concept of the Extended-Client-Journey. Travelling London based group Live|Work worked on a project packages that go through their system each Midland Bank investigated what the bank could Upper Class with Virgin Atlantic the service begins for the Orange Innovation team which translated month to be tracked at will via the internet. do to react to a complex, deregulated environ- from the moment clients leave their home or assumptions by the business to direct impacts on ment and increasing competition. Many surveys, When a package is sent clients are automatically office. the future customer experience. benchmarking and research of other banks helped emailed to inform them of the packages transit the team to identify crucial insights where identi- Virgin offer to arrange for complimentary chauf- A range of artefacts were developed that projected details. The tracking number supplied enables fied and through their research Project Raincloud feur driven car service to collect their clients and the assumptions into future client experiences. the package to be tracked via the web whenever found that a lot of customers did not like to come Service Design solution | Service Design evolution their baggage from work or from home. The project helped to uncover differences in required. in to the bank. strategic outlook within the business with reality. The driver checks in the passenger on the way This system saves FedEx $4million per year in The artefacts that the team developed included The concept created was a 24/7 bank without and drops them off for a special high speed walk answering telephone queries. This showcases magazine articles, packaging, web sites, newspa- branches. Telephones were identified as a low through customs. The baggage is taken care of by how an extension of a service through innovative per advertisements, letters and television news cost and flexible delivery system to deliver the the driver. After a relaxed and enjoyable wait in design can both save money and improve the item. These acted as tangible evidence of future new service. When launched, phonelines opened the lounge and high quality in-flight service the client experience. service Touchpoints, and were used as discussion at midnight to make the point that this bank is passenger is met by his luggage and a car wait- points and provocations for the innovations team. > More information: available at all times. Today First Direct has more ing outside the airport to take him or her to the http://fedex.com than one million clients. desired location. > More information: http://livework.co.uk First Direct had to establish a totally new customer > More information: http://orange.com centric culture. One of the ways they did that was http://virgin-atlantic.com by hiring people for the call centres that had back- Service Design grounds such as nurses, firemen and teachers. > More information: http://firstdirect.com 76 77 C http://sevenstarsandstripes.com/content/airline/ C http://livework.co.uk C http://unbecominglevity.blogharbor.com/pix/fedex_tracking.gif C http://wolff-olins.com/firstdirect.htm virginatlantic/VirginAtlantic-01.jpg 9 http://livework.co.uk 9 http://designcouncil.org.uk 9 Conversation with Kevin Gavaghan 9 http//virgin-atlantic.com, Conversation with a passenger http://firstdirect.com
n Examples of outstanding services AT&T treasure hunt Lufthansa scenarios From ownership to usage Airport express train I IDEO worked with their client AT&T in San For the project Intercont.innovation a The Service Design consultancy Live|Work provides The British Airport Authority is responsible for the Francisco to stage an analogy experience. IDEO multidisciplinary team led by Birgit Mager ongoing support to the car-sharing network Street- client experience at Heathrow Airport in London. prepared a set of different tasks connected to developed innovative service concepts for the car in London . Streetcar’s fleet of cars are located The Design Director Raymond Turner and his finding out about movies. The AT&T people found Lufthansa airline. around London, bookable online or over the phone team used elements of Service Design to launch that data services around movies can only answer and accessed with a special card and PIN. Clients the Heathrow Express service. The new rail link Initially the service procedures, behaviours, two questions on a phone: 1. What is happening at pay by the hour and receive a monthly bill. between Heathrow Airport and central London was products and technology have been thoroughly a particular movie theatre and 2. Where can I find introduced in 1999. analysed. Based on principles of drama different Live|Work provides input as the service grows – an this particular film. For pretty much every other service worlds have been designed and innovative ongoing practice of service innovation and design The service concept is based on a quick 15 minute question it is quicker to get a copy of TimeOut. scenarios developed. throughout the life of the service. The Service journey. The research showed overwhelmingly Service Design solution | Service Design evolution The exercise was designed to teach the team that Designers are providing an ongoing analysis of that customers were prepared to pay a high price Clustered into different idea pools the scenarios knows a lot about mobile applications about the clients experience of the service, reporting for saving time and having a more luxury experi- helped bring the recommendations and ideas to experiencing the experience. Based on findings usability, accessibility and satisfaction from the ence. This is a very good example that market life. This completely new format included future they then developed together with IDEO three clients perspective. research and understanding client requirements products, stage-designs, role scripts, props and guiding principles: Time-slice (think less about can be key drivers for Service Design. The insight technologies and more. The visionary Service For Streetcar they design the service experience on where you are but when you are), Relevancy that there is an existing segment of clients that Design scenarios developed have been integrated an ongoing basis. A special blueprint is used as a (What’s the question in a persons mind at any is able and willing to pay a high price has made a into Lufthansa’s corporate direction, strategy and live, operational document that evolves through given time, what’s their context), Social (Mobile service possible that nobody would have thought has set triggers for the airlines service offering. the incremental improvement and scaling of the communication is inherently social so we need to is feasible. service. empower the social part for it to be compelling). Scenarios developed have been supplied to The Heathrow Express is now used by almost These have since become essential for the further Lufthansa in a book that introduces the features in New service processes are prototyped with real 20,000 people every day. After the new service has development of AT&T services. a story format like a theatre play in different acts. clients to improve them and to solve potential Service Design proven to be successful, many European cities are Its emphasis lies on the client’s perspective. problems. It is essential to involve experiences in the Service introducing very similar services. Design process. > More information: > More information: > More information: http://lufthansa.com http://streetcar.co.uk > More information: http://heathrowexpress.com http://livework.co.uk http://ideo.com 78 79 C http://rsa-design.org C http://konzern.lufthansa.com C Presentation at RSA-Design Service Design seminar. October 2004 C http://o-keating.com/hsr/gb_lhe_1.jpg http://rsa-design.org 9 Presentation at RSA-Design Service Design seminar. October 2004 9 Conversation with Birgit Mager 9 http://designcouncil.org.uk http://rsa-design.org 9 http://rsa-design.org; http://livework.co.uk; http://streetcar.co.uk
n Examples of outstanding services Juniper – redesigning a bank Credit card voting Community service The Oyster card The Juniper banking service has been redesigned Black & White is a new concept that allows clients The German student project Wir Hier shows very The Oyster card was introduced by London by IDEO. One of the findings that IDEO’s research to vote for the service experience with their credit impressively how Service Design can be applied for Transport at the end of 2003. It is a travel pass that has unveiled is that people keep their bills in card. social and society aspects too. For the RSA Design makes it easier, more comfortable and quicker to stacks somewhere in a shelf. They then pay bills Directions competition the students were asked to enter and exit the tube or to board a bus. The concept is based on the idea that clients when the stack falls over. That is the reminder that identify a contradiction, and then design a service get two credit cards, one black, one white. With The Oyster card can be used across the whole bus it is time to pay the bills. that helps people better deal with that contradic- paying with either card they have a very subtle and tube network in London. It is possible to load tion (by nature contradictions can’t be solved) and The bill cycle is usually two weeks. Based on the but effective way of leaving the message that either period tickets (e.g. for one month) or designed ways to communicate this new service. research IDEO had identified the latent behaviour they had an excellent or disappointing service pre-paid money on an virtual account. The linked Service Design solution | Service Design evolution and habit of collecting bills. They developed a experience. Every time clients pay for something Wir Hier has won the competition in the new reference to the account works through a RFID system as part of the Juniper service that gently they vote. Service Design category. The service concept deals chip of the card. People generally dislike queuing reminds clients to pay their bills. with the fact that we only appreciate what we and the Oyster card addresses that problem. “Black & White isn’t in the credit card business; have when we lose it. The concept covers different > More information: it’s in the business of empowering consumers, of A research project at the University of Westminster stages including awareness, changing relation- http://ideo.com giving them voice.” say Richard Monaghan and is currently analysing the amount of time that is ships, creating community and continuity. In a Amanda Nicholls who developed the new concept. saved through the Oyster card. The card is a great magazine that is dated from 2006 the students Black & White is among the first new business example of how a service can be made tangible. show how this service would work and how it ideas welcomed onto the Creative Pioneer Pro- For London Transport clients the Oyster card is would affect life from a future point of view. gramme in 2004 by Nesta1, the organisation that literally a service Touchpoint it is a symbol of their invests in UK creativity and innovation. > More information: freedom and the innovative Service Design. http://rsa-design.org > More information: > More information: http://wir-hier.org Service Design http://nesta.org.uk http://tfl.co.uk http://oystercard.com 80 81 C http://ideo.com/portfolio/ 1 The National Endowment for Science, Technology & the Arts C http://wir-hier.org C http://oystercard.com/ press_3.php 9 Presentation at the RSA-Design Service Design seminar. C http://pro.corbis.com 9 http://rsa-design.org 9 http://oystercard.com October 2004. http://rsa-design.org http://wir-hier.org 9 http://nesta.org.uk http://ideo.com/portfolio/
82 Service Design solution | Service Design reality REALITY SERVICE DESIGN 83 Service Design
Who is designing services now A majority of companies in our economy are involved in services. And even though Service Design is a new field that does not mean that these companies have never thought about their clients or the services that they provide. So how have these practitioners been designing services so far? One example of a service organisation that was not aware of the fact that they design services was the Finnish airline Finnair. In a 2003 research project within the Strategic Design department of UIAH in Helsinki the design process at the airline was investigated.1 Finnair develops their services between the product development and the research department. Until they were approached about the UIAH research it had never occured to them that “So far, I looked at our the products that they developed are actually services. Finnair is working with an interactive service guideline system. That means that they conduct training sessions where clients are represented in interview videos, they conduct prototyping sessions on, for example, the experience of their food. services with what you Different channels of client feedback are used as the basis for improving services. The system is very reactive and relies on client complaints or suggestions to stimulate and direct change. Even though the team was still working with product thinking a lot of the methods and tools of Service would call common sense, Design have been used. Service Design solution | Service Design reality Service Knowledge I never thought of myself The University of Westminster in London has undertaken a research project to investigate how services are designed and managed in the service sector. Questionnaires were sent to managers that are operating in the service sec- tor in London. The purpose of the questionnaire was to determine aspects as a designer.” of design management within companies that operate in the service sector. The analysed companies are in the areas transport, charities, health, bank- ing, insurance, public and private services. n Service Design 85 84 1 Moritz, Stefan et. al. (2003): Presentation: Design in Organisations – Product or Service Development. UIAH. Helsinki.
n Who is designing services now Surprisingly, more than half of those questioned from the service sector didn’t In manufacturing the most costly part of the process is tooling up for know what design was. Slightly more than half knew what innovation was. manufacture. That typically takes about half of the total design cost. With “It was found that most managers are operating at a very basic level and as service design there are currently no figures available for the cost of the such, are not in control of the future of their organisations.” says Bill Hollins. various stages of the process. This is partly due to the fact, as previously One third of the companies questioned do not have a strategy document and stated, that most people in the service sector do not consider themselves only one fifth have a written process for the delivery of new services. 48% do to be designing. Therefore, they are not able to identify the costs of the no research new services prior to their development. As a source of new ideas various stages of the process. Although no figures exist, and although there several stated that they copy from their competition or from market leaders. is great variation between types of services, it can be estimated that the Quite a few companies seek ideas only from inside, such as ideas from direc- latter stages of the process are the most expensive. Rather than tooling up tors, senior managers and suggestion boxes. for manufacture in services costs are likely to come from implementation. 48% percent of the companies have not seen a specification for the develop- From these findings it can be concluded that services are not always un- ment of a new services in the past seven years. Of those who have, in only 16% derstood to the full. Design is not known as a possible solution. Therefore of the companies did this specification appear to be adequate. Service Design has a long way to go to be integrated in these organisations. It seems that understanding, recognition and acknowledgement of Service What the research did show though is that the few companies that did appear Design is still the biggest barrier to success. to be effective (about 16%) were very good. This was further shown in the fact that 16% generated greater than 30% of their turnover from services developed in the past three years. Unlike manufacturing organisations, in service design specifications (the controlling documents) tend not to be written. As a result, such companies are not in control of their design function. Service Design solution | Service Design reality Service Design 86 87 University of Westminster (2003): London Aiga Experience Design. Design Council. London. Hollins, Bill (2003): How Are You Managing Your New Services? Colombo. Hollins, Bill; Blackman, Carol & Shinkins, Sadie: Research into Design Manage- ment in the Service Sector. University of Westminster. London.
Workshop with practitioners Introduction Agenda Newcastle, April 2005. A two day Service Design The two day Service Design workshop was struc- workshop was prepared and co-conducted with tured in to three parts. A half day introductory Sean Blair of London based Spirit of Creation. The course on Service Design, an exercise project to go opportunity arose from Business Link1 commis- through the four phases of the Spirit of Creation sioning the workshop in order to offer Service DGSE2 process and a half day with reflection and Design to innovative UK businesses. Also it was exercises to evaluate how Service Design can be intended to use the workshop to develop concepts useful for each of the participants businesses. for business support services. The introduction to Service Design had a business school feel to it and used a case study of Service Spirit of Creation has developed the concept of Design at the First Direct Bank as a framework. The the Design Innovation Education Centre and so the DGSE phases were prototypically used to develop methodology of the workshop was based on the a new Business Support Service and familiarise the experience of the partners, as well as work done participants with this process. by them in co-operation with 200 specialists from around the globe. The people that attended the workshop are considered part of the target group for this work – they are all practitioners in organisations WORKSHOP AGENDA involved in services. The preparation of the Service Design solution | Service Design reality workshop was therefore interesting and relevant, Pre-reading (First Direct case study) and learnings from Sean’s experience valuable input for the paper as a whole. Day one · Service Design introduction · Lunch · Discovery (exercises) · Generation (Open Space Technology) Day two · Synthesis (discussions) Service Design · Enterprise (business plan) · Lunch · Discovery, Generation, Synthesis & Enterprise for every participant’s organisation 88 89 1 Business Link is a business support, advice and information service with local presence across England, managed by business people for business people. It is uniquely placed to identify business support services from across the government, voluntary and private sectors. http://businesslink.gov.uk 2 Spirit of Creaton DGSE process – Discovery, Generation, Synthesis & Enterprise
n Workshop with practitioners Participants What was tested? The workshop was attended by fifteen people that The tools that were tested in the workshop are involved with or want to be involved in, the included different elements linked together. design of new or existing services. Most of them As underlying structure the four Spirit of Crea- from a business background. They ranged from tion phases Discovery, Generation, Synthesis & architects, technology providers, a call centre CEO Enterprise were used. to representatives from Serco (one of the largest The following tools were developed and tested: service organisations in the world). 1. Service Phase Cards General workshop goal 2. Service Exercises The main goal of the workshop was to give 3. Service Wallchart practitioners an overview and insight into Service Design and the potential of it for their 4. Service Grid Cards business. Simultaneously, the team developed a 5. Character Profiles concept for a business support service – useful for Business Link who sponsored the workshop. 6. Service Method Cards Goal for this work Challenge The opportunity of this workshop for this work Given that Spirit of Creation was commissioned to Service Design solution | Service Design reality was to talk to, observe and work with practition- run the workshop, all material is branded Spirit of ers. It was helpful to further understand the Creation. The DGSE model was used throughout dynamics of teamwork in Service Design projects. all materials for consistency. The challenge was At the same time it was a possibility to test tool to prepare a workshop that brings the essence prototypes, learn how the tools work and to of Service Design across and to offer hands on collect feedback. It offered, besides insights in the practical learning for business in only two days. project environment of business practitioners, Everything needed to be thought through in detail a reality check for concept and practical applica- to ensure success. That meant that the prepara- tions. As for the content of the workshop it gave tion functioned as an actual prototype ensuring many insights into the requirements of business that the workshop had a quality worthy of a valid support services and innovative service ideas. end result. It was challenging to face unknown Service Design people from different backgrounds and to immerse ourselves in the normal external factors that such a workshop situation will inevitably present. 90 91
The preparation The workshop created an opporunity to de- Learning Personal expectations velop functional tools of an appropriate quality. The cards prepared took much more time to The Method Cards tool was my main focus before Envisioning the room, the people and the process complete and write in a way that can be easily the preparation of the workshop. But I soon thinking widened from method cards to a broader understood than initally anticipated. Whilst realised that they were to become something scope. In the discussion about the needs of the preparing the cards it became clear that the cards like place holders as we were going to be there to workshop the idea of a wall chart was developed. that had already been given a lot of time and en- explain everything anyway. I was aware that the ergy were probably not going to be that important Wallchart grid system would be a helpful platform Initially, a wide range of tools, methods and to the workshop given the fact that it would be to share and produce an overview, and ideally I techniques were reviewed and grouped into six facilitated anyway. In addition, for the system would have liked to have more flexibility with clusters. Once the agenda and the structure of the Wallchart, Grid Cards and activity integration still the space for each phase. I was imagining that workshop was agreed with Sean Blair and Simon needed a lot of fine tuning to work “safely” in the the participants would take a mental picture of Haslam, tool concepts that could be tested were workshop. the Wallchart home with them and expected the developed: Inconvenience Analysis, Service Ecology Method Cards to be questioned on their practical Map, Character Profile Modules and Visioning. In the end the Method Cards that had originally use. been the focus were not used in the workshop, It was agreed that a useful tool for the partici- while the Wallchart system initially not really All conversations and the work with Sean Blair and pants would be a summary card for each of the acknowledged as a tool became the main focus. Spirit of Creation has been very interesting for the four phases with practical guidelines to excel- It is therefore fair to say that during the prepara- further development of this paper. lence. A grid system was developed that would tion the view and approach to tools changed and help give the DGSE process a tangible interface. It evolved. consisted of a big wall chart and cards that can be Service Design solution | Service Design reality stuck on the chart in the different phases. Service Design 93 92
1. Service Phase Cards Tool purpose Tool use A tangible and useful tool that participants can The Phase Cards were used in the workshop as take with them after the workshop was developed. tangible manifestations of the four phases. The It consists of a set of four Phase Cards, one for short definition summaries have been used by each DGSE phase. It works as a reminder and at participants for clarification. Every participant the same time as a check list with practical advise took a set of Phase Cards with them. The tool for each of the four phases. helped to establish a tangible reality of a Service Design model while at the same time functioning Tool design as a helpful tool. Like all tools developed, the set follows a colour code – green for Discovery, red for Generation, Tool evaluation cyan for Synthesis and dark blue for Enterprise. The cards helped to make the DGSE model and each phase more accessible. The principles on the Each card has a coloured header with the name back of the card have been considered helpful of the phase on either side. The front of the card in the workshop. A follow-up survey would be contains an iconic image with a visual metaphor required to investigate the use and practicality of for the phase and a short definition of the phase. the cards once the participants were back in their The back of the card contains basic principles and offices. guidelines for excellence of each phase. The bot- tom shows the visual model of the DGSE process. Service Design solution | Service Design reality The cards are placed in a layout that makes it possible to produce the card post-workshop in any office from a PDF template. Service Design “The Phase Cards are a very useful and simple device that enables me to explain the principle and the basics of those phases in my organisation.” 95 94 Service Phase Cards Developed by Sean Blair and Stefan Moritz for the Business Link Service Design workshop, Newcastle, April 2005.
2. Service Exercises Tool purpose Tool design For the workshop a series of exercises and meth- Methods and exercises were explained in a screen ods were designed to practise and bring to life the presentation. Each one was clearly named and a four different phases. They were designed to help time for completion and essential guidelines were participants imagine that they were working as a provided. For every exercise a example was shown hand-picked team of experts on the development and explained. The participants wrote their results of a business support service. or ideas for each exercise on a Grid Card and then posted them on a workshop Wallchart. Tool use In each phase several tasks needed to be ac- Tool evaluation complished. In a real life Service Design project All exercises have been understood and were com- several different methods and techniques would pleted on time. Some difficulty was experienced for example be used in the area Discovery. To run a in the Discovery and Generation phases. Discovery draft version of the Discovery process the exercises is particularly difficult to accomplish in a short for the workshop were designed to have similar time. In the case of this workshop Discovery could effects. Taking new angles to look at things and therefore only be made in reflecting and exploring identifying and specifying key implications and existing knowledge. potential starting points in order to develop ideas for the Generation phase. Service Design solution | Service Design reality Service Design 96 97
3. Service Wallchart Tool purpose the stages of generating and filtering like light To make the four phase process tangible and that goes through a lens. Thin lines assemble the to create a shared working platform a special grid. The header of this chart is flexible so that Wall Chart was developed. The Wallchart supports it can be used in a number of workshops. The the understanding of the different phases by surface is coated so that Grid Cards can be stuck visualising how for example some insights can be on temporarily. Under the phase headings there is used to generate a lot of ideas and how a set of a space for flexible title cards. criteria in the Synthesis phase work as a filter etc. Tool evaluation Tool use The Wallchart was a very dominant tool in the The Wallchart is a grid platform to post Grid Cards workshop and helped to make the DGSE model (see pictures below). Each phase is divided in sev- tangible. It was a shared platform that sensualised eral rows for the different exercises. The Grid Cards the achievement of the two days by turning it from Trends & Drivers for example will be posted from an empty to a completely filled Wallchart. underneath each other in this section. The chart One improvement could have been to have more is empty in the beginning of the workshop and in space for the Generation ideas. the end represents the work that has been done through the addition of Grid Cards. Tool design The Wallchart is a six by two meter wall chart. Service Design solution | Service Design reality It has four big colour coded areas for Discovery, Generation, Synthesis and Enterprise phases. In the background the graphic model of DGSE visualises Service Design 98 99 Service Wallchart Designed by Sean Blair and Stefan Moritz for the Business Link Service Design workshop in Newcastle, April 2005.
Service Design solution | Service Design reality Service Design 10 0 101 Wallchart including the sections Discovery, Generation, Synthesis & Enterprise
4. Service Grid Cards Tool purpose The Grid Cards have been used in each phase to fill in the results of the various exercises. Each card was then posted on the Wallchart. Tool use The Grid Cards were used throughout the work- shop and all important insights, thoughts, ideas, criteria and elements were written on them. Writ- ing a card meant that the content was considered a valuable asset in the process. The posting on the Wallchart made it a visual part of the total result. Even though the end results is of course what counts the most, the Grid Cards are like pixels that together give the complete picture of the process. Tool design The Grid Cards were produced in the four DGSE colours. Each card included the title of the phase, a field for the participants name and lines that help to write straight and suggest the size of writing. Service Design solution | Service Design reality Tool evaluation Like tailor made post-its for this process the Grid Cards worked very well. The name field on the bottom of the cards was not used very much and could have been moved to the top where many participants spontaneously wrote their names anyway. Service Design 103 102
5. Character Profiles Tool purpose Character Profiles have been prepared for the workshop as a start and client reference point. Four fictional characters have been created to represent target stereotypes for the new business support service. They helped set a framework for the kind of people that should be addressed through the new service. They also provided the possibility to check insights, ideas, criteria and concepts against the profiles by asking probing questions such as “What would Norman think about that?” Tool use The four profiles were posted on the left of the Wallchart. They were introduced to the participants once they received the design briefing. They help present the fact that the new service is for actual users and to give a focused starting point to work effectively in the short time. Tool design Each of the profiles consisted of a big image of the character in question, as well as the name on one side and a description of the person and their business on the other. This information was very basic, including age, experience, passion, name of the business, nature of business, turnover, number of employers and expertise. Service Design solution | Service Design reality Tool evaluation The Character Profiles helped to establish clarity and were well received by participants. However, they were not referred to at any point of the project and were therefore not a crucial element for the success. Service Design 104 105 Character Profiles Designed by Sean Blair and Stefan Moritz for the Business Link Service Design workshop in Newcastle, April 2005.
6. Service Method Cards Tool purpose Descriptions and instructions of key methods were formulated in the form of Method Cards. Every card represented a method used at one or several points of a Service Design project. The set of Method Cards helped to establish Service Design in a tangible and credible way. Designed to help the team, they quickly establish shared understanding of a method and a basic ability to use it. Tool use The Method Cards were not used in the workshop. As the workshop was facilitated and all exercises and methods have been introduced and explained in person it was not necessary to use the cards for explanation. The cards have been shown to the participants to underline that Service Design includes a lot more than what was covered in the two days. Tool design Each card has a symbolic image, the name of the method on one side and a description and an example of the outcome on the other. The description includes a short summary, the results and what the method is used for. It also includes the key steps to follow and important considerations. Service Design solution | Service Design reality Tool evaluation It can be assumed that the cards alone would not be sufficient material to carry out the methods without further facilitation, but they worked well as tangible representation of further possibilities within Service Design. Service Design Examples of Service Method Cards 106 107 Designed by Sean Blair and Stefan Moritz for the Business Link Service Design workshop in Newcastle, April 2005.
Personal evaluation & reflection Preparation The workshop The DGSE process is quite broad. The advantage is During the workshop it occurred to me that For me the preparation of the workshop was It was only in the workshop I realised the immense that every project fits in. The disadvantage is that it would be interesting to do an Inconvenience the first reality check. I had imagined that the importance and potential of the Wallchart system it needs very specific guidance to be used suc- Analysis for Service Design itself to find out what tools Inconvenience Analysis, Service Ecology Map as a tool. cessfully. The four phases worked really well in the people find difficult. and Visioning could be used effectively in this context of this workshop and more phases would The participants were rather tired in the afternoon While first in doubt, the workshop proved to be a workshop. I had done some thinking about how not have been possible to go through. For most of of the first day and had some difficulties with helpful way to step back and reflect on what I am cards could work that changes methods to tools. the participants the most surprising element was the Discovery and Generation exercises. They had trying to achieve. We decided not to use those methods or the cards. the Synthesis stage, while everybody was aware enjoyed the First Direct case study and Kevin This was disappointing given the work and time that research and Brainstorming are important to Gavaghan’s insights and stories. Lunch and the I had invested. But most importantly for me, the improve or innovate Services. Open Space Technology sessions were used to get question then became if the workshop would to know other participants and to share informa- In my point of view this workshop built very much really be useful for this paper at all? The Wallchart tion. It was very challenging for the participants on existing ideas which in turn means limited was for me a really straight forward element. Even to learn, reflect, meet new people, share work innovation. This was in part due to the limited though weeks of thinking went into it, to me it experience, see the relevance of the examples possibilities in the Discovery phase but also to was simply a big poster that would help to share for their businesses and to develop a concept for the Open Space Technology. The participants were the different elements in a tangible way. a new business support service in just two days. naturally discussing more than sparking new The participants had difficulties with Discovery ideas. and Generation whereas Synthesis and Enterprise seemed rather easy to them. Perhaps this was due Service Design solution | Service Design reality to the fact that they all have a business back- ground and are more familiar with this type of activities from their day to day jobs. With a group of designers this might proved to be the opposite. Service Design 108 109
110 Access to Service Design DESIGN ACCESS TO SERVICE 111 Service Design
Bridging the gap As explained in earlier parts of this paper, services Existing Resources are an important part of the economy. To make What resources are already available and can be services more productive, efficient and effective collected and reviewed? for organisations and more satisfying, useful, Structure for Service Design usable and desirable for clients they need to be Can we clearly define a simple framework that designed. Service Design is a new field that does explains what the areas are that Service Design just that. It provides the expertise and tools covers? required to design services and furthermore, un- dertakes research to address the unique features Sharing of services. How can the Service Design Network play a bigger part in connecting the current Service Design Even though some organisations have already players? How does it help in sharing experience, been using Service Design successfully it is resources and creating common references. still not an established and known field or a recognised new holistic business practice. The Tools and methods suggestion here is that Service Design needs to What tools and methods are suitable to fill be profiled. Service Design will be an important the structure or framework created for Service function in most companies in the near future. Design? What tools and methods are available and The field needs to provide clear communication needed to design services? and establish a recognisable profile. Service Design overview The remainder of this paper will attempt to What would a simple diagram outlining the most establish such a profile by further exploring the important elements and functions of Service following areas: Design look like? Service Design process Can the Service Design process be mapped out? Access to Service Design Service Design 113 112
Service Design framework Set-up Framework To give practitioners an understanding of what To develop a framework that covers the different Service Design is about a framework that struc- areas and tasks that Service Design offers, the tures the different areas of expertise and the key following approach was chosen: Several processes tasks that belong to Service Design is needed. and models were analysed. These included the Service Design Methodology that Birgit Mager A list with the main areas that Service Design developed, the process that the Service Design includes, and examples of tasks and tools that consultancy Spirit of Creation works with, the are used in Service Design creates a base to process that the Service Design department at the further build upon. The framework is the starting design consultancy IDEO works with, the process point to develop tools and services that can help that the unit RED at the Design Council uses, the practitioners understand and assist to use Service process that Bill Hollins suggests in his book Total Design in their organisations. Design, the process model that the committee In addition, to establish a practical way to access for the Service Design standard recommendation Service Design it was found necessary to create for British Standards developed and processes and an overview that enables easy understanding of models that show what related disciplines cover. Service Design. Conversations with Sean Blair, Lavrans Løvlie, Bill In the same way that a geographical map gives an Hollins and Birgit Mager helped to gain detailed overview of an area (all villages and towns need to understanding of the importance and significance be explored to produce the map) it is necessary to of the different areas. Looking at different exam- explore the different parts that make up the whole ples of Service Design projects as well as projects of Service Design. Several resources have been that have been undertaken in related areas has used to create the overview. Various models and helped to add to the findings. processes that exist within Service Design as well as in related fields have been analysed. Service Design experts have been consulted to understand the way they work and the ground they cover. Access to Service Design The developed framework provides the base to develop a process or a simplified representational model of Service Design. Service Design 115 114
Analysing processes and models The first model looked at was the Service Design a very useful overview of specific stages but is not methodology (model ten) that Birgit Mager self-explanatory or easy to understand. Another developed. It contains nine segments that cover process explored is the one used by the Service analysis, innovation, strategy, specific develop- Design division at IDEO (model eleven). It is ment, testing, environment analysis and client divided in three main segments. The first segment typology. It can in itself be considered a frame- covers observing and understanding people, work, however, it was found that this model is a business and technology. All insights lead into the useful overview but that it is tailored more for development of a strategic framework. The second insiders in Service Design than general practition- segment includes the principle of iteration. Idea ers and decision makers. The nine segments have development and prototyping help to develop a been used to develop an initial list of tasks that final concept. This is then translated into product, are important in Service Design. This methodology service and space solutions. This process was very gives a compact overview of the different stages helpful to gain understanding in what type of that Service Design covers without relying on a tasks need to be accomplished in the course of a time based process. The model is generic and does Service Design project. However, rather than an not mandate how different stages link into each overall framework it provides a working process other and which areas iterate. It therefore provides tailored specifically to IDEO. [ model ten ] Service Design Methodology This model was developed by Birgit Mager based on her extensive research and experience with Service Design projects. It provides a systemic view and shows different stages of the Service Design process. Any process is framed by Environment analysis and customer typology. Based on the analysis of the Service Interface the Innovation process develops new ideas and impovement solutions. Details of the Service Interface are modelled in line Access to Service Design with the strategic positioning and the Service Experience Specification. The service experience is tested and the performance developed. Service Design [ model eleven ] The process that the design consultancy IDEO uses for services, products 116 117 and spaces. The process is divided in three main stages. The first one IDEO design process Understand & Observe builds a strategic framework based upon insights into what people want, what is feasible for business and what is possible in technology. The second stage Visualise & Refine is developing final concepts through iteration of Brainstorming and Prototyping. Based on the insights and in line with the strategy, ideas are developed and tested. In the third stage Implement the final concept is translated and implemented into products, services and spaces.
1 Triggers 2 Plan for 3 Identify 4 Detail 5 Implement 6 Operate/ The Service Design process (model twelve) devel- The desk research and conversations with experts service and Service and Review A design B develop C Design D launch E oped by the committee that wrote a new Service have been particularly helpful to deepen the options Optimise Develop the Design and develop the Deliver and Operate Design recommendation for British Standards. It is understanding of the various elements that are business service Support the and service optimise divided in four main stages. needed to accomplish Service Design. Reviewing potential and analysing models used by various people has Stage one – Develop the business – develps a plan also led to further thinking about what an ideal for service (configuring the project, planning ACTIONS STAGE GATEWAY framework might look like. resource, process design & controls) based on 1 Triggers 2 Plan for 3 Identify 4 Detail 5 Implement 6 Operate/ triggers (shortcomings, gaps, prompts, op- service and Service and Review design develop Design launch A B options C D E portunities, ...). A project proposal leads into Grouping Optimise stage two – Design and develop the service. This The paper set out to create a task-list overview stage identifies and develops options (generate which is as useful and practical as possible. There- options, evaluate and select the best options, fore it was considered to group the list of tasks MS/4/-/8 Service Design [ model twelve ] Draft version 09 develop solution concepts, select final concept) into sensible units or segments. This was based Service Design process model Date 25/09/2003 and leads into Detail Service Design (development on the kind of tasks that are used to achieve the Author of all components, experience specification, etc.) same kind of results. The models were analysed Approved by A detailed service design approval leads into stage to find what units have already been formed to three – Deliver and support the service. This stage enable a compact overview. For example it was helps to implement and launch the service (ensure found that in the processes the same kind of completeness, introduce to market, launch plan). segments are often used. Stage four – Operate and optimise potential – 28/10/2003 1 From comparing the different models it could be is about operation, delivery and review (delivery, clearly identified that there is a pattern emerging feedback, maintenance, etc.) in the processes. Sometimes named differently The Service Design model developed by Spirit and sometimes with different focus points some of Creation (model thirteen) is a visualisation of commonality can still be found. From analysing the complex field Service Design. The core of the the processes an understanding of the kinds of model is the DGSE process; Discovery, Generation, things that are covered could be gained. It was Access to Service Design Synthesis and Enterprise. Many conversations found that four segments are used throughout a with Sean Blair and Kevin Gavaghan as well as a lot of processes in design and innovation. workshop designed in co-operation with Spirit of Four phases cover four D’s: Discover, Define, Creation helped to gain an in-depth understanding Service Design Develop and Deliver.1 These can be seen as the of the DGSE process. In the model this generic design equivalent to the four P’s of Marketing. process is surrounded by components that contain They cover the basic steps but do not do justice other important elements such as experience to the extended areas that Service Design covers modelling or assessing the consequences that beyond traditional design. [ model thirteen ] a service would have. Spirit of Creation are very 118 119 Spirit of Creation DGSE process successful in using this process as the basis for explaining and profiling Service Design. 1 The four D’s are coverd for example in the process of the Design Council’s unit RED: Discover, Define, Develop and Deliver
Service Design overview Unique for Service Design The solution To give practical access to Service Design this Which tasks are important for It was clear that areas of research, idea develop- Through critical analysis it was decided that task-overview has been developed. It is a list of Service Design? ment, selection of ideas and implementation are a grouping of four segments is not specific the different tasks that are part of Service Design. Different projects, case studies and proc- crucial for Service Design. These areas are covered enough for Service Design and does not include It gives a holistic view of Service Design that is esses have been analysed and experts have been in every model. The area that is not specifically all essential parts in the overview. But too many easy to understand. Based on the tasks, various interviewed to identify which tasks are important mentioned in all models and that takes Service segments would not be easy to oversee or tools and methods that are helpful to accomplish and crucial parts of Service Design projects. Even Design beyond Service Innovation is the area of remember. Therefore six categories have been these tasks are listed later on. though every Service Design project is different, strategic thinking and planning. Before ideas are further explored: SD Understanding1, SD Thinking, this list of tasks has be established as an overall developed in Service Design a strategy or specifi- SD Generating, SD Filtering, SD Explaining and overview. It helps to understand what Service cation document needs to be written. SD Realising. These categories cover everything Design is about in detail. The list of tasks has been that Service Design delivers. discussed with some Service Design experts again Bill Hollins and Fran Samalionis highlighted that to add tasks that they felt should be included. the first steps in a Service Design project are very One advantage of this formation is that somebody similar to that of a design project not specifically that wants to understand Service Design has the This is the beginning of a list of tasks which does looking at services. However, Fran Samalionis possibility to explore and understand what Service not claim to be complete. It nonetheless gives finds that one of the main differences when de- Design entails. It needs to be noted however that a detailed overview and provides a practical signing services is the different approach required this model is generic and even though it can cover checklist for Service Design tasks. To achieve to explain and test ideas with service prototypes. more than four categories it is still a simplified these tasks a series of tools and methods can be structure. used and different skills are needed they too are described here. The suitablity of tools and meth- On the following pages the six categories are ods selected will be depending on the project. explained in more detail with a view to establish- ing a complete overview of Service Design. Access to Service Design Service Design 12 0 121 1 The abbreviation SD is used for Service Design. It gives the six categories unique names. It means that the descriptions are not about tasks but about the tasks in specific relation to Service Design.
Service Design (SD) tasks The tasks that need to be undertaken in different The categories enable easier application of the stages of Service Design (SD) have been grouped list of tasks and tools to projects. Every task (e.g. into six categories: SD Understanding, SD Thinking, interview) is an intermediate step that helps to SD Generating, SD Filtering, SD Explaining and reach a goal (e.g. understanding clients). The goal SD Realising – described below stands for a crucial step in the Service Design process and at the same time it represents a Finding out and learning SD specific mind-set. Every goal might be achieved by Understanding Learning about clients, contexts, the service provider and providing insights. a number of tasks. The Service Design categories have two functions. One is to create a simple Giving strategic direction and generic framework that helps to understand SD Thinking Strategic and analytical tasks that help identify, plan, Service Design. The second one is to establish set, review, analyse and give a project direction. what different mind-sets are needed for Service Design. Developing concepts SD Generating Developing relevant, innovative ideas and concepts. It was an insight from the research, that Service Creating solutions. Design covers different stages and that each of them requires a different mind-set. In the Selecting the best SD prototypical workshop it was found that it is Filtering Selecting ideas and combining concepts. Evaluating results and solutions. important to switch mind-sets within a Service Design project. That means that the category of Enabling understanding SD Generating requires a different mind-set, SD Explaining Sensualisation and mapping. Making concepts tangi- attitude, focus and environment than for example ble, showing future possibilities and giving overviews. SD Explaining. Furthermore, in every category the constellation of the team might change to Making it happen SD accommodate the skill profile needed. Still the Realising Implementation and delivery. Providing guidelines and plans. categories can interlink and overlap. Generating ideas can help to raise new questions for research and in the research new ideas for solutions can Access to Service Design come up. On the following pages a more in-depth overview of the six categories is provided through descrip- tions and a list of tasks and tools / methods. Service Design 123 122
SD Understanding > Finding out and learning definition description Requirements Examples of SD Understanding Researching the clients latent and This is a broad area that underlies the Project objectives are needed. To find out how clients should find their way conscious needs. Finding out about Service Design process. SD Under- to the parking facilities of an airport the client context, constraints and resources. standing is the connection between a journey was tested and documented in the form Relevance to Service Design Exploring possibilities. project and its reality. SD Understand- of photo journals. To make the conference service SD Understanding is important for Service Design ing generates insights that identify of a hotel more flexible a circus was analysed. To to make sure results are true to reality, relevant areas the company should be going investigate how people pay their bills interviews and appropriate. for, according to what is right for the were conducted in peoples homes. To understand organisation. SD Understanding goes how a complex system works teams from beyond things that people are already different departments played all functions in a Considerations familiar with. Like, what are the things bodystorming session. To explore peoples mood Quantitative market research and market segmen- that people don’t like? Exploring the in the morning, a series of wakeup-call interviews tation is useful for selling products and services client’s wants, needs, motivations have been conducted. To understand how much but falls short of providing critical information and contexts. Investigating business, people value a service that they usually take for about how people actually use services – espe- technical and domain requirements granted, they were payed as much as needed to cially services with complex behaviors. Most and constraints. Taking into account not use the service. traditional methods don not provide a means of the client’s goals in a systematic way. translating research results into design solutions. What do people desire? What are the possibilities? What will sustain a Most people are incapable of accurately assessing business? Access to Service Design their own behaviours. Self-referential design occurs when designers project their own goals, motivations, skills and Service Design mental models onto projects. Always verify assumptions and interpretations (but do not forget to read between the lines!). 125 124
SD Understanding Tasks Tools & methods A non-exhaustive list of various tools and methods that could be used to generate SD Understanding * 1. Understanding clients 3. Understanding providers Exploring the following areas can help to better What factors are influencial to the project, person or organisation: understand a client or clients: · Resources Benchmarking Market segmentation · Goals - Technology Client segmentation Mystery shoppers · Values - Personal Context analysis Net Scouting · Needs - Finance Contextual interviews Observation · Behaviour - Knowledge Contextual enquiry Probes · Problems - Skills Critical incident technique Reading · Group dynamics · Politics Ecology map Service status · Interaction · Short- & long term goals Ethnography Shadowing · Demographic · Constraints Experience test Thinking Aloud · Psychographic · Responsibility Expert interviews Trend Scouting · Processes & systems Focus groups User Surveys · Language Gap Analysis 5W’s 2. Understanding contexts What considerations need to be made with regards · Key desicion makers / Historical analysis Insight matrix to the following: Access to Service Design stake holders Inconvenience Analysis Tested and tried components · Political Interviews Inspirational specialists · Legislation Service Design · Economic 4. Understanding relationships · Social Is there something to be gained from: · Technological · Opportunities 126 127 · Competition · Other providers · History · Culture * The tools and methods are further explained in the Appendix
SD Thinking > Giving strategic direction definition description Requirements Examples of SD Thinking Identifying criteria, developing SD Thinking includes all strategic Information about context, client, service It was revealed that for mobile phone services strategic frameworks, specifying and considerations and the identification provider, constraints and market place. only a very limited portfolio of scenarios can scoping out of details. Turning com- of direction and scope of a Service satisfy true client needs. It was recognised that plex data into insights. Design project. It sets the parameters professional expertise is crucial to trust a busi- Relevance to Service Design for the other categories. SD Thinking ness support service and that ideas need to be To direct, control, structure and aligne. often has a transitional role between generated how to enable access to high quality other categories. For example after expert knowledge. It was recognised that for working in SD Understanding it is Considerations a community service a four stage strategy of necessary to specify which elements SD Thinking is always based on information. The Attention, Change Relationship, Create Com- should be used, and in what way in SD strategy and direction is only as good as the munity & Continuity needs to be employed. It was Generating. SD Thinking is the cat- facts they are based on. It links into several other decided that for a project in a hospital the focus egory that identifies the purpose of SD categories in a Service Design project. and emphasis of the service is going to be on the Understanding for the project. It can quality of care rather than to make the experience In a short or small project SD Thinking will most be important before SD Understanding as pleasant as possible. It was decided in a project likely be done with natural common sense. But or generally in the beginning of a to involve clients and external experts to work it is important to be aware that this category is Service Design project to review or together. It was identified that a service does not crucial and needs to be taken seriously. set objectives and to make sure that have to be re-invented and that its design would all other categories work in line with SD Thinking often requires buy-in on a senior level only have to be improved. the strategy. SD Thinking is the area Access to Service Design of an organisation. Only if the service strategy is that gives Service Design direction and relevant and true to the context and needs of the guidelines. organisation will the project be successful. Service Design 12 8 129
SD Thinking Tasks Tools & methods A non-exhaustive list of various tools and methods that could be used in SD Thinking * 1. Identifying 4. Analysis · Criteria · Competition Affinity Diagrams Specification · Problems · Content CATWOE System thinking · Focus Brutethink Think tank · Underlying motives Fishbone diagram Touchpoints 5. Reviewing Lateral thinking Total quality flow charting · Insights LEGO Serious Play Visual thinking 2. Setting · Related components Mindmap · Objectives Parallel thinking · Goals Personality matrix 6. Direction · Vision Priority matrix · Time plan · Design guidelines 3. Planning & feasibility · Team setup · Requirements · Specification Access to Service Design Service Design 13 0 131 * The tools and methods are further explained in the Appendix
SD Generating > Developing concepts definition description Requirements Examples of SD Generating Developing relevant, intelligent and SD Generating is about doing, creat- SD Generating requires professional creativity. To develop concepts for a new train service an innovative ideas. Creating role-, ing and coming up with ideas and The work is always based on information and actual train was used as the work environment. design- and concept-alternatives. solutions. In a Service Design project direction from the other categories. Even though To explore different possibilities how to solve a Crafting details and consistency. relevant ideas need to be developed it is possible to develop random ideas in general problem in a water cleaning plant, Bodystorming and combined into strong concepts. SD Generating is based on insights and in line with was used to resemble all parts of the system. Solutions need to be found and proc- strategy. To develop great ideas IDEO has the five most esses set up. The service experience important rules of Brainstorming written on the needs to be designed in every detail walls of their board rooms. To come up with new Relevance to Service Design and objects, spaces and other ele- ideas for a service, different elements have been To produce great service experiences different ments need to be developed. combined with a special software randomly. Kids challenges need to be addressed with innovative have been invited into a Brainshaping session to and sensible ideas, concepts and solutions that are build new ideas with simple tools in play-do. true to the needs of clients and organisations and in line with the developed strategy. Considerations For SD Generating it is important to find the right people for the team and to select the right Access to Service Design environments to work in. It is important that SD Generating is not a random idea session. It always needs to be based on Service Design insights and strategy. Still SD Generating should be free, innovative and visionary. It helps to use SD Explaining to make ideas as easy to understand, visual and tangible as possible. 133 132
SD Generating Tasks Tools & methods A non-exhaustive list of various tools and methods that could be used in SD Generating * 1. Developing 4. Implementing · Ideas · Corporate Design Bodystorming · Solutions Brainstorm · Processes Brainwriting, -shaping, -racing, -station 5. Crafting Experience sketching · Evidences Feature tree 2. Creating · Touchpoints (Group) Sketching · Concepts · Interface Idea interview · Scenarios · Experiences Open space technology Parallel design Randomiser 3. Finding Think Tank · Environments Unfocus group · Inspiration · Ways to work with clients Access to Service Design Service Design 134 135 * The tools and methods are further explained in the Appendix
SD Filtering > Selecting the best definition description Requirements Examples of SD Filtering Selecting ideas and combining con- From a range of solutions or ideas SD Filtering is always based on the results of other To identify the best idea, different cards with cepts. Evaluating results and solutions. the best and most relevant should categories of the Service Design project. Elements descriptions have been created to choose from. Identifying clusters and segments. be selected. That means that they and contexts are necessary to evaluate and select. Experts were asked separately to highlight the are chosen by experts or that they SD Filtering follows strategies established in SD advantages and obstacles of various concepts. are selected against specific criteria. Thinking. Scenarios have been walked through step-by-step The performance or quality is tested from different clients’ points of view to evaluate and measured. That is true for pro- potential problems. To find the best concept, Relevance to Service Design totypes, existing elements as well as different idea-tree pathways have been tested to To identify the best and most appropriate solu- people. Ideas, concepts, solutions and create a chain of ideas. The existing service in an tions and ideas. To make sure that service compo- performance are evaluated against dif- airport has been evaluated to select all features nents are evaluated in order to be improved. ferent measures. For example It could that people like. Components of a service have be assessed if an idea works against been taken away to evaluate the impact on clients. the legal requirements or which idea Considerations will require less technical effort. To proceed with a project it is important to make decisions. It is important to involve key decision makers as much as possible. Ideas and solutions that have been cut out do not Access to Service Design have to be deleted forever. Often it is good to keep them somewhere so they are not lost completely. Service Design 136 137
SD Filtering Tasks Tools & methods A non-exhaustive list of various tools and methods that could be used in SD Filtering * 1. Selecting 3. Evaluation · Ideas · Subjective Card sorting · Concepts · Heuristic Character profiles · Solutions · Economic Cognitive Walkthrough · Technical Constructive Interaction · Legal Diagnostic evaluation 2. Test & measure Evaluation review · Performance Expert evaluation · Quality Feasibility check Focus Groups Heuristic evaluation Personas Pluralistic Walkthrough Retrospective Testing Access to Service Design PEST analysis Sticker vote Service Design SWOT analysis Task analysis 138 139 * The tools and methods are further explained in the Appendix
SD Explaining > Enabling understanding definition description Requirements Examples of SD Explaining The sensualisation (visualisation for all SD Explaining can give a team, decision For successful SD Explaining a thorough un- To show how a new polymer-ticket would change senses) of ideas and concepts, map- makers and other stakeholders access derstanding of the findings, ideas or processes the experience of entering a club, different ping of processes and illustration of to abstract future concepts. It provides is necessary and it needs to be clear what the animated scenarios have been produced. To show potential scenarios. Giving overviews a discussion base that is accessible for purpose, target group and context of the results how a concept works across different media chan- and showing future possibilities. people with various backgrounds also are. nels, Photoshop mock-ups were used to show the as people with different levels of im- different application. To highlight to the team how agination. SD Explaining can work with elderly people experience the service, different Relevance to Service Design different principles and techniques. Empathy Tools have helped to feel the struggle on SD Explaining is necessary for shared understand- It always aims to create a shared their own skin. An animated map was projected ing and to test service experiences. understanding in a multi-disciplinary on the floor to illustrate the behaviour in a waiting team. From hand sketches, Photoshop room. To test a wake-up call service, participants mock-ups, video montages to real life Considerations have been woken up every morning for a week prototypes, different levels of abstrac- Given that in SD Explaining decisions about details with different messages. Client archetypes tion and detail can be shown. It is pos- need to be made (e.g. the porter had a yellow have been created to test different ideas on the sible to stage the service experience name tag) it is important that it is seen as a reaction that would be assumed for the different in a Beta-launch to test how it works. discussion platform by the whole team. It then characters. SD Explaining was used to stage the Processes and models can be explained provides the possibility to discuss with a what-if elements of a service as if it would already exist. with animations or maps. Different perspective. scenarios can show the different ways Access to Service Design in which a service could be used. SD Explaining is usually connecting SD Generating with SD Realising but is Service Design important in combination with SD Understanding and SD Thinking also. Sometimes SD Filtering can be based on SD Explaining too. 14 0 141
SD Explaining Tasks Tools & methods A non-exhaustive list of various tools and methods that could be used in SD Explaining * 1. Ideas & concepts 3. Interaction · Sensualisation · Animation Camera journal Persona · Role play Character profile Rough prototyping Empathy tools Role play 2. Processes Experience prototype Scenario · Maps 4. Experiences Informance Storyboarding · Models · Prototypes Metaphors Social network mapping · Scenarios Mock-ups Tomorrows headlines Moodboard Try it yourself Moodfilm Visioning Access to Service Design Service Design 143 142 * The tools and methods are further explained in the Appendix
SD Realising > Making it happen definition description Requirements Examples of SD Realising Developing, specifying and imple- SD Realising makes a service happen. To realise a service it needs to be clear what A business plan was written to explain and specify menting solutions, prototypes and It provides whatever is needed to the concept and purpose is and how different all details of the basic principles a service would processes. Writing business plans and implement the defined and selected components link into each other. work upon. A blueprint was made to plan how all guidelines. Conducting training. concepts. SD Realising the service processes and components link into each other. can either mean to test an experi- An intranet was provided to give staff the infor- Relevance to Service Design ence prototype or the actual service. mation and templates needed to provide a service. Various means are used to realise a SD Realising is taking a service to market. All Role descriptions were written for staff to imagine service depending on its complexity details are established, final checks and plans are and perform their role in the service delivery. and if it is implemented in differ- made and all means developed to ensure a consist- A game was built for staff to play through differ- ent locations. SD Realising includes ent and quality service delivery. ent scenarios and to learn about the principles of everything necessary to plan, specify a new service. and roll out a service. A business plan Considerations often is provided in combination with A service is likely to never be perfect and can a blueprint to direct how the service therefore always be improved. SD Realising ensures system will work in every detail. Train- the best possible service performance. But as sys- ing and guidelines are used to ensure tems are complex and the environment changes that staff is able to put the service into it will always be necessary to test, improve and action. Briefings and specifications maintain the service. SD Realising should therefore ensure consistent Touchpoints. Access to Service Design not be considered the end of Service Design. It is a new beginning. Service Design 14 4 145
SD Realising Tasks Tools & methods A non-exhaustive list of various tools and methods that could be used in SD Realising * 1. Testing 3. Providing · Prototypes · Training Behaviour sampling Service prototype · Models · Guidelines Blueprint Simulation · Processes · Templates Business plan Specifications · Experiences · Instructions Guidelines Templates · Specifications Intranet Wizard of Oz Line of balance 2. Developing Mind map · Business Plan Performance testing · Blueprint Post release testing · Processes Role script · Touchpoints Scenario testing Access to Service Design Service Design 14 6 147 * The tools and methods are further explained in the Appendix
Considerations The framework and the content of the six catego- tory. However, it does show that Service Design ries have been established to work as an overview is a complex, iterative and ongoing process. It is of the various tasks that Service Design covers. For interesting to note that designers who have been each category, several tools and methods that can shown this model find it relatively easy to see be used for support when designing services have and understand how the six overlapping layers been put forward. In addition to being an over- represent the different areas of Service Design view, the descriptions can be used as checklists tasks. to understand Service Design and to put it into � � � � � � � � � � � �� � practise. � �� � ��� � �� Service Design projects are often very different ��� ��� �� and there are no absolute rules about in which �� � �� ��� � �� order categories should be used. Just like produc- ��� ���� ���������������� � � � �� ����� tion, consumption and design can happen all at � � �� � � the same time, in a Service Design project the six ������������ ����������� categories often overlap and inter-link with each other. Model fourteen is a visual representation of how the categories overlap. It shows in a simple ������������� ������������� �� � � �� ��� � way that the various tasks in each category can be � � �� ������������ ��� ��� undertaken simultaneously and in a flexible order. �� � � �� �� � Imagine for instance that a Service Design project �� �� �� �� �� �� starts with an idea, could be the result of observ- ing a situation and thinking of a solution, however ���� � � � � �� � � � � � � � � the idea might still need to be prototyped and tested and different executions be developed, [ model fourteen ] selected and prepared for implementation. Service Design categories But, beside the fact that the categories can be Access to Service Design used in any required order and time, the model does suggests through a spiral arrow that Service A different model will be required to truly Design projects are mostly iterative, meaning represent the essence of Service Design as well as that some categories will be used several times Service Design the workings of it. The following pages have set throughout the course of a project. out to do just that. Overall, Model fourteen is conceptional rather than practical. It does not show any definite direction or order and requires imagination on 14 8 149 behalf of the interpreter as it is not self-explana-
Service Design overview model �� � �� � � �� � �� � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � In this paper it has been suggested that showing the essence of Service �� � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � Design in an overview would be helpful to enable access and understanding. The model on the left (please see model fifteen) has been developed to give � � � � �� � � � �� � ����������� � � ��� ������ this overview. It is based on research previously mentioned in this paper, ��� ��� and has been evolved through discussions with various Service Design experts. ����� ������ It illustrates how Service Design operates as a mediator between organisa- ��������� �������� ������������ ��������� tions and clients. It shows in the bottom with orange arrows that Service �������� ������ ������������ �������������������� ������� ������������������ ������ ������� �������� ����������������� ������ �������������� Design delivers higher productivity to organisations in making their ����������� ����������� �������� ������� ���������� ������ services more effective and efficient. Raising client satisfaction in design- ing services that are more useful, usable and desirable. The grey arrows in the top show how Service Design explores organisations � ������������ � ������������ ��� � � � �� � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � ������ ��� and considers their resources, constraints and the context they operate in. ������������� This context, which is shown as grey circle, consists for example of staff working for the organisation, suppliers that are or could be used, partners that are available, the market the organisation operates in, the competi- tion and relevant technologies. At the same time Service Design develops insights based on client and market needs. It investigates the clients Please see fullscreen on the next double-page context, such as the market, community, society, politics, economy and trends. In an organisation Service Design supports and helps to establish strategy, develop service concepts, solutions, designs processes and guidelines. It helps change a culture towards a service minded, client focused and innovative one. It sets out to grow a talent pool of people that are part of ongoing service improvement. Service Design helps design all Touchpoints that a client encounters and so improves the overall experience that clients Access to Service Design have with a service. In creating innovative service ideas and fostering the relationship between organisation and client Service Design increases brand affinity. Part of the relationship is the way Service Design manages Service Design feedback and integrates people from the organisation and clients in the design process. Service Design designs the interface between organisations and clients. The diagram shows how Service Design operates as an interface itself. It works across both the organisation and the client from investigating insights 150 151 through to service delivery. It creates a win-win situation for organisations and clients.
�� � �� � � �� � �� � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � ��� � � � � �� � � � �� � � � ����������� � ������ ��� � ����� ������ ��������� ��������� �������� ������������ �������� ������� �������������������� ������� ������������������ ������ ������������ ������ �������� ����������������� ������ �������������� ����������� ������� ����������� �������� ���������� ������ � ������������ � ������������ ��� Access to Service Design � � �� � � ������ �� �� � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � ������������� Service Design 153 152 [ model fifteen ] Service Design overview model
Service Design process “It is important that we do required and achieved. Even though this process is can be used for finding out and learning. This will The amount of ideas, solutions and concepts simplistic and generic it can be easily understood help the team to better understand market needs, is cut down based on the established criteria, not rationalise back in a linear and is easy to follow. It is mainly a tool to develop client needs, their own organisation, the overall strategy and factors (e.g. legal restraints) to process.” Chris Downs, Live|Work a shared understanding of the stages of the context and relationships available. those which are relevant and fit the profile. In this project and how they can link into each other. analytical part of the process another iteration The material, findings and insights that are In a conversation with Lavrans Løvlie and Chris What does it include? of SD Generating might be required to ensure available from this are the basis for work in Downs at Live|Work it was discussed how a process that enough high quality and relevant results In the beginning of a Service Design project the SD Thinking (pg. 128). Based on the review the for Service Design would look like. The conceptual are achieved. Sometimes tools and methods of leaders in an organisation need to make decisions tools and methods of SD Thinking are used to set model (please see model fourteen on pg. 149) SD Explaining (pg. 140) can help to inspire and sup- and initiate preparations. The project team for criteria, objectives, set the service strategy and that has been discussed earlier was confirmed port this. For example a mood-film that illustrates a Service Design project needs to be chosen to refine the direction. The leaders of the organisa- by both. For them it is important to ensure that how one of the ideas could be the basis of another ensure both that the internal knowledge is used to tion should be involved in at this point to ensure Service Design is understood as different. In their SD Generation workshop. its best and that a feasible implementation can be that the initial objectives and the new insights view there is no linear process existing in Service ensured. People in a Service Design team can come are combined to a relevant and approved strategy, The ideas, solutions and concepts that were Design unlike when dealing with products. The from different levels and areas of the organisation criteria and project framework. Sometimes at this selected are translated into formats that can be various tasks can happen in different order and or from outside the organisation. There should point different tools and methods of SD Explaining easily shared within and outside the organisation. sometimes at the same time. Service Design is be a core team but other people can come in (pg. 140) can help to create practical overviews SD Explaining tools and methods are used to not a short project to launch a service but rather at specific points of the project for example to and to question and support strategic decisions. enable understanding of the ideas, solutions and continues to evolve the service on an ongoing generate ideas. (Further details on pg. 157) For example the creation of Character profiles or concepts developed. Service prototypes, sce- basis. But to explain what Service Design does the Personas can help to sharpen the idea of the client narios, mock-ups, maps and role plays are some of model is not really helpful. So how can a general It is important to set the objectives for a Service profile. the possible results. These represent the basis for overview on the process of a Service Design Design project. The project usually starts based on insights and for specifying the strategic direction. project be given? a reason like market changes, need for differentia- The Service strategy, objectives and criteria that The results of SD Explaining tasks are used as the tion, improving efficiency or increase value for cli- have been established in SD Thinking and had sen- It was found in the development that the joining basis for SD Realising (pg. 144). ents. For the success of the project it is important ior leader approval are the foundation for SD Gen- of management, marketing, research and design to specify these as well as the scope and direction erating (pg. 132). After establishing the appropriate The different formats that explain ideas, solutions would need to be reflected in the execution of this of the project. Based on these a timeline should environment, involving relevant people, preparing and concepts are used to further evolve details. process. Crucial is to explain the most important also be put forward. All these initially specified research insights and inspiration, a huge amount The tools and methods in SD Realising are used to elements without being too detailed. The process Access to Service Design guidelines can of course evolve and change in the of ideas, solutions and concepts are developed. specify and plan service business plans, specifica- should be easy to follow and build on what this course of a Service Design project. The guidelines This can happen in one or in many sessions lasting tions, guidelines for implementation, training and work has put forward earlier on. How can this be will be the base of an initial meeting of the project from one hour to several days. The basic principles service blueprints. These will either be approved achieved? Please refer to model sixteen on pg. 155. team to discuss and plan the next steps, open of a brainstorm can be used as guidelines in SD to be put into action or be tested and evolved fur- Service Design The six categories of Service Design have been questions and the course of the project. The next Generating in general. That effectively means that ther. While put into action the tools and methods used as the basic structure to set up this proc- step is to identify what knowledge, insights and any idea is allowed at this point. of SD Understanding are used to get feedback ess. They have been recognised as playing an resources are available. After this review it will important role in any Service Design project. There be decided what tasks should be undertaken in is a natural order that can be recognised through the category of SD Understanding (See pg. 125). As 154 155 analysing the different out- and inputs that are specified earlier the different tools and methods
n Service Design process Criteria Strategy and to ensure that the service works sufficiently. Market needs Criteria Legal Project team It will provide new triggers, raise questions and Objectives Client needs Objectives Service ideas 1. 2. 3. 4. provide insights that can be used for another Time plan sd understanding Service provider sd thinking Service strategy sd generating Service solutions sd filtering iteration of the full process. Context Direction Service concepts Scope Relationships Selection Environment Involvement Depending on the size of a Service Design project Inspiration the pictured process can be used in parts, as a Service Service prototypes business plan whole or in several iterations. It needs to be noted Service scenarios Service specification that it is not only used to innovate new services. Mock-ups 5. sd explaining 6. sd realising Service guidelines The same process is used for improving the design Training Maps Service Role plays blueprint of existing services too. ITERATION Please see fullscreen on the next double-page Access to Service Design Service Design 156 157
Criteria Strategy Market needs Legal Criteria Project team Client needs Objectives Service ideas Objectives 1. Service provider 2. Service strategy 3. Service solutions 4. sd understanding sd thinking sd generating sd filtering Time plan Context Direction Service concepts Scope Relationships Selection Environment Involvement Inspiration Service Service prototypes business plan Service Service scenarios specification Mock-ups 5. 6. Service guidelines sd explaining sd realising Training Maps Service Role plays blueprint ITERATION Access to Service Design Service Design 158 159 [ model sixteen ] Service Design process
Service Design role description How can the role of Service Design in an organisa- 1. The Service Design Guide tion be described? What skill set is needed for an An outside consultant that helps the organisa- organisation to get involved in Service Design? tion to run Service Design projects. This person This paper has identified the different categories is a facilitator that manages different outside that Service Design needs. It has investigated the resources together with a contact person in the most important tasks that need to be achieved organisation that is not necessarily trained in within each of them. On that basis different tools Service Design. and methods have been offered to help achieve these tasks. 2. The Service Design Scout To explore the skill set that is needed to accom- One person in the organisation is trained or hired plish the different tasks in Service Design this role to represent Service Design in the organisation. description for Service Design has been developed. This person would help identify possible projects It is a helpful tool to understand the different and manage internal projects. When necessary skills that are needed for Service Design. It can outside resources can be brought in for the differ- be used as the basis to plan how a Service Design ent stages of the project. project could be undertaken in an organisation. Service Design has been introduced in this paper as a broad field that incorporates and co-operates 3. The Service Design Manager with different related disciplines. The role profile One person is trained or hired to oversee, direct that is offered here helps to manage skills that are and manage a multidisciplinary team. This role can available in an organisation and which skills might be extended in hiring a small team that covers the need to be acquired from outside the organisa- main skills and that is then complimented with tion. external consultants and experts. In practical terms there are three different models how the Service Design role can be applied in an In any of these three principle models the com- organisation. Access to Service Design bination of in-house staff and outside Service Design consultancy need to cover a specific set of skills. To enable understanding in the following the skills are listed under the six SD categories. n Service Design 160 161
Service Design basic skills SD Understanding skills · Able to effectively participate in the SD Explaining skills · Must be generally service minded · Good ability to develop hypothesis development and implementation of · Experience of translating complex information business solutions into simple explanations · Excellent social skills are needed · Experience in developing alternative decision models · Proven ability to identify appropreate means of · Outstanding communication skills are required sensualisation · Able to conduct and manage qualitative as well SD Generating skills · Good negotiation skills are a big plus as quantitative research · Outstanding ability to develop ideas · Ability to identify metaphors · Great facilitation skills and experience are · Solid in distilling complex information and · Ability to be creative and associative · Experience in bringing ideas and concepts to life needed transforming it to simple insights · Trained fresh and visual thinking · Excellent ability to imagine the future · Must be able to be a good team player · Deep expertise in user behavior and human · Ability to see unusual an unique angles · Experience with fresh and visual thinking · Generally needs to be curious and open minded factors techniques for design and marketing · Profound brainstorming experience · Working knowledge of prototyping tools · Overall understanding of economy needed · Expertise and experience with a variety of user research and usability testing approaches · Excellent problem-solving skills · Ability to develop overviews and maps · Excellent organisational skills required · Exemplary interviewing skills · Ability to identify inspirational environments · Experience with stories, scenarios and · Comfortable with working on high visibility and methods animation projects and with all levels of management · Experience in translating insights into relevant · Professional who can lead a team or be part of SD Thinking skills innovative ideas, concepts and solutions SD Realising skills a team to humanise complex interactive · Proven expertise in strategic thinking · Proven expertise in developing complex experiences · Proven ability to design and craft Touchpoints · Ability to understand complex systems processes · Must have awareness and point of view on · Experience in creating scenarios · Experience in establishing frameworks and · Experience in implementing services and service industry developments and market needs setting the boundaries components · Experience in proposal writing and development · Comfortable in synthesising and leveraging SD Filtering skills · Ability to developing details in line with the of new client relationships research and data in order to identify key · Experience in analysing and synthesising bigger picture and strategy · Recognised expertise in one or more business insights research findings Access to Service Design · Experience in developing instructions, areas: HR, management, research, marketing, · Experienced in defining target audiences, · Ability to work with selection criteria guidelines, blueprints and business plans design, technology and other related disciplines segments and opportunities for strategic · Good systematic thinking · Ability to manage training · Proven ability in leading crossfunctional, cross development Service Design business project teams through full project · Observant and critical attitude · Experience in testing service prototypes · Ability to obtain relevant information and think cycles through situations, problems or processes to · Experience in testing and measuring · Solid time and project management skills identify core issues, patterns or trends performance and quality · Good ability to multitask in a fast-paced · Proven ability to understand business strategic · Proven experience in evaluation 163 162 corporate environment and tactical goals
164 Conclusion CONCLUSION 165 Service Design
Conclusion In the first chapters of this paper the changes in Design has excellent experience in designing the economy have been discussed. It is clear that details and human interfaces. Those are needed services play an increasing role and are the es- at different parts of the service offering and sential sector for our future society and economy. make up the Touchpoints that clients experience. Design can look after these details with the big The importance of the service sector is without picture in mind like it does in designing corporate question. Policy makers and organisations on all identity systems. In doing so the design tradition levels recognise that services are the area that has worked closely with experts from other fields needs to drive forward to be successful in the and it almost seems like a natural development future. to integrate all this into a new field and practise But still services have a massive problem. The that addresses the unique challenges that we are productivity of this sector is poor. The quality facing in the new service world. But how is Service that is provided overall is at a low standard and Design answering these problems? client satisfaction generally low. Even though the This paper has recognised that services are pressure rises and with some innovative organisa- different. It has discussed the unique features and tions making a difference their competition tries the implications they have on designing services. to catch up in mostly copying what they are doing, To address this problem different academics and there is a problem. consultants have worked towards offering a new This paper suggests that it is a design problem. practise that takes this into consideration. Service Services are currently not designed in the way Design brings together elements of management, they could be. marketing, research and design. Earlier in the paper it was discussed how the Even though Service Design has been developed design field has opened up towards new roles for for more than ten years it is still a young field designers and towards integrating people that which seems to be blossoming right now. In the traditionally were not considered as designers. last years Service Design has undertaken research That is true for all different areas in design. But to address the challenges that this new concept is where would it make more sense to put this new facing. For example the design of intangibles and understanding of design into action than in the interaction was developed further. New methods design of services? needed to be developed and the practice from de- signing needed to be adopted to design services. Service Design Integrating clients in the design process – that is The integration of other areas of expertise was an Conclusion especially relevant in designing services where important factor to shaping this new field. clients are anyway involved in production and delivery. Design has developed other competen- Many projects have proven the principle and cies like the design of interactive complex helped to further develop the methodology and 166 167 systems. Services are nothing else than that. to take the field to the next level. These develop-
ments have been mainly separate from each This paper suggests that the developments in For organisations to get involved in Service Sharing other. Most of them in different countries. The service organisations and in Service Design need Design means a change of thinking. And changes At the moment the Service Design landscape is breakthrough for the field seems to have been the to come together to really make a difference. are always difficult. The people that work with spread and in the various countries and institu- point when the islands of Service Design research, There are more and more examples how Service services, the people that work client facing and tions it has been approached differently. Language thinking and practice in different places joined Design was used in very successful ways in the people that influence the structure and design therefore is a barrier in two different ways. Most together. The Service Design Network enables this organisations of very different structures and of all the Touchpoints that clients encounter of the papers in Germany or Italy for example new field to drive forward together. Based on markets. In different projects and Service Design hardly work hand in hand. They all do their best have not been written in English. Therefore the this development different synergies have been workshops for practitioners it becomes clear that but Service Design can only be achieved together. material is difficult to share. Beside the language established and the field seems to head forward as it is well received and it was proven that Service This and some other factors mean that people of different countries, Service Design includes also one. But whilst Service Design is getting ready, are Design can make a difference. in a service organisation are not likely to make different technical languages that are the result not service organisations doing it already? the move to find out about Service Design and to of the different backgrounds that come together. One example of a huge success of Service Design change their structure to accommodate the new It is therefore needed to further develop a shared The need for Service Design is growing. Service was the creation of First Direct an innovative solution. It needs to be Service Design that offers Service Design vocabulary, preferably in English. Design projects have been undertaken on differ- banking service that is hugely successful. “At the a service that is satisfying, usable and useful. And This paper has given an overview of the institu- ent levels together with different organisations. time we didn’t know that, but looking back now as we know ideally it will be so desirable that it tions, resources and the field as such. For the close The north region of England has invested in a we have done Service Design and the success we overcomes barriers and problems and will be put future the Service Design Network could become concept to use Service Design to support their had was definitively based on some of the Service into action. the base to make a difference. Sharing is going economy. The concept that was developed by Design principles.” says Kevin Gavaghan who was to be crucial to set up a structure that unites Spirit of Creation proposed a highly innovative Marketing Director at Midland Bank and one of the The suggestion here is that it is necessary to Service Design as a strong field. Methods and best Service Design education centre for top level leading heads behind the revolutionary service. review the available resources in Service Design practise need to be shared also as knowledge and managers. Together with 200 specialists they But if the need is there and Service Design can and to find ways to make Service Design more experience. redesigned design education to match up with the offer solutions for what is needed to bring this accessible. When it is possible to create a simple unique challenges that we are all facing. together? overview of what it is that Service Design has to offer and how it works this would be a fantastic So far practitioners in service organisations have Looking at the service sector it becomes evident base to profile Service Design and to establish it as mainly tried to help themselves. Process reengi- that Service Design is not yet established and a well known field. It would help to confront these neering, service marketing, total quality manage- well-known. It seems that Service Design is the results with practitioners in service organisations ment and other concepts are used to solve the day solution that everybody is waiting for. Somebody and to find ways to make this access as practical to day problems and to in fact design services. just needs to go and tell them. But of course it is as possible. Some of the achievements are remarkable and not as simple as that. whether they call it Service Design or not it proves To move this forward this paper provides some the point and direction. thoughts, resources and recommendations on Service Design how that can be achieved. The main principles are Conclusion summarised here. The ultimate goal is to profile Service Design and to enable practical access. 168 169
Existing resources Framework Collect tools and methods Service Design overview It is important to review the existing resources To enable cooperation and sharing and to establish The structure that has been developed can An overview diagram for the essence of Service that have been developed, tested and are avail- an overview of Service Design a structure is accommodate the various elements. Everythin Design was suggested earlier in this paper to able. This provides the manifestation of Service needed. Given that Service Design is a field that that needs to be achieved within Service Design is be very helpful. The diagram that has been put Design and is the essential foundation to explain integrates different areas of expertise and people covered by this structure. It is helpful to provide forward earlier in this paper has set out to explain and profile what can be achieved with Service from different backgrounds this framework is an tools and methods that can be used to help and the complex interactive process in one page. This Design. The resources that are available range essential working platform. This paper has put for- support in a Service Design project. The list of pos- overview accommodates the most important from papers, research and project results to ward a structure that is easy to understand. The sible tools and methods is obviously endless. They elements. It shows how Service Design acts as methods, processes and models. To establish six category framework is able to accommodate very much depend on context and circumstances. an interface between organisations and clients. this field it will help to review and discuss the different elements like what it does, how it does it In this paper a set of tools and methods has been The diagram has been discussed with some of similarities and differences. This paper has set out and what is needed. Based on this framework dif- useful to explain and enable practical access. They the experts in the Service Design Network. If the to give a starting point of an holistic view on the ferent materials can be structured and provided. It are a huge support to understand what needs to other members can agree or adopt this overview resources available. The goal would be to establish is almost the equivalent to Gutenberg’s typesetter be achieved at different stages of a Service Design so it becomes an agreed diagram it could be one a shared set of resources that can be used across frame where every letter is stored in a structure. project. The tools for Service Design therefore help of the elements that can be used to profile Service the network. The Service Design framework in this case is not a to explain the framework and make Service Design Design and explain what it is. theoretical model but more a practical workable tangible and practical at the same time. These resources could then be made available to structure. This can be to explain Service Design service organisations and to business-, marketing- and it can be futher filled with methods and tools. and design-education. The review would also help to identify needs for further development. As for the integrative nature of the Service Design field it is important to include existing resources of the areas with related expertise. Service Design Conclusion 170 171
Service Design process Pool of competency What next To explain what Service Design exactly does in At the moment the pool of Service Design experts The change from agriculture to manufacturing and It needs to pick up the people that work in or- detail has been recognised to be essential. To is still limited. Given that Service Design is a to industrialisation was not quick and easy. It was ganisations, that are smart and that already think profile how Service Design works it is necessary to approach that integrates people from different difficult, took time and influenced everything. about what they do. They know their organisation make a process diagram available that shows how backgrounds it can be assumed that these people Some patience is needed. However, it is important and are key for Service Design to be successful. the different elements of Service Design link into could learn the additional skills and the pool of to recognise that change in our times happens The suggestion here is that Service Design is not each other. The process that has been introduces competent people would grow quickly. At the differently than it used to be. about doing more research. It is not about design- in this paper is a blueprint for Service Design. same time of profiling and spreading Service The conclusion here is simply: Services are an ing scripts for phone operators. It is not just about It is easy to follow and at the same time not to Design there is a responsibility to make sure that important part of the economy, they are not as doing extensive service testing: generic. It shows how Service Design works, what different educational institutions are supported to productive and satisfying as they should be and it covers and what can support this approach. It make skilled people and training for professionals It is a very different way of approaching the way therefore they need to be designed better. is a map of the complex and interactive process. available. we think of the relationship between organisa- Given that people from different backgrounds To design services the classic project structure tions and clients. It is not about reinventing the have to work together in Service Design this is not is not always adequate. Service Design needs to wheel, but about finding a new way to travel. only an important tool to explain and profile the offer organisations different modules that address field it is a very valuable tool that enables shared the ongoing and iterative nature of services but understanding in a Service Design project. that are compatible with the way the organisation works. Understanding audience Service Design needs to become recognised and To profile Service Design and to make it acces- profiled. It will struggle in positioning as the new sible it is necessary to establish a very good model that everybody should adopt to – the holy understanding of the professionals in the service grail of business success. sector. What are the problems that they perceive the strongest? What are the constrains they have to face? If Service Design can be seen as a service itself it needs to consider its clients, involve them in the process and develop a service concept that works for them. Not only research and observation but also workshops together with practitioners will help to reveal what they are most interested in Service Design and how it can be offered. Conclusion 173 172
174 Appendix APPENDIX 175 Service Design
Glossary The following is a selection of terms that are Business plan relevant definitions for this paper and for Service Financial and economic case with narratives and Design. numbers, tables and spread sheets to validate the concept and assess the viability, returns and risks. A Added value C Over and above the norm delivery. The possibility Character profile for an organisation to delivery beyond client ex- Please see tools & methods pectations. Service Design can create added value for example in showing to clients the intangible Client service that they already get in a new way so they In this work the word client is used consistently can perceive it. instead of customer, consumer or user. This is representing the change of thinking in Service B Design towards seeing and treating clients as important and part of the process. The word client Behavioural mapping is more formal than customer. It gives the client Photographing people within a space, such as a more respect and a special role. waiting room, over a period of time. Customer Blueprinting (Service Blueprinting) Someone who purchases or rents something Mapping a service journey, identifying the from an individual or organisation. Therefore this processes that constitute the service, isolating person pays for goods or services. Informal for possible fail points and establishing the duration client. of the various stages for the journey. Method for exploring the (mainly) qualitative components Consumer during different experiences with the service. Someone who uses services or products. Not A Service Blueprint is an operational tool that necessarily at the same time the customer who describes a service in enough detail to implement pays for it. Service Design and maintain it. Appendix 176 177
Client journey All the interactions a client has with a product, Design process Stages that a product or service will pass through Experience Design Approach to creating successful experiences for I service or space over a certain period of time. during its design. The stages are generally shown people in any medium. This approach includes Identity in chronological order but the process is, in consideration and design in all 3 spatial dimen- Self knowledge about characteristics and features. practice, highly iterative. sions, over time, all 5 common senses and A collection of channels that work together to Concept interactivity. create an image. A combination of ideas formed in the mind. Something conceived in the minds such as a plan, Desirability a design, a mental image or a thought. Describes The quality of being worth desiring. Experience prototype Interface a set of ideas for a service design component or Simulation of the anticipated experiences of The boundary or surface between two different system. those who deliver and use the service including distiguishable entities. E all Touchpoints during the service experience. Enables a Service Design team to gain appreciation D Effectiveness Ability to achieve stated goals or objectives, of existing or future conditions through active Internal customer One who is influenced or affected by an organisa- engagement with prototypes. Design judged in terms of both output and impact. tion, or who directly works within it. Translating a problem into a solution for a specific user group. This is true for products, spaces Extreme User Interviews and services. Design deals with researching, Efficiency The ratio of output to input. Making the most of Talking to people who really know – or know noth- L understanding, analysing and solving problems, ing – about a product or service and evaluating resources and investment. Launch champion achieving improvements in a commercial environ- their experience using it. Person who organises or oversees all aspects of ment and is always addressing users. Designers the service launch. create multi-dimensional concepts that add value Ethnography Evidences to people’s lives, are desirable, useful, viable The systematic and immersive study of human Show the effect and difference that a Service and commercially successful. Design provides a holistic perspective on life, society, economy and cultures (from Anthropology). Design will make. M on what drives people – it therefore is about the Market Emotions understanding of complex issues. Feelings clients experience and attach to events, G Mechanism which allows people to trade, normally governed by the theory of supply and demand. people, products and / or services. Emotions Goals The service sector accounts for almost 80% of Design management describe clients’ emotional attachment and Driven by human motivations, which change very UK employment and contributes to 67% of the Totality of the design activity, its administration understanding of people, artefacts and events. slowly, if at all over time. Goals are end conditions, economy, yet receives just 16.5% of research and Service Design and contribution to an organisation’s perform- whereas a task is an intermediate step that helps development investment. Across the EU, service ance. Design management includes the organisa- Appendix Experience to reach a goal. growth is at 15%, while manufacturing is growing tion and implementation of the process for Clients’ sensation of the interaction with services at just 5%. developing new and improving existing products through all senses, over time and on both physical and services. and cognitive levels. 178 179
Mock-up Prototyping Service Design Service Design Scout Models, illustrations, collages that explain A scaled down system or portion of a system is Service Design is planning and shaping useful, A person dedicated to identify and organise concepts, ideas and visions. constructed in a short time, tested, and improved usable, desirable, effective and efficient client Service Design projects in an organisation. in several iterations experiences across Touchpoints and over time. Moments of truth Improving an existing or developing new kinds Service sector Definition of experiences of the service that make a significant impression on the customer. R of services. Service Design is the field concerned with the development of services to meet specific Defence, Health, Manufacturing, Education, Law & order, Telecommunication, Transport, Leisure, RATER needs. These services may make use of differ- Environment & agriculture, Taxation, Banking & Common reference to the five dimensions of ent communication media (including online, Multi-disciplinary finance, Retail. service quality. It refers to reliability, assurance, telephone, in-person, etc..), may or may not be Several professions working together toward tangibles, empathy and responsiveness. It has automated, and may or may not use products as common goals. been defined in SERVQUAL by Zeithaml et.al. part of the service experience. SERVQUAL Method for measuring service quality. The model O S Service Design brief is based on the premise that the best way to measure service quality is to base it on the cus- Documentation that describes the primary pur- Offering tomer’s experience of quality. SERVQUAL breaks Scenario pose of a service and gives guidance in a Service Provided value (product or service). service quality down to five basic dimensions, Description and configuration of what the user is Design project. often referred to as RATER. likely to do with the service. P Service Design data mining Stage gateway Service Quantitative data on aspects of a service. This Perception Milestone and decision point relating to con- Intangible, interactive client experience across could relate to service use, configuration, market Process by which customers organise and tinuation, or otherwise, of service development different Touchpoints and over time. and technological trends etc. interpret their sensory impressions in order to projects. give meaning to their environment. Perception is affected by attitudes, motives, interests, past- Service Blueprinting Service Design Guide Stakeholder experience and expectations. Please see Blueprinting Outside Service Design consultant that helps a Individual, either from inside or outside an organi- dedicated in house person with the facilitation of sation, who needs to be considered, is involved workshops or projects. Project Service Ecology with, has an interest in or could be affected by a A complex assignment involving more than one A service ecology is the system of actors and the service. Service Design type of activity and production. relationships between them that form a service. Service Design Manager A project leader who is a constant member of the Appendix Service Design team and outside experts. Re- Plan Service Evidences sponsible for ensuring effective communication, To have the will and intention to carry Show the effect and difference that a Service co-ordination of the Service Design process and out some action. A series of steps to be Design will make. 180 181 decision maker. carried out or goals to be accomplished.
Service specification Sensualisation Usefulness Documentation that prescribes the requirements Extends the concept of visualisation to all other The quality of being of practical use. to which the service has to conform. A service senses (hearing, tasting, smelling, touching, mov- specification should refer to or include drawings, ing, etc.). The sense of sight is the strongest sense Usability patterns or other relevant documents and should for most human beings. Hearing is the next most The ease with which a service component can be also indicate the means and criteria whereby significant channel of information for humans. used. conformity can be checked. Service components T Unique selling proposition Statement that identifies what makes a service or Parts that assemble a total service. Team organisation different from competitors. Group of professionals that can include various experts and clients. Servicescape The role of physical surroundings in and how V physical environments relate to a service. Touchpoints Videography Individual tangibles or interactions that make up Short films that depict the consumer experience the total experience of a service. Service evidence or illustrate a scenario. People, process, and physical cues. Tool Visualisation Device or item used to perform or facilitate work. Shadowing Make intangible complex concepts visible. Helps Used in (improving) the performance of an opera- Observing people using products & services (go- to envisage future ideas in visually illustrating tion. Tools are always suitable for a particular job. ing to hospitals, shopping, taking the train, using how it would work. their mobile phones etc.). U Storytelling User Promting people to tell personal stories about The person that uses a product, system or service. their consumer experiences. Also a method to explain scenarios. User Centred Design Service Design User Centred Design is an approach that supports Specification the entire development process with user-centred Appendix Precisely specifying implementation steps and activities, in order to create applications which are requirements. easy to use and are of added value to the intended users. 183 182
Service Design tools & methods In the section that specified the framework of Sources for tools and methods online: Service Design tasks several tools and methods have been put forward. The list of tools and http://mycoted.com/creativity/techniques methods available is endless. The main reason to http://nada.kth.se/cid/usor add this element was to the overview as it makes it very clear what the six categories are about in http://www.dsr-group.com practical reality. http://goodgestreet.com In the following section of the appendix all the http://smart.uiah.fi/luotain tools and methods that have been listed will be explained in a very short format. Some of the tools http://bmrc.berkeley.edu and methods are existing in some of the fields http://www.interaction.rca.ac.uk of related expertise, some have been adopted for Service Design and some have been developed http://www.hcibook.com new. The index in the bottom helps to identify http://hostserver150.com/usabilit/tools this. http://en.wikipedia.org It needs to be noted that it was chosen to describe these tools and methods to support the overview. http://thinking.net Some of them are very easy to understand and http://ideo.com to use, whereas some others are more complex. To use any of the tools they can easily be found Please see bibliography for further sources online. Some of the most useful sites have been listed here. It is recommended to get help from Service Design consultancies or expert companies E Existing tool or method from the respective backroundds to assist in using these tools and methods. These professionals A Adopted tool or method will be able to help finding additional tools and methods as well as ensuring that they are adopted N New tool or method to the individual situation and project. Service Design Appendix 185 184
Benchmarking Context Analysis Looking at providers that offer a different Method to understand the overall context of service but with similar characteristics. Service the service. All variables are collected that can Design can identify general principles and affect on the organisation, the client or the look for areas that address these principles service. already. It is helpful to look at the service that is developed from a different perspective as well as to learn from experience that other companies have in providing services with characteristics that are the same to the service that is developed. For example an airport modified the software that is used in a hospital to allocate patients to beds to allocate planes to parking positions. E E Client segmentation Contextual interviews For most services it helps to identify different For Service Design client segmentation helps Clients are interviewed in the relevant It is important that the observer is familiar client segment groups. It is the process of to identify different types of clients, ages, environment. The interviews take place as with the domain the service is operating splitting existing clients, or potential clients, incomes, attitudes, needs, frequency of use, close to where the client is in contact with a in. The results need to be documented and in a certain market into different groups, or etc. service as possible. Data is generated whilst interpreted. segments, within which clients share a similar clients perform real tasks. The interview takes For example economy class versus business This is a very good way to get qualitative data level of interest in the same or comparable set place based on the client using a service. class services are based on different client about the usage of services. In Service Design of needs satisfied by a distinct service proposi- The interviewer finds out why they are doing segments. contextual interviews give rich insights into tion. Segmentation based on client needs certain things or what their expectations clients behaviour and environment and their and wants helps to understand the potential are for example. The information is captured interaction with a service. different types of services are needed. either in audio, video or note format. Service Design Appendix E E 186 187
Ecology map Contextual Enquiry A specific name for a style of user interview, A service ecology is a mapped out system of The ecology map gives everybody in the conducted within the context of the cus- actors within a service and the relationships Service Design project a good overview of the tomer’s activities. This approach enables between them. stakeholders, clients and suppliers of a service and combines the benefits of observational system. The map is designed based on desk Mapping service ecologies is a process that approaches and the standard face-to-face research and interviews and can be discussed helps to establish a systemic view of the interview. It is intended to be an interactive with the different actors to establish a correct service and the context it will operate in. The exploration of the issues, hence the reason for understanding. Service Ecology maps actors affected by a being called enquiry rather than interview. service and the way they relate to each other in order to reveal new opportunities and inspire ideas. This helps to establish the overall service concept. This systemic view helps for example to create service ecologies that are sustain- able, where the actors involved exchange value in ways that is mutually beneficial over time. E E Critical Incident Technique Ethnography Analysing factors that could threaten a For example the loss of electricity could be The systematic and immersive study of human service or that could go wrong. By looking at very limiting or even eliminate parts of a cultures (from Anthropology). the journey that a client goes through when service. Service Design could make sure that in a service works, all elements are identified this case alternative solutions are provided. and listed that are critical to the service but that would damage the service experience if they didn’t work. For the design of services it is an opportunity for ultimate involvement to eliminate as many of these problems as possible or to develop solutions to better cope with such eventualities. Service Design Appendix E E 188 189
Experience test Focus groups To test how a service is experienced a test per- A small group of people is selected to have Focus Groups have been used to talk to a son is observed and interviewed afterwards. a guided discussion about a selected idea or group of clients about their experience with To find out what clients do, what they think issue. This qualitative method is used to learn service hotlines to identify what is perceived and how they feel. The experience is tested in from clients sharing their thoughts, opinions, as important service features. This method an environment that is as close to reality as feelings, attitudes and misconceptions about of investigation can be used to generate and possible. Sometimes this can be also reality. an issue in an intimate setting. A facilitator or filter ideas, too. moderator is required. Focus groups deliver insights to peoples views and opinions and for Service Design it is an interesting method to identify what people really think about a service and get their opinions on new ideas, improvements, barriers etc. E E Gap analysis Expert interviews Talking to specialists and experts with experi- To interpret the market expert interviews The analytical process focuses on identifying tions about circumstances affecting service ence from the field a Service Design project is important as pitfalls, trends, problems, gaps, inefficiencies, inconsistencies and levels. aims to improve can reveal insights and help in important constraints as well as possible solu- variances, and other weaknesses in service The Gap Index is the difference between the a very short time to understand essentials of tions for the Service Design project can often delivery. level of service that the customer expects to a new environment. Designing a service often be found within them. It is likely that the customers are realistic receive as versus the level of service that the takes a team into new areas, and talking to about some services and very demanding customer evaluates as received. For example, experts helps to gain understanding and views about others. Knowing this allows facilities to if a customer evaluates a certain service at a on the subject. invest resources in the areas where expecta- 4 level “more than satisfactory” while they The mix of outside perspective with the tions are the highest. Once expectations are expect service to be delivered at a 3 “satisfac- knowledge of experts can help to establish a known, the gap between the levels of service tory” level, there is a positive gap. If their Service Design new network of understanding. The experts expected and the levels of service delivered expectation is higher at the 5 “excellence” need to be carefully selected and questions can be measured. level, there is a negative gap. Appendix should be based on criteria as well as focused Negative gaps need to be addressed by on one aspect of the service. improving the service levels and/or influencing E expectations by very effective communica- E 19 0 191
Historical analysis Interview Looking at the historic development or A face-to-face discussion with usually one background of a service, need or solution. By person to collect information or opinions. researching and analysing the roots and the Interviews can be recorded in video, audio progress a lot can be learned about different or note format. They need to be analysed constraints, influences and drivers for change afterwards. Questions are prepared before the in an environment and / or context. Historical interview. It is a quick and very qualitative analysis needs to be focused on one question way of getting to know more. Sometimes it that is relevant for the Service Design develop- is valuable if the interviewer is able to read ment and always involves understanding the between the lines. Interviews are used in different tangents and historical contexts too. Service Design to get peoples opinion or to It delivers a broad understanding of the nature learn about their experience, expectations etc. and context of the service as well as a different perspectives. In Service Design this view can for example help to solve old issues with new technologies. E E Inconvenience Analysis Market segmentation To discover gaps and opportunities in clients For clients it could be very inconvenient that Any market can be divided into different areas lives. By analysing a situation that clients their lawyer is not available immediately to or segments. This can be based on geographic perceive as inconvenient this method helps finish an urgent contract. The insight that areas, amount of purchase or other factors. For to understand potential service offering clients sometimes need unpredicted urgent Service Design the segmentation into different opportunities. The service opportunity lies help can lead to a new feature or a complete parts based on relevant criteria is important to in resolving the inconvenient situation. The new service. This method helps to identify address the different needs, opportunities and journey of (potential) clients is analysed over things and areas that clients may not think constraints of these different segments with time using other methods (e.g. Thinking about or are not consciously aware of. the service concept. Aloud, Focus Groups, Interviews, etc.). Issues which could cause inconvenience are identified and various possible causes determined. The Service Design driver of inconvenience is an insight that can Appendix help to offer a new service that resolves this inconvenience. E E 193 192
Mystery shoppers Observation Actors or researchers act as though they This method has been used successfully to Clients and their behaviour is ovserved. This Observation can be used also to identify were “normal clients”. A service is consumed make sure that employees are encouraged to can happen either in a person watching them and evaluate how service prototypes work. and then the person reports back on their give their best and to control the client experi- or in installing cameras. The advantage of film- But mainly it is a rich source to learn about experience. This can reveal problems, work ence. Mystery shoppers reveal insights in the ing the observation is that very rich material behaviour and the way service systems work. as a quality check or test specific details of a perception of the service on the front stage. can be analysed afterwards. The observation service. Mystery shoppers are a very useful These findings can then be used to identify technique can be used to identify how clients way of ensuring service quality and consistent possible improvements back stage. use a service. This can reveal for example that service performance. certain factors trigger longer waiting time. From observing how clients behave many Mystery shoppers can be used also to test different service improvements can be consid- what services are being offered by competitive ered. It is important helpful if observation is organisations. based on objectives or specific questions. E E Net scouting Probes To review sources on the internet is becom- It is important that clear questions and Probe packs are used to gain qualitative data For Service Design Probes represent a simple ing increasingly important. The internet is parameters are used as the basis for this about peoples lives. They are collections of way to involve clients and to gain insights a huge historic as well as and up-to-date understanding method as the information tasks designed to elicit information. Probes based on real client behaviour and views. resource. Given that Service Design projects available is vast. The findings need to be can include diaries, photo-cameras and other Probes were used by the Royal College of Art often involve new variants and conditions Net interpreted to establish the relevance for the tools that are supplied to clients together with Interaction Design group to study the way Scouting is a good initial way of establishing project. Important is to check sources carefully instructions. Clients are then asked to docu- people see their own homes. Volunteers were an understanding of the market conditions and to take into consideration their quality as ment a day in their life or while performing a solicited through a newspaper advert and the and environment. It can also help to identify well as that every point has a counterpoint. certain task, to take photos of good services results used to enable designers to get a ‘feel’ existing solutions in other areas, be a valuable etc. of the meaning of home for many people. tool to find out about statistics, market share A probes-pack and instructions need careful and different development trends and identify Service Design preparation. The data that is produced can be new markets. very visual, real and can be used to commu- Appendix nicate authentically about clients. The packs need to be analysed and interpreted. E E 195 194
Reading Shadowing Even though this might be obvious, reading At times specific trade literature and special- Following clients around and observing their Shadowing can help to gain in-depth under- is an important source of knowledge, and for ised material can be very valuable to be read. behaviour. Shadowing can be recorded by standing of clients natural behaviours. In understanding specialist fields. Given that It is important to keep in mind objectives, a video camera or captured in still images. Service Design it is a good opportunity to learn Service Design reading is crucial as every questions and not to lose the bigger picture. Mostly shadowing is done by one researcher about clients interaction with a service e.g. Service Design project involves new areas and that observes clients in their natural envi- to understand how people work in a water- the team needs to have an understanding of ronment performing tasks and consuming plant they are followed by a researcher with a clients backgrounds and environments. Read- products or services in a natural way. Shadow- camera for one full day. ing gives access to understanding the context ing can be used with hidden cameras and for of the service that is designed example micro cameras installed in clients glasses. For example to redesign a hospital unit a overall understanding of the illness that is It is important that the shadowing activity treated there is crucial. is not intruding and does not influence the behaviour of clients. Shadowing is a qualita- tive method where the findings need to be E interpreted post-research. E Service status Thinking aloud This method identifies whether there is the For a Service Design project that can influence Clients are asked to explain and talk about free phone number so I can give them a call.” need for a service to be improved or innovated. the starting point and scope of the project. It what they think whilst using a service. This could be a potential Thinking Aloud result. The For the design process it makes a difference if is important to identify why a new service is helps to reveal their expectations, experience material needs to be reviewed and interpreted an existing service offer needs to be improved, needed to ensure that the service innovation and problems of using the service. The client is into insights such as “a free phone number is or if a new additional service needs to be cre- project fits into the current offering. prompted and encouraged to speak out aloud expected”. In the project it could be an idea ated. Based on the same principal as Product by the researcher. Questions such as “So, what to put the free phone number directly on the Status this method identifies if the existing is your reaction to this message?” help to home page to save clients clicks and time for Service fulfils a need in an efficient way or promt clients think about how their perception example. what new potentials might be. If a new service works. It reveals problems and underlying potential is discovered it might be possible to reasons for difficulties. create a new service if the old one is still valid Service Design Thinking Aloud is documenting every step that to exist aside. the client makes with their explanation either Appendix in video, audio or notes form. “I’m clicking on this button because I want to find out how I E can contact them. I expect them to offer me a E 196 197
5 why’s Trend scouting Identifying overall trends through holistic Trends need to be translated into insights This methods encourages clients to examine lifestyle observations. By reading magazines, for Service Design projects so that they and express the underlying reasons for their visiting fairs and researching online, trends can be used to specify the offer, identify behaviours and attitudes. can be identified. Opinion leaders, specialists new markets, new possibilities and the way The inverviewer askes five times why. The and experts can be interviewed to get their services are communicated e.g. the emergence client therefore is encouaged to explain the views on the directions that culture, society, of customisation can mean that people will reasons behind the first answer. politics and technology are going. Trend come to expect more tailor-made services. scouting for Service Design helps identify key It was used by IDEO to interview dieting changes in social and cultural life that will women around the US to understand their affect perceptions. attitudes and behaviours around weight loss. E E Focus groups User surveys Information is collected and analysed on A small group of people is selected to have Focus Groups have been used to talk to a characteristics of clients, purposes for using a guided discussion about a selected idea or group of clients about their experience with the services, reasons for satisfaction or issue. This qualitative method is used to learn service hotlines to identify what is perceived dissatisfaction, details, patterns, needs and from clients sharing their thoughts, opinions, as important service features. This method service priorities. feelings, attitudes and misconceptions about of investigation can be used to generate and an issue in an intimate setting. A facilitator or filter ideas, too. moderator is required. Focus groups deliver insights to peoples views and opinions and for Service Design it is an interesting method to identify what people really think about a service and get their opinions on new ideas, Service Design improvements, barriers etc. Appendix E E 198 199
Inspirational specialists Insight matrix This matrix helps to establish an overview of Everything that is less relevant (has no influ- If a certain quality is identified for a service If security is key for the service a special vault the insights available and needed for a Service ence on the Service Design) is filled in the field concept the analysis of a very different area of a bank can be visited and the learnings will Design project. It assesses the insight status Open. Issues that still need to be researched can help to provide insights about this quality. inspire the service design and offer solutions of a Service Design project (what is known, (not known but will possibly influence the For example, if it is crucial for a service to be that can be integrated in the project. Brain- needs to be found out, can be assumed and Service Design) is filled in the field Research. flexible look for other fields in which flexibility storming can help to identify other fields of can be left open). The matrix can then be used This establishes an overview of the status is key e.g. a circus could be chosen as specialist inspirational specialists. to decide whether to conduct more research of research and relevant knowledge for the in flexibility. Understanding different prin- or to generate ideas based on existing insights Service Design project. It helps to highlight ciples that are used by a circus to be flexible and assumptions. This matrix is always used areas of research that still need to be covered will help from a very different perspective in relation to a specific project, specification and then becomes a summary of the insights to translate some of the principles into the or brief. Everything that can be specified or and facts that are the basis for the service idea service concept. decided (clear facts that nobody will question and / or concept development. or disagree with) is filled in the field Assump- tions. N N Tested & tried components Components that are already used, tried and tested can be identified to be used in the development of a Service Design concept. If an interactive screen works well already for clients to purchase tickets it can be used to book a treatment in a hospital. Service Design Appendix N 200 201
Affinity diagram Brutethink An Affinity Diagram is a creative process To develop strategic ideas and solutions is a to gather and organise insights, ideas and difficult process in which a team can get stuck. opinions. It helps adding structure to a large or To open up this situation and the thinking complicated issue, breaking down a compli- process Brutethink helps to create a new cated issue into broad categories or gaining perspective with random stimuli. For example agreement on an issue or situation. a random word can be brought into a problem (from a dictionary, magazine or book). The It starts with a clear statement of the problem team brainstorms things that are associated or goal and provide a time limit for the session. with the randomly picked word. Then the team Each participant should think of ideas and tries to think about connections between the write them individually (for example on index random word and the challenge and between cards). The cards are then arranged into related the associated things and the challenge. All the groups. For each grouping a title or heading ideas and solutions are listed and evaluated. is created that describes the theme of each group. E E CATWOE Fishbone diagram A simple checklist that can be used to stimu- O = Owners: those with power over the A graphic technique for identifying cause-and- late thinking about problems and solutions. system, that can even make it stop if they wish effect relationships among factors in a given The title CATWOE is made up of the first letters situation or problem. Also called Ishikawa E = Environment: constraints and limitations of the elements of the checklist: Diagramming. for output of the system. C = Clients: those who receive gain or loss from Helps if a problem needs to be studies or the System can equal service. what the system does. couse determined. In Service Design it can be Out of the CATWOE elements a rich problem used for example to identify areas for data A = Actors: those who can act in the system. definition can be formulated, which can be collection an to investigate why a process is T = Transformation: what the system does to reformulated or shortened afterwards. not performing properly. change inputs into outputs. The diagram, like other problem solving Service Design W = World view: wider context of the system, techniques, is a heuristic tool. As such, it Appendix or the values, ethics behind the system helps to organise thoughts and structure the quality improvement process. E E 203 202
Lateral thinking Mind map Lateral thinking is concerned with the percep- Mind-mapping is a special way of documenting tion part of thinking. It has been established thoughts and their connections. Mind Maps by Edward de Bono. He defines it as a radiate from one problem or idea at the centre technique of problem solving by approaching and use lines, symbols, words and images to problems indirectly at diverse angles instead write down a system of connected insights, of concentrating on one approach at length. ideas and solutions. Mind Maps work in line Techniques that apply Lateral thinking to with your brain’s natural way of thinking. They problems are characterised by the shifting of can be used to draw an overview of a large thinking patterns away from entrenched or complex subject or area. For Service Design predictable thinking to new or unexpected this is important think about services from ideas. a big picture and see the different systemic connections. E E LEGO serious play Parallel thinking LEGO Serious Play can be used to explore participants. The team communicates more With the traditional argument or adversarial from all different angles at the same time relationships and connections between people effectively, engages their imaginations more thinking each side takes a different position which often can be confusing and unproduc- and their worlds in new and enlightening ways. readily and approach their work with increased and then seeks to attack the other side. Each tive. Every angle is discussed together so that During the process it is possible to observe confidence, commitment and insight. This side seeks to prove that the other side is the reference system is the same. both internal and external dynamics, explore allows for taking dialogues to deeper levels. wrong. Adversarial thinking completely lacks various scenarios and quickly gain an aware- a constructive, creative or design element. It In Service Design projects it an ideal way for ness of a variety of possibilities. was intended only to discover the ‘truth’ not all team members to take an active part in to build anything. Serious Play uses three-dimensional thinking the proces. It is a completely new platform for by creating and constructing metaphors to thinking and communicating. is a technique of problem solving by ap- describe real situations an organisation faces. proaching problems indirectly at diverse Service Design Building landscape models with LEGO bricks, angles instead of concentrating on one ap- giving them meaning through storytelling proach at length. This is especially helpful for Appendix and playing-out various possible scenarios a team as it ensures that everybody looks at a deepens understanding, sharpens insight and problem from the same angle. What happens is creates strong bonds among the group of E that a team does not discuss about a problem E 204 205
System thinking Personality matrix A method that is based on the four different Systems thinking involves the use of various areas of human personalities. This method has techniques to study systems of many kinds. been developed in psychology (C. G. Jung) and It includes studying things in a holistic way, is used in branding to identify the personality rather than purely reductionist techniques. of a brand and to ensure that all communica- It focuses on the interactions in a system. tion is inline with this positioning. All Touch- It aims to gain insights into the whole by points of a service are designed to be inline understanding the linkages, interactions and with the same service personality. processes between the elements that comprise the whole “system”. Systems thinking can help in Service Design to understand complex problems that involve multiple actors and a great number of interactions. E E Think tank Specification A written document that specifies the scope An open discussion between experts. Based of a Service Design project or of a specific on questions, problems or ideas a Think Tank service. The specification can be a growing involves specialists to develop solutions and document that evolves based on new insights share their expertise. A Think Tank can be used but is always in line shared and agreed with involving senior staff of the organisation to the team and based on the Service Strategy. develop or evolve the service strategy. This is It represents a detailed goal description and essential to set objectives, criteria and direc- contains criteria for success. The specification tion for the Service Design project. document is especially important for long term and big scale projects. It helps the project team to have a shared focus point and to make Service Design sure that the project stays on track. Appendix E E 206 207
Touchpoints Priority matrix Individual tangibles or interactions that make Helps to sort tasks by their priority. Draw up the total experience of a service. two lines in shape of a letter L where the importance in one direction and urgency in the Touchpoints can take various forms, from other direction. Map out where tasks sit. Tasks advertising to personal cards, web- mobile that are important and urgent need to be dealt phone- and PC interfaces, bills, retail shops, with right away. Tasks that are important but call centres and customer representatives. not urgent can wait. Tasks that are urgent but In Service Design, all Touchpoints needs to be not important can be delegated. Tasks that are concidered in totality and crafted in order to not important and not urgent can be either create a clear, consistent and unified client delegated or as well denied. experience. To design services is a complex team project over time. To manage priorities is crucial for the success of these kind of projects. E E Total quality flow charting Visual thinking Is a visual thinking method. Elements in a Picture Thinking or Visual Thinking is the language. Many elements of Service Design are business process are laid out in a linear fashion phenomenon of thinking through visual difficult to explain with words. Visual thinking (left to right) using key words and symbols, processing, what most people would think can be supported by drawing, selecting and with process flows mapped out using lines with linguistic or verbal processing. It is non combining images or other materials. and arrows. This powerful visual diagramming linear and often has the nature of a computer method has been used widely to simplify simulation. Where in lots of data is put business processes, by eliminating steps that through a process to yield insight into complex don’t add value. systems, which would otherwise be almost impossible through language. To share thoughts with a team, organisa- Service Design tion and / or clients, visualising concepts, strategies and thoughts can help to create Appendix an united vision. Words can be a limited tool and misunderstandings can be bigger when E restricting thinking to only be based on E 208 209
Body-storming Brain-writing, -shaping, etc. The people in a group assemble systems and Brain-writing, -shaping, -racing, -station, try and act out different ideas and possible -charting solutions. The check-in process in an airport Variations of brainstorms (see brainstorm) can be played by a group of people. Every one that are adopted to specific needs of certain person represents one process, function or projects. Somebody in the team can write touch-point. Different scenarios can be played down five ideas. The next person selects one through to develop new ways of combining of these ideas and develops five ideas based existing systems and how to adopt and add on on that idea. Different materials can be used to them. It is a very helpful way of achieving in a brainstorm to shape and build ideas and transparency of complex interactive systems. talk about them. Drawing can be used in a It needs to be facilitated and can be docu- similar way. Given that Service Design projects mented either by filming or taking photos. can have different needs and are often about experiences and complex interactions these other techniques can be very helpful. E E Brainstorming Experience sketching Developing a large number of ideas with a and positive environment. Depending on the This is a special form of group sketching that group of people. It is a meeting in which eve- subject the environment can be themed. Vari- focuses on the experience that clients have in rybody is encouraged to have wild ideas and ous prompts and objects can help to inspire using and performing a service. It helps the where no criticism should take place. The goal ideas. At several stages of a Service Design team to project themselves in the perspective is to generate a great number of ideas – and all project problems need to be solved and ideas of the client and to imagine and plan how they ideas are written down. Usually a brainstorm need to be generated. A brainstorm is a very feel, what they expect and experience. Again is targeted towards one issue which is then cheap, fast and effective way to generate a big sketching is helpful for the team to share the bombarded with ideas. Ideally the ideas build number of ideas. same platform. on each other. The brainstorm can invite people with an expert or outside perspective to inspire the group with surprising ideas. Service Design A brainstorm needs to be facilitated to ensure Appendix the rules are applied, to make sure all ideas are written down and to manage timing. A brainstorm ideally takes place in an inspiring E E 210 211
Group sketching Open space technology Sketching is a very quick and cheap way of To generate ideas in a big group of people maximal fifteen people in one session. After developing ideas and their explanations at the this method is used to run several sessions of the time of the first session is over another same time. It is easier to remember the ideas brainstorms simultaneously. Different issues set of sessions can be run so that everybody and to talk about them. A service idea can or problems that somebody is passionate has the opportunity to host sessions and visit be sketched in a comic format if it is about a about can be posted. The person that posted a sessions. There can be as many sets of sessions series of events over time. Given that people session will be in one area of a room equipped as time allows and there are topics, insights from different backgrounds talk about service mostly with a flip-chart. Everybody that and problems to generate ideas from. Every ideas, sketching helps to share and discuss. is interested in a session can go there and host writes up a session report that includes Designers might have trained sketching as part participate. Everyone works only on topics all the ideas that have been developed. It is a of their education. It is important for them they are interesting and that they feel passion- very good possibility to work together with to forget about rendering and to encourage ate about. They can leave a session at any time different people including experts, clients and other team members to draw simple stickmen. to visit another one. Sessions last between half to generate a huge amount of ideas. Everyone can draw and sketch to explain ideas an hour to one day. There can be three or more in a symbolic way. For example the game sessions at the same time, depending on the Pictionary highlights how people visualise amount of people available. As a rough guide- hings diferently. See also Visual thinkning E line there should be about at least three and E Idea interview Parallel design After an idea or a concept has been developed Two or more groups are working on the it can be discussed with either experts or same design brief at the same time. They clients. This helps to gain additional under- brainstorm, sketch or prototype ideas and standing and to develop the idea further. This solutions for the same problem. The results interview can be based on a very simple idea can be compared and build upon. It is possible statement or as well on an elaborate prototype to swop teams after a period of time to take or mock-up. the work that another group has done further. Not only to have fresh and different views on the same subject this is helpful. As well to make sure that the best Service Design can be identified. The outcome can be several valid Service Design solutions for the same problem. Sometimes Appendix different elements can be combined for one strong concept that addresses several perspec- tives. E E 213 212
Feature tree Randomiser To create concepts and complex solutions A tree diagram is drawn that shows different different ideas can be combined. Randomiser features (needs, functions or elements of a combines different elements or ideas ran- service). For each of the branches it captures domly. The easiest way is to put ideas in card different ideas to achieve that. Different format and take one random card from each concepts can be created in combining each stack. It can be realised with a software as one of the idea branches of all the feature well. It helps to develop concepts and generate branches. For example a service could have more ideas. If a service addresses several is- a waiting area and complaint function. The sues or problems than the ideas and solutions different ideas how the waiting are could for these individual problems can be combined look like and how the complaint system could randomly to develop these combinations work can be combined to generate concepts further. and new ideas. In Service Design this helps to create combinations that can incorporate more than one feature. E E Unfocus group Interviewing a very diverse group of people that are related to the subject in special ways. Subject experts and people that don’t know anything about the subject are brainstorming or discussing about ideas and solutions. Given that the group is mixed and has very different experience with the subject the results and ideas are often open, unique and have a fresh perspective. In Service Design this helps to come up with innovative ideas for new services or how to improve existing services. Service Design Appendix E 215 214
Card sorting Cognitive walkthrough Different ideas or concepts are written on be explained in a way that they can be easily Cognitive walkthrough involves one or a group small cards. The cards are sorted into differ- understood. For Service Design projects this is of evaluators inspecting a service by going ent groups and order. Different stakeholders a very helpful way to understand the criteria through a the stages of the client journey. such as senior representatives of the service fit, the compatibility and the order of quality The service can be presented in the form of provider organisation or clients can sort the of ideas and concepts. a mock-up, a prototype, but it can also be cards in order starting with the best idea. The a fully developed service. The input to the order of cards can be explained to learn from walkthrough also include the client profile, the judgement and to make sure ideas have especially the knowledge. The evaluators may not been misunderstood. include human factors engineers or other specialists. The comparison of the way the idea cards have been sorted gives the team a good indication of the ideas that best fit the criteria or are rel- evant for different departments or clients. The advantage is that the sorting is not influenced by anybody else’s opinion. The ideas have to E A Constructive interaction Character profiles Help to establish a shared understanding in a referenced in detail. They help to have a shared This method is sometimes also called Codis- team to who the clients of a particular service understanding of the clients and to represent covery learning. This method is based upon are. A character profile usually is an image and them throughout a project in a tangible way. the client thinking out loud while performing a a short and relevant description of a fictional In various stages of a Service Design project specific task, and the evaluator recording this character. The purpose is to help the team they can help as inspiration, criteria in asking is some way. By having two users cooperating understand and imagine what sort of client “What would Sarah think about this idea? instead of one, a more natural way of thinking that might be and therefore what needs, Would that work for John?” etc. aloud is present. experience and expectations can be assumed. The results from a Constructive interaction For a project several profiles help to reference session are a lot of qualitative data. Due to individuals that have a face, a job and an this fact, the number of clients does not have opinion. Service Design to be so large, a lot of important and valuable Contrary to personas, character profiles are information could be obtained with just a few Appendix not based on in-depth research. They are clients. therefore cheaper and quicker but at the same time don’t represent profiles that can be E A 216 217
Diagnostic evaluation Expert evaluation From usablity analysis. User based evaluation An expert evaluation is a quick and cost-effi- of a working system, where the primary objec- cient way to pre-empt service implementation tive is to identify usability problems. and usability problems, obtain a fresh per- spective before full testing with real clients. This method can be used to identfy usability Depending on the project a range of experts problems of services. An understanding is is brought in to evaluate components, the us- gained of why clients have difficulty with ability and the feasibility. From the experience the service. Approximate measures can be of these people various potentials, problems obtained for the clients’ satisfaction. and pitfalls can be identified qickly. A E Evaluation review Feasibility check Already existing services and systems they understand the systems and experiences and To identify the implications and possibilities input for further design and development or to are tested and evaluated. This can be either as well raise the sensitiveness towards the of service ideas and concepts internal and make small changes for implementation. Given done by a service expert or by clients, encour- detailed and the holistic design at the same external experts are asked to advise on the that Service Design influences and interacts aged to observe the experience they have in time. feasibility. It might be a principle, a compo- with complex systems over time it is essential using the service and analysing it step by step nent or a detail that needs to be reconsidered to establish ways to check how feasible ideas afterwards. The point is to understand the to make it work. Service ideas and concepts and solutions are and to build on that learning. principles that work really well and the things may have financial, resource, legislative or that don’t work or can be improved. This other implications that need to be taken into method can be used for existing services or consideration. competitive services. Usually it helps to use sensualisation to make Service Design The result is an Evaluation review that points the ideas easy to understand for experts. out the strength and weaknesses as well as Sometime scenarios are necessary to fully Appendix an experience description. As services are explain and discuss the implications of ideas more complex and more individual than other and concepts. Depending on the stage of the designs this is a very valuable method to E project the feasibility check can be used as E 218 219
Heuristic evaluation PEST analysis A form of usability inspection where usability A heuristic or expert evaluation can be Checklist of the political, economic, socio- and emphasis on safety. The technological specialists judge whether each element of a conducted at various stages of the develop- cultural and technological aspects of the factors also include ecological and environ- user interface follows a list of established us- ment lifecycle, although it is preferable to environment. mental aspects and can determine the barriers ability heuristics. Expert evaluation is similar, have already performed some form of context to entry, minimum efficient production level It is a part of the external analysis and gives an but does not use specific heuristics. analysis to help the experts focus on the and influence outsourcing decisions. It looks overview of the different macro-environmen- circumstances of actual or intended usage. at elements such as R&D activity, automation, Usually two to three analysts evaluate the sys- tal factors that an organisation has to take technology incentives and the rate of techno- tem with reference to established guidelines or The method provides quick and relatively into consideration. Political factors include logical change.v principles, noting down their observations and cheap feedback. The results generate good areas such as tax policy, employment laws, often ranking them in order of severity. The ideas for improving a service. environmental regulations, trade restrictions analysts are usually experts in human factors and tariffs and political stability. The economic or HCI, but others, less experienced have also factors are the economic growth, interest been shown to report valid problems. rates, exchange rates and inflation rate. Social factors often look at the cultural aspects and include health consciousness, population A growth rate, age distribution, career attitudes E Pluralistic walkthrough Personas User archetypes that are based on in-depth The advantage of personas is that qualitative A method of usability inspection where a research. They represent patterns that have and quantitative research is available to back diverse group of stakeholders in a design been identified based on research insights. A up the relevance of a certain profile. are brought together to review the design, persona is one fictional character that merges including designers, clients, researchers and patterns that occur in the research. Instead of management. The walkthrough is conducted grouping people in demographic or interest by identifying primary tasks for the service segments personas help to identify relevant system and stepping through those tasks, patterns that cluster qualitative findings. This identifying potential problems along the way. is very relevant to Service Design as it enables The purpose of bringing together various a more detailed and individual understanding stakeholders is that each one brings a certain of a group of clients. perspective, expertise, and set of goals for the Service Design project that enables a greater number of prob- In the Service Design process the personas Appendix lems to be found, specified and documented. have a similar role as character profiles. They help the team to see individuals and they can reference them in different design decisions. E A 220 221
SWOT analysis Retrospective testing After a client testing session has been con- A very effective way of identifying an organi- ducted and videotaped, retrospective testing sations or services Strengths and Weaknesses, lets the client look at the just finished test and of examining the Opportunities and session on a videotape to make additional Threats it is facing. Carrying out an analysis comments while watching. The user’s com- using the SWOT framework helps to focus ments while reviewing the tape are often more activities into areas of strength and where the extensive than comments made during the greatest opportunities lie. actual test session. This also gives the the op- portunity to stop the tape and ask questions about a certain action or comment. A E Sticker vote Task analysis Different ideas, concepts or criteria that have oped and discussed. The process can as well be Task analysis analyses what a client is required been developed are written on cards and repeated with different colours for different to do in terms of actions and / or cognitive pinned on a wall. Every member of the team criteria. That helps to focus on one criteria processes to achieve a task. A detailed task gets three to five small stickers to vote for the and after the process every card can easily be analysis can be conducted to understand the best ones. The cards with the most stickers checked against the criteria it matches. If then current service system and the information have been voted as the best and most relevant. the criteria have different priorities the voted flows within it. These information flows are cards can be sorted against those. In Service important to the maintenance of the existing To ensure that nobody is influenced by the Design projects a lot of decisions need to be system and must be incorporated or substitut- opinion of others, everybody is asked to look made to move on. As Service Design always ed in any new system. Task analysis makes it at the cards before carefully and to decide works in teams it is important to have easy possible to design and allocate tasks appropri- which ones are going to get the stickers. Then and democratic decision processes that involve ately within the new system. The functions to Service Design all put the stickers on at the same time. the whole group and are transparent. be included within the system and the service Appendix It is a very quick and easy way of filtering to interface can then be accurately specified. identify the best and most relevant cards. Usu- ally the voting process is based on an earlier discussion or on criteria that have been devel- E A 223 222
Camera journal Empathy tools Clients are given a simple camera and a journal take images and to leave voice messages with To explain and understand special individual make the same point to explain the back- and asked to document a day, a procedure or an explanation. The clients can be prompted needs these tools are used to experience how ground, insight or solution. As Service Design their view. It can be part of a probes pack or by SMS to take an image of anything next clients experience the service. They can limit is about the experience that clients have it used as separate method. The images com- to them that reminds them of flexibility for or extend certain senses and features. They are helps to have an understanding of special bined with the notes give insights in the way example. Camera journal are a very simple way used to find out how elderly feel in wearing features in this experience in the team and clients see and think. The journal underpins of connecting with real clients and to generate weights and glasses that limit vision. This explain them to stake holders. the images with explanations that explain rich qualitative material and relevant insights helps the Service Design team to understand their motivations, goals and expectations. in their life, goals and needs. The journal and and explain the problems and possibilities that Camera journals can be used to document a the images are a very valuable tool to share a service concept is linking in. theatre booking, to document good service and explain the findings and later on ideas and To explain how a emergency service for lorry experiences etc. concepts. drivers works it helps to involve oily hands. The The camera journals are very rich and tangible experience can then be addressed in the way material to explain the way clients think and the service works. It is important that empa- can be used as inspiration for the idea develop- thy tools are used for a clear point. Sometimes ment. Modern camera phones can be used to E the effort is not feasible and a short video can E Charactter profiles Experience prototyping Help to establish a shared understanding in a referenced in detail. They help to have a shared To try and test how service ideas and compo- team to who the clients of a particular service understanding of the clients and to represent nents work in the context of real life. Given are. A character profile usually is an image and them throughout a project in a tangible way. that services never exist in isolation the a short and relevant description of a fictional In various stages of a Service Design project prototyping and testing requires the reassem- character. The purpose is to help the team they can help as inspiration, criteria in asking bly of reality to frame the environment and understand and imagine what sort of client “What would Sarah think about this idea? expectation to ensure the service experience that might be and therefore what needs, Would that work for John?” etc. is overall similar to the one it would be if the experience and expectations can be assumed. service would exist. Often that means that the For a project several profiles help to reference service needs to be put into a temporary exist- individuals that have a face, a job and an ence. People that use it should use it naturally opinion. and under reality conditions. Sometimes that Service Design requires a lot of effort in creating spaces, Contrary to personas, character profiles are Appendix atmospheres and settings and sometimes all is not based on in-depth research. They are needed is a phone and an actor that pretends therefore cheaper and quicker but at the same to be the hotline. time don’t represent profiles that can be E E 225 224
Mock-ups Informance Performing insights and information. To find Informance can be used to present insights to Mostly mock-ups are photo montages that mock-ups are very strong tools to explain and unique and relevant ways to act and dramatise the team. It is very engaging, motivating and illustrate an idea. They use images of existing sell ideas. But they can often be understood to information is a very interesting way of the presented facts can be easier remembered. situations and scenery to mount elements on be final solutions. Either the execution reflects presenting, explaining and sharing. Depending The different elements such as videos, maps them and combine them in a way that explains this or it needs to be made clear if the discus- on the project this method can be used to etc. can be combined to a performance. Clients an idea or a service concept. Mock-ups can as sion is about the principle concept or about package and stage information. Storytellers can be asked to be part of the performance. well be prototypes and dummies that illustrate detail elements. With that in mind mock-ups and actors can be involved. It is important that principles and ideas in creating a model. The are very useful to have very tangible and visual the way the story is performed is relevant and idea of printing individual poems on coffee tools in development of services. Mock-ups supports the content and the message. cups could be illustrated by digital effects or can be so elaborate that they can be used as could be printed and mounted on an actual prototypes to test them as parts of the service cup to then be photographed. It needs to be experience. They can be part of scenarios or considered what the mock-ups are needed for. used for visioning. Sometimes a very rough execution has the advantage that everybody understands E that the idea is just one possibility. Perfect E Metaphors Moodboard To explain service ideas often metaphors A chameleon represents flexibility and people A collage of different images and materials is of a new service different elements and are very useful. They find an example from will remember that principle of the service used to show a certain mood or atmosphere. It components or touch-points can be integrated another field to explain the principle of an better if metaphors are used to explain the is the combination of certain images that cre- in the mood-board. Given that Service Design idea or concept. It is easier for people to relate unique features. ates an overall impression. The board overall develops and designs experiences that involve to metaphors and to remember the idea as represents the mood of a service experience or different elements and work with different the metaphor bridges the new concept with of the environment where the service will take people this method helps to establish a shared a familiar concept. If a service helps business place. It helps to explain unconscious, sensual understanding of the mood and atmosphere people to find partners that they could learn and intangible values of a service that are that a service uses and represents. from a dating site could be a metaphor that difficult to capture by words. immediately explains the principle how this Some of the images are conceptual, some service would work in principle. Service Design show details and some are metaphoric. To It sometimes helps as well to learn from explain a very friendly and warm service Appendix metaphors for the actual service design. In experience, images of smiles, warm colours, presentations metaphors can be used to metaphors like a grandmother and soft images underpin certain principles in a tangible way. E could be used for example. To show the mood E 226 227
Moodfilm Rough prototyping The next level of a mood board is reached by A very quick and simple way to create proto- Trying out rough versions often triggers adding audio visual elements. The images that types. To represent and test ideas anything new ideas and possibilities. It is important could be used for a mood-board are assembled that is available can be used to assemble that Service Design works as interactive and according to the atmosphere in the way they components of a service. In difference to tangible as possible. It enables the team to are cut, in the rhythm that is used and in the experience prototyping that tries to be as understand the service not only in theory. The music that is used. Footage of the environ- close to reality as possible, rough prototyping hands on experience is important to develop ment and the actions that assemble the is quick and dirty. It is used to try ideas out and explain service experiences. service help to support the specific imagina- quickly, develop them further or use the tion of the service experience. Mood-films are prototype as manifestation. It helps a team to a very strong presentation format for Service have the same reference and to make sure they Design concepts. are talking about the same thing. E E Personas Role play User archetypes that are based on in-depth In the Service Design process the personas Actors or team members act out how the play can either be performed live or recorded research. They represent patterns that have have a similar role as character profiles. They service works. To show how different elements on video. The role play can be planned and been identified based on research insights. A help the team to see individuals and they can of a service concept work it helps to pretend tested in form of a story-board. In Service persona is one fictional character that merges reference them in different design decisions. that it existed and to play out a journey or Design many interactions with people are patterns that occur in the research. Instead of The advantage of personas is that qualitative one element of the service experience. The designed. It is supportive to work with people grouping people in demographic or interest and quantitative research is available to back interaction with people can be very effectively in the design and to explain the design in segments personas help to identify relevant up the relevance of a certain profile. and easily shown. It is possible to play the showing how it would work by acting it out. patterns that cluster qualitative findings. This same act with different character profiles on is very relevant to Service Design as it enables the side of the client role and with different a more detailed and individual understanding service executions. of a group of clients. Service Design This method helps to explain, develop and test service interactions and experiences. Rough Appendix prototyping can be used together with role play to show how different components would E work in the context of the service. The role E 228 229
Scenario Social network mapping Explains a client journey in a story format. A service design. It needs to be clear what the Every person is involved in several private understood. For Service Design it is not only scenario can be either animated or filmed. It idea or concept is that needs to be explained. It and professional networks. To map all these important to understand people. It is relevant illustrates an idea or concept in the context usually is difficult to explain to many things at networks and the way they link together helps to find ways to explain and share in the team of the client’s life. It shows the principles, once. Several scenarios help to show different to understand the social system, sources and and with stake holders how these people relate features in everyday situations and the aspects and variations. needs for service and to explain how clients to networks and systems and how a service implications on the client. live. Network maps are especially interesting would interact with that. The story element of scenarios is important tools when a service has social or communica- A redesigned or new service concept can be for everybody to relate to it and to support tion aspects. explained with different clients (e.g. character imagination but it shouldn’t distract from profiles) to show how the experience will the actual idea. Scenarios is a very powerful It helps as well to explain how professional differ. In order to develop a scenario several method to explain interactive experiences over and social life link into each other. Network decisions need to be made beyond the actual time. maps are very useful to explain what kind of concept. people a service is working with. It needs to be considered that sometimes the maps need Therefore the scenario development will additional explanation to make sure that all question how the ideas work in context and E systems and components in the map can be E is in a way a step towards a more detailed Storyboarding Tomorrows headlines To explain a set of events or a story different board is rather rough there is more room for Newspaper and magazine headlines are senger wait less and the airport even makes key situations are illustrated on each one interpretation which can be supportive or written from a future perspective to illustrate profit from it.” As services are intangible this screen or sheet. It is a step by step explanation limiting. It can be helpful that a story-board the impact that a service idea or concept simple method is a good way for a shared of a service experience or journey. It is can be has a sketch feel to underline the fact that would have. This is a simple and easy way to understanding of ideas and the consequent sketched or mocked-up in Photoshop. It helps it is a concept and not a solution. In Service use the principle of visioning. The front cover advantages in the future. Given that it is about to test and explain how different touch-points Design it is a very useful method to explain of Time magazine in 2010 could illustrate how writing everybody in a multidisciplinary team work and link into each other. how a service works. Given that every slide or a new service is going to impact and influence can easily participate and relate to it. page can be changed it is very flexible and can peoples lives and its perception in the future. A story-board is a very useful presentation be easily adopted. Some parts of the story can format but usually is not self explanatory. Often this method gives a strong sense of be used several times to show different ideas. It can be combined with text that explains shared vision and can help as reminder and Only some of the slides need to be changed to Service Design each frame and tells the story. Sometimes the motivation. adopt the story. story-board can be divided in a front stage and Appendix It can be used as well to capture what a service back stage area and show the experience of idea is about. It could suggest advantages the client and what happens in the background like “Orgeo-Hospital saved $10m by creating to facilitate the service. Given that a story E E a fantastic treatment experience.” or “Pas- 230 231
Try it yourself Members of the Service Design team try out These tests not only create a new level of services or components themselves. This is a understanding the domain they provide highly very simple but highly effective way to test relevant insights. Especially for people that but as well to imagine to be in the client’s work for a service organisation it is interesting shoes. It can be used to test existing services, to project themselves in the client perspective competitive services or service prototypes. and try to document step by step how they would try to find out about the booking line It is a very different experience to observe number. They might be surprised how they clients or talk to clients than testing services would try to find out and what is actually oneself. The test can be documented either available. Services are individual experiences, in film or notes or in a report afterwards. It it is important to experience them to un- is important to try services not as a robotic derstand how clients think and what their neutral observer but as a individual person expectations are. with feelings, mood and expectations and to reflect these in the documentation. E Visioning Using the future perspective to explain and The results of visioning are artefacts that a discuss the consequence of ideas. Mock-ups, group of scientists could of brought back from scenarios, videos and other elements are used time-travelling exploration into the future. to create a vision that shows how an idea or For example a TV documentary in the future a service concept would work in the future. could talk about the service and how it works. As well referred to as evidencing, visioning is As service concepts are often systemic and de- a very powerful tool to discuss a “how would pendent on certain other factors this method that be” perspective and to refer backwards is very helpful to skip the development in on the consequent steps how to get there other areas for example like technology and rather than killing ideas with “we can’t do that social changes. anyway”. Service Design Appendix E 233 232
Blueprint Guidelines Process diagram and model of all details of ised against the blueprint. A blueprint can Document that specifies details, features and It is important that guidelines consider the a service. A blueprint shows in a schematic dia- either exist as a two dimensional map or as a behaviours. A guideline helps to implement recipient and are written and designed to gram how different service components link interactive system. Blueprinting is very similar a service. It is an important communication address the situation they are in. Guidelines into each other. It is divided in client facing to information architecture for complex digital between the design team and the execution can be provided in various formats but are and backstage processes. It shows different systems. Service Design extends the need of personnel. It is essential to ensure consistency. usually provided in a simple format that is easy touch-points and the different options that mapping complex interactive systems. In order It is as well important to specify and decide to understand and actionable. Usually it is clients have to choose from. On a blueprint to supply services different systems need to about details. Depending on the service a helpful if the format allows that the guidelines all possible client journeys that are possible work together and the behaviour and actions guideline can be regarding systems, settings can be easily updated. within a service can be overseen. The blueprint of staff and clients need to be incorporated. or staff. is a very essential element to plan and design Blueprints are an essential discussion base services. Along the different pathways it and planning tool. But they are essential to can be specified, how long processes take, implement services. And in order to maintain what they need and what their outputs are. and improve services blueprints help a Service Blueprints are the basis for planning in order Design team to make changes. to put a service into action. All components and processes need to be aligned and organ- E E Business plan Intranet Document that specifies and plans the Internal online platform that is used to provide implementation and roll out of a service. It is information and the latest guidelines and a detailed concept that considers and explains templates within the organisation. It is an the market the service is going to operate in, easy way to keep everybody up to date and for the way the service will be promoted, what everybody to access the different documents processes and systems are necessary and how they need. They can be used to share feedback they work together, what kind of people are and to monitor different stages of testing, required, what virtual and physical space is implementing and monitoring services. An in- needed, which systems are in place to monitor tranet can be used as well to share information and evaluate, how the economic model works about the service that is provided to certain and how it is going to develop over time. clients. It is overall a very flexible system that Service Design can be adopted and help to provide the service. Appendix It can change very easily which is an important feature in Service Design. E E 235 234
Line of balance Service prototype Line Of Balance is a management control To try and test how service ideas and compo- process for collecting, measuring and present- nents work in the context of real life. Given ing facts relating to time, cost and accomplish- that services never exist in isolation the ment - all measured against a specific plan. It prototyping and testing requires the reassem- shows the process, status, background, timing bly of reality to frame the environment and and phasing of the project activities, thus expectation to ensure the service experience providing management with measuring tools is overall similar to the one it would be if the that help: service would exist. Often that means that the service needs to be put into a temporary exist- Bill Hollins suggests that this method is useful ence. People that use it should use it naturally in Service Design to time parts of a process to and under reality conditions. Sometimes that ensure the best use of resources. requires a lot of effort in creating spaces, atmospheres and settings and sometimes all is needed is a phone and an actor that pretends to be the hotline. E E Role script Specificatioin Document that specifies the role within a A written document that specifies the scope service performance. It provides service staff of a Service Design project or of a specific with a script including the different possible service. The specification can be a growing service scenarios. It helps them to understand document that evolves based on new insights the concept and their role in playing a part in but is always in line shared and agreed with making it reality. the team and based on the Service Strategy. It represents a detailed goal description and contains criteria for success. The specification document is especially important for long term and big scale projects. It helps the project team to have a shared focus point and to make Service Design sure that the project stays on track. Appendix E E 236 237
Templates Are useful documents and tools that help to In Service Design are important for a number implement a service consistently. In differ- of different activities. They help to translate ence to guidelines templates imply the rules the concept together with the detailed design in the format and the way the templates are into action. They can be used as well to provide designed allows only outcomes that are in a consistent structure but to still allow some line with the intended guidelines. Instead of flexible and individual adoptions. instructions how to write the job descrip- tion for counter staff different modules are provided that cater for the instructions in the way they are written. Templates are easier to use than guidelines, ensure that the results are conform but are less flexible. E Wizard of Oz The name of this technique obviously comes from the film The Wizard of OZ and is refering to the man behind the curtain. It has a long tradition in the computer industry and is used to test hard to implement features. In Service Design some of the details of solutions can be improved and adopted in faking that they exist. Role play can be used to pretend to the client that the human side of the service is already in place which is one of Service Design the advantages in services. If terminal systems or any other but human interfaces are used the Appendix Wizar of Oz can help to complete the service experience as if the service would already be completely implemented. A 238 239
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http://indere.com/en http://useit.com/papers Web links Laubersheimer, Wolfgang et. al. (1998): Gestaltung http://sonicrim.com http://econcept.org http://sixapart.com von Service Produkten – Service Design & Service http://sdu.dk/Nat/MCI http://37signals.com http://blackbeltjones.com Engineering. http://cooper.com http://ittatc.org/technical/access-ucd http://ag.arizona.edu/fcs/cyfernet/cyfar http://dcontinuum.com http://webwritingthatworks.com Mager, Birgit (1996): Die schlechte Form – Klopfen http://zeromillion.com/entrepreneurship http://spiritofcreation.com http://ida.liu.se/~TDDC19 und Warten. Form 2/96. http://vcn.bc.ca/citizens-handbook http://service-design.de http://oddcast.com/sitepal http://co-intelligence.org Mager, Birgit (2000): Am Anfang ist alles Service. http://livework.co.uk http://uzanto.com/research http://changingminds.org/disciplines/change_management Der Gehilfe - Vom Dienstboten zum Service-De- http://serviceinnovation.com http://deyalexander.com/resources http://changingminds.org sign, Exhibition catalogue. Museum für Gestalt- http://interaction-ivrea.it/en http://7nights.com/asterisk http://openspaceworld.org ung. Zürich. http://affect.media.mit.edu http://renault.com/gb/decouverte http://yourcreativefuture.org http://mit.edu http://mycoted.com/creativity/techniques Mager, Birgit (2001): Wanderausstellung Service http://id.iit.edu http://hcii.cmu.edu http://portal.e-innovation.org - Ein Produkt. Exhibition catalogue. http://doblin.com http://sistemadesignitalia.it http://visualthesaurus.com http://aiga.org Parmenter, Delphine (1997): INSEAD case study. First http://vision.unn.ac.uk http://paulekman.com http://businessballs.com Direct: Branchless Banking. INSEAD. France. http://wmin.ac.uk/dm http://visualthesaurus.com http://worldbank.org/data/archive/wdi http://servicedesignnetwork.org http://mindtools.com Rae, Jeneanne M. & Ogilvie, Timothy J. (2004): http://caci.co.uk http://dl2100.de http://louiseferguson.com/resources Services Are Different: Head’s Up! On Organizational http://designcouncil.org.uk http://serviceinnovation.org http://observationskills.open.ac.uk Innovation. InnovationNetwork. http://servicedesign.org http://io.tudelft.nl/id-studiolab http://nathan.com/ed/glossary http://omnigroup.com Sangiorgy, Daniela (2003): Design dei servizi come http://peerinsight.com http://betterproductdesign.net/tools http://stcsig.org/usability/resources/toolkit design dei sistemi di attività. La teoria dell’attività http://diec.co.uk http://jkp.com/mindreading http://daveburgess.ca/og applicata alla progettazione dei servizi. Politecnico http://designcouncil.org.uk http://userfocus.co.uk/resources di Milano. http://blackbeltjones.com/work/artifacts http://oecd.org Magazines http://hostserver150.com/usabilit/tools Shostack, G. Lynn (1984): Designing Services That http://goodgestreet.com · brand1 http://infodesign.com.au/usabilityresources/design Deliver. Harvard Business Review. http://spy.co.uk/writing/blueprint/ID · The Economist http://jthom.best.vwh.net/usability http://parc.xerox.com/research · Form: Zeitschrift für Gestaltung. http://nada.kth.se/cid/usor http://braindrums.com http://eias.ie http://treasury.govt.nz/innovation Other http://iainstitute.org/tools http://deyalexander.com/resources Papers IDEO (2003): Method Cards. Palo Alto. Stoutbooks. http://skymark.com/resources/tools Hollins, Bill (2003): About: Service Design, Design Service Design http://blog.fastcompany.com http://deyalexander.com/resources http://interaction.rca.ac.uk Council http://pers-www.wlv.ac.uk Appendix http://interaction.rca.ac.uk/research http://sotech.com Hugentobler, Hans Kaspar et. al. (2003): Designing http://smart.uiah.fi/luotain http://design.philips.com a Methods Platform and Toolbox for Design and http://smart.uiah.fi/proomu http://graphicguides.grove.com Design Research. Institute of Integrated Design. http://smart.uiah.fi/edesign 243 242 http://mycoted.com/creativity/techniques Bremen. http://goodgestreet.com/experience
Acknowledgements Service Design Big thanks, Practical access to an evolving field Especially to Birgit Mager, Michel Erlhoff, Stefan Moritz – 11024114 – 2005 – 11. Semester Sean Blair & Elin Falk! Köln International School of Design To my family as well as to Kevin Gavaghan, Harvey MEDes – MA European Studies in Design Dodgson, Bill Hollins, Lavrans Løvlie, Chris Downs, Fran Samalionis, Shelley Evenson, Stefan Holmlid, University of Applied Sciences Cologne, Daniela Sangiorgi, Elena Pacenti, Astrid van der Fachhochschule Köln Auwera, Vijay Kumar, Oddcast Sitepal, Caroline Faculty of Cultural Sciences, Ball, Hans Kaspar Hugentobler, Wolfgang Jonas, Fakultät Kulturwissenschaften Joshua Rex, Tom P. Schaafs, David Griffiths, Ian Coxon, Wayne Fletcher, Charlotte Freemantle, Prof. Birgit Mager Lynette Webb, Nigel Morris, Jerry Buhlmann, Head of department for Service Design Susannah Outfin, Sue Frogley, Stephen White, Alison Wilde, Rosa Leung, April Simpson, Polly Versicherung (soon to be Williams) Ward, Tony Williams, Phil Hiermit versichere ich, dass ich die Arbeit Gullen, Lennert Dorman, Benjamin Schulz, Nenji selbstständig angefertigt habe und keine anderen Tsuchiya, Simone Prim, Franz Braunagel, Tom als die angegebenen und bei Zitaten kenntlich Büscher, Robert Sucher, Stephanie Jerey, Ian gemachten Quellen und Hilfsmittel benutzt habe. Crawford & Serita Suman. Stefan Moritz, London, 2005-06-24 Service Design Appendix 244 245
Practical access to service design
Practical access to service design

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Practical access to service design

  • 1. KISD Service Design Service Design practical access to an evolving field 1 Stefan Moritz
  • 3. Service Design Practical access to an evolving field Stefan Moritz, London 2005 Köln International School of Design MEDes – MA European Studies in Design University of Applied Sciences Cologne Fachhochschule Köln Service Design Faculty of Cultural Sciences Fakultät Kulturwissenschaften © Copyright 2005 Stefan Moritz, All rights reserved. To use any of the contents of this work a permission of the author is required in writing. practical access to an evolving field Contact: hello@stefan-moritz.com To use any of the material that does not belong to the Prof. Birgit Mager author the permission of the individual originator is Head of department for Service Design required.
  • 4. Executive summary Service Design helps to This summary provides an insight into Service Service Design integrates management, market- Design and how it can help address some key ing, research and design. It acts as an interface challenges facing organisations today. and connects organisations and clients in a new way. Service Design is a new holistic, multi-disciplinary, innovate (create new) or integrative field. It helps to either innovate or improve services to make them more useful, us- able, desirable for clients, as well as more efficient Many organisations in the market today are working to improve and innovate services, and there are many great examples of that in Virgin and effective for organisations. Atlantic, First Direct, FedEx, however, improve- improve (existing) services The service sector makes up the biggest part of the economy, up to 70% of GDP. However, services ment is seldom done regularly, systematically or even intentionally. That is why there is a need for dedicated Service Design. are not as productive for organisations and as to make them more useful, satisfying for clients as they could be. Services Recognising how Service Design can give organisa- have a design problem. tions a significant competitive advantage is a starting point. From there, to get involved in Professionals in the service sector need to realise Service Design it is essential to first have a com- that they are involved in design and use Service usable, desirable for clients plete understanding of it and this paper sets out Design to improve it. Services have unique fea- in detail what is required to do so. It explains and tures. They are not tangible, cannot be stored or describes the framework in which service design owned, consumption happens at the same time as operates, explores existing models, details the six production and they are complex experiences that and efficient as well as minds-sets required to complete a service design happen over time. Therefore, designing services project (understanding, thinking, generating, requires special considerations. filtering, explaining and realising) and provides Design as a whole has changed and Service overview models, a process and a practical job effective for organisations. Design can address the unique challenges that description. the service economy is facing. Design is not only To conclude, Service Design is a very different way crafting details of products anymore. It is a field of approaching the way we think of the relation- that designs complex and interactive experiences, ship between organisations and clients. This paper It is a new holistic, multi- processes and systems. It involves expertise and defines the essential role that Service Design can experts from related fields and clients in the play in nurturing that relationship through the design process. It uses special processes, tools and creation of outstanding and innovative service methods. experiences. Through Service Design organisations disciplinary, integrative field. Service Design arose about 10 years ago. Since then it has continued to evolve through a number of channels and has gained significant momentum can create competitive advantages, loyal satis- fied clients and higher profit margins. Improving services is essential – not only to drive organisa- in the last couple of years through the develop- tions forward, but economies too. ment of an international Service Design Network.
  • 5. Contents INTRODUCTION ACCESS TO SERVICE DESIGN 13 About this paper 113 Bridging the gap 15 Goal 115 Service Design framework 17 Methodology 121 Service Design overview 123 Service Design (SD) tasks CHANGING WORLD 124 — SD Understanding 23 Service revolution 12 8 — SD Thinking 29 What differentiates services 132 — SD Generating 32 Understanding design 13 6 — SD Filtering 14 0 — SD Explaining SERVICE DESIGN SOLUTION 14 4 — SD Realising 39 What is Service Design 14 9 Considerations 43 What differentiates Service Design 15 0 Service Design overview model 48 Areas with related expertise 15 4 Service Design process 57 Service Design benefits 161 Service Design role description service design evolution CONCLUSION 66 Service Design to date 167 Conclusion 69 Service Design players 73 The Service Design Network APPENDIX 75 Examples of outstanding services 177 Glossary service design reality 18 5 Service Design tools & methods 85 Who is designing services now 241 Bibliography 89 Workshop with practitioners 24 4 Acknowledgements Service Design Contents 8 9
  • 6. 10 Introduction INTRODUCTION 11 Service Design
  • 7. About this paper Objective The paper explores this question, identifies how This paper introduces Service Design as a way for possible tasks can be addressed by Service Design practitioners to deliver value for their organisa- and it develops a model that groups tasks into a tion. This paper looks at the development of workable framework. Service Design and describes where it is at Which tools can be used to enable Service Design? today. It gives people that work with services an Which can be identified in other disciplines? How understanding of, and practical access to, Service can some of them need be adopted to Service Design. Design? And overall: Which ones can be developed specifically for designing services? Enable understanding and access The paper also helps identify the skills required to The service economy is booming – yet clients manage and become active in Service Design and are not always satisfied, and the service sector explores a set of tools that are helpful to achieve is still less productive than the manufacturing those tasks. sector.1 Service Design is a new field in which user oriented strategies and concepts are designed to make services work better for an organisation and their clients. Service Design is offering a competi- tive advantage for organisations and ensuring quality experiences for clients. For example it helps organisations to offer better services than their competitors and to raise clients awareness to the service they consume. However, so far only a few organisations use it.2 Why? Service Design Introduction 13 12 1 According to the UK treasury the service sector is 1/3 less productive than the manufacturing sector, as stated by Kevin Gavaghan in a conversation. 2 As found e.g. by research of the University of Westminster
  • 8. Goal “One of the big The complex and multi-disciplinary field of Service Design according to some experts can address some of the key challenges that our To me is clear that I have a unique opportunity to use the experience and the network that partially result from the MEDes1 and from Birgit Mager’s2 challenges is to get society and economy is facing. Given that Services have specific implications, designing them is a complex, iterative and support and endorsement. The combination of both enables me finally to write the first master in Service Design – a subject that I’m very passionate about. people in the service multi-disciplinary process. Service Design is a field that allows and encourages competencies from This work includes four chapters. The first chapter different fields to come together. Experts from sets out to set up the background for the develop- different disciplines have contributed with various ment of Service Deisgn, including the changes in industry to realise that perspectives to this new practice. the economy and in design. The second chapter gives an insight into Service Design as a new field, To make it easy for a broad range of professionals including what it differientates and what it can to fully understand Service Design, this work deliver. The third chapter explores how Service sets out to turn Service Design into a tangible, they are involved in Design can be made accessible in a practical way. accessible reality. As a practical starting kit it The fourth chaper is the conclusion of this work. compiles tools and methods of Service Design to The working process has been kept transparent facilitating the explanation of Service Design to and documented via a Blog.3 This paper includes clients, institutions and investors. design and to get help research, thoughts and reasoning as well as some In addition this work gives me, as the author, the material that specifically helps to understand opportunity to establish a holistic and practi- Service Design. Quotes, visual material and sum- cal knowledge of Service Design, as well as an maries support this paper to be a compact and to improve it.” opportunity to explore and understand various reader friendly summary of Service Design. tools and experts in Service Design and its related fields. It enables me to examine this field from an international perspective, to equip myself with a broad range of valuable contacts, tools and Bill Hollins, Service Design pioneer knowledge. Service Design Introduction 15 14 1 MEDes – European studies in design. A new programme joining seven European design universities, including two years in two different countries. 2 Birgit Mager is Professor for Service Design at Köln International School of Design, Cologne 2 On-line communication platform: http://master.stefan-moritz.com
  • 9. Methodology In the four different areas of research, interviews, desk research and a workshop were used to CONDUCTED RESEARCH ivestigate and understand Service Design, related fields, service practitioners and various tools. 1. Service Design To establish a profound understanding of the · Literature review Service Design field various papers and books have · Expert interviews been reviewed. A seminar that was conducted by · Model & process review RSA-Design1 in London helped to gain understand- · Tool analysis ing of different perspectives on Service Design. The attendance of a one-day workshop for prac- 2. Related fields titioners in the service sector that Birgit Mager · Expert interviews held in Cologne, helped to understand the detailed · Model & process review background, tools and methods of Service Design · Tool analysis as well as the audience that attended this work- shop. 3. Practitioners · Interviews Several interviews and conversations with various · Desk research Service Design experts helped to gain understand- · Workshop ing not only about the Service Design practice but also about the landscape and actors within 4. Service Design Tools this new field and different perspectives. The · Interviews emerging international Service Design Network was · Desk research a crucial platform to access people and material. · Prototyping Different resources that are available from those · Workshop Service Design experts have been reviewed and analysed. n Service Design Introduction 16 17 1 The Royal Society for the encouragement of Arts, Manufactures & Commerce. http://www.rsa-design.net/
  • 10. n Methodology Service Design is a multi-disciplinary approach. The various relating and overlapping fields have been reviewed to research relevant existing tools. The methods and tools that are available within these areas of related Business expertise have been reviewed to be applied or adopted to Service Design. Experts in some areas have been consulted to gain detailed understanding of the tasks that cover the discipline and the tasks and skills that are used to perform these tasks. The understanding of the related fields is crucial to understanding Service Design. The audience that this work aims to enable to use Service Design was specified in the goal. To find out their context, needs and goals several interviews have been conducted. This understanding is crucial for the suc- cess of this work. To investigate how different tools can be used with this audience a workshop has been carried out. Research that was available from Service Design the University of Westminster has been reviewed and gave insights into the way that services are currently developed and innovated. Research has also been undertaken to analyse the tools that are currently being used by the various academic and consultancy players in the Service Design Network. Desk research into existing tools has helped to gain a list of tools and methods that can be used in Service Design as such or that can be adopted to the specific needs of Service Design. Design A Service Design workshop helped to identify insights, develop ideas and find solutions and to test different tools. In the workshop a supporting service has been discussed and designed. This activity therefore covered Related rich results: Insights into the needs of practitioners, the development of ideas, and testing the tools that have been prepared especially for this fields workshop. The end result of this work can be seen as a starting point and discussion base. It enables precise and quality input from both sides, the Service Design experts and the service practitioner community. Service Design Introduction [ model one ] Where does Service Design fit in? This map shows two things: Service Design is part of the worlds of Business, 18 19 Design and Related fields. Only some aspects of the whole systems are covered in this work. The description of the methodology highlights what these areas are.
  • 11. 20 Changing world CHANGING WORLD 21 Service Design
  • 12. “There’s been a lot of focus Service revolution Four main drivers lead the on product innovation over We are surrounded by services every day. – We listen to the radio. – The window cleaner makes service revolution sure that the sun can shine into our apart- ment. – Our mail is delivered. – The hairdresser 1 . The service economy is booming the years, but very little gives us a new summer cut. – We borrow books from the library. – We go online, book our holiday and finally take the plane to the Caribbean. – 2 . The product market is satisfied 3 . Technology enables services discussion or thought on And that is not new. Services have been around for centuries – the old Greek and Romans had serv- 4 . Humans have individual needs ants and even prior to that services were provided and also paid for. innovation in the service Still, we are aware that some things have changed dramatically in the last say 25 years. We have reached the end of the monopoly of the industrial sector – despite the vast era.1 In the end of the 19th century the steam machine, bigger factories, new inventions and methods pushed a mass of cheaper goods in the growth of that part of market. The industrial revolution created an ocean of cheaper and better products in developed countries. Today, most households have two TVs, an electrical toothbrush, a car, and most of us our economy.” stereos and PCs. Like the industrial revolution that transformed society and economy we are now about to experience the service revolution.2 Changing world Service Design John A. Byrne, editor-in-chief of Fast Company magazine, January 21, 2005 23 22 Service Innovation, http://blog.fastcompany.com 1 Thackara, John: In the Bubble 2 Conversations with Lavrans Løvlie
  • 13. n Service revolution 1. The service economy is booming 2. The product market is satisfied The World bank recognises a strong growth of the “As a consequence of mass and serial production, service sector and expanding trade in services: products increasingly resemble each other.” 6 “Service industries increased their share of the Over the last years products got more and more world economy during the past two decades, while similar. From a client* standpoint the twenty the relative shares of agriculture and industry different washing powders that are available in shrank in most developing regions.” 1 every super market are all fulfilling the same purpose. And the basic function of cleaning and The service economy is the dominant part of the basic quality is taken for granted for all of them. In economy of most developed countries. The USA the last years branding has worked on positioning, and Japan are the worlds leading countries in their creating unique selling propositions and market- massive service economies. Catching up with ing has pushed and promoted those products. A this in European countries, services are becoming documentary revealed that shampoo packaging increasingly important for the economy. Up to is redesigned every two weeks in Germany on 70% of the GNP lies in the service sector today.2 average. But also outside the FMCG market many Service has been recognised as third sector beside new versions of old prodcuts are being created all agriculture and manufacturing. In the past years the time, even though the results are not always a fourth sector around transformation of data innovative or very different from before.7 and information into knowledge has also been This is not to say that there won’t be new unique recognised.3 The currency of that new economy products. However, the industrial revolution ena- lies mainly in services. bled a new quality of life in developed countries. Pure service companies are emerging in surprising Results such as the Volkswagen peoples car or Ikea places. Product companies are developing into furniture enabled a wide range of people to afford solutions companies by adding services to accom- designed products. To make prices even cheaper pany their products. Jan Carlson at Scandinavian and to be more competitive most producing Airlines said: “We don’t fly planes any more – we companies moved their manufacturing facilities fulfil the travel needs of our clients.” 4 to low price countries mainly in Asia. More and more hybrid product-service companies Services are used to support products com- are relying a lot more on services. For example the petitiveness and to ad value. Many products are Changing world revenue mix at IBM has gone from platforms for services. More and more the real Service Design 68% products / 32% services in 1994 business does lie in services and products repre- to 48% / 52% in 2003, a 63% change in ten years.5 sent the possibility to consume the service. But 25 24 1 World bank. Retrieved from the world wide web the 2005-03-12. 6 Mager, Birgit (2004): Service Design. A Review. (page 9). Cologne http://www.worldbank.org Supermarket shelf: The product market is satisfied. Over the last years products got more and more similar. 7 http://uiaf.fi/projects/zone 2 DIEC. Retrieved from the world wide web the 2005-03-16. http://diec.co.uk * In this work the word client is used consistently instead of customer, consumer or user. This is representing the change of thinking in Service 3 Bel, Daniel: The Coming of Post-Industrial Society Design towards seeing and treating clients as important and part of the process. 4 Mager, Birgit (2004-11-16): Service Design workshop, Cologne 5 Rae, Jeneanne M. et. al. (2004): Services Are Different. In Head’s Up! On Organizational Innovation. Online weekly. InnovationNetwork.
  • 14. n Service revolution this does not mean that products are not impor- 3. Technology enables services 4. Humans have individual needs Conclusions tant any more. Services are integrated in complex A change in technology resulted in the industrial Clients are complicated. They have individual The opportunity for Service Design is to address hybrid product and service units that complement revolution. It changed the way companies worked needs and expectations that can’t be standard- these drivers and to support the service market the service offering. For example a mobile phone and offered many new possibilities. Furthermore, ised. Depending on context and situation every with new concepts. The future lies in good as a product is the enabling platform to use the the service revolution is based on a wide range client has different needs even for the same serv- designed services. Successful organisations service of communication. The phone mostly of technological changes. The internet, telecom- ice. The same person might want to go through an have moved from product centred organisations comes for free with a service contract. This exam- munications, computers & wireless devices airport very quickly on a business trip but might towards offering mainly services, other organisa- ple has been used a lot to illustrate how important again open up many possibilities. All these new want to relax with a coffee and do some shopping tions can benefit from such change too. services are and that products are just there for technologies work as service enablers.7 Services on a private holiday. This need goes clearly beyond The market is full of products. Organisations the service. Yet the mobile phone is playing a can be provided in new ways. Banking for example different packaging of the same things. In a store need to find new ways of standing out against significant role as a fashion item. Therefore the is now possible via the internet or on the phone. somebody wants to browse around themselves the competition and to offer new value. Just service hybrid represents a new unit that requires New services can be offered such as broadband and somebody else expects direct specific help. In selling and pushing advertising and pricing is not new design – in strategy, branding and marketing. for example. There are unlimited opportunities in the last years life styles and patterns changed and sufficient. Service Design can help to create a new creating service systems that offer value in new today a bank manager can listen to hip-hop, eat in relationship between organisations and clients. ways. a good restaurant and go home on roller blades. Technology offers new possibilities how to deliver Technology has changed the relationships The mechanics of client behaviour play a much services and enables new kinds of services. But between clients and service providers. Therefore bigger role in information chains than they do in it is not always true that new technology has to technology represents new possibilities as well as supply chains. Especially in services where clients be used for its own sake. Clients are individuals challenges. Physical boundaries are not existing are directly involved in the process. This is why it with human needs, wants and feelings. There are any more. Networks make it possible to have serv- is getting increasingly hard to estimate or guess services that robots and computers can’t offer in ice centres in countries with cheap labour. Online what any one person wants.8 the same way humans can. Service Design puts services are very quick and rather easy to copy. No computer, machine or robot can cope with the clients in a stronger focus. Overall networks and technology have changed so individual needs of clients sufficiently. Service is a drastically in the last two decades. big opportunity to offer a totally new dimension This development changed the way things worked of value. and offers fertile ground for the service revolu- tion. Changing world Service Design Sources & further information: 8 Karmarkar, Uday: Will you survive the service revolution? June 2004. Harvard Business Review. > http://worldbank.org > http://diec.co.uk > Rae, Jeneanne M. et. al. (2004): Services Are Different. In Head’s Up! On Organizational Innovation. Online weekly. InnovationNetwork. 26 27 7 Conversation with Lavrans Løvlie, Live|Work > Mager, Birgit (2004): Service Design. A Review. Cologne.
  • 15. What differentiates services 70% – a large part of the economy is in the service 2. Services are not separable from sector and the vast range of different services1 consumption Services... underlines the fact that services are everywhere. Production and consumption of services mostly occur at the same time. Supplying a service is To explain what is unique about services the inseparable from the consumption by the client. differences between products and services have The challenge is that the involvement of clients 1. Are not tangible been examined (Sasser, Hollins, Mager etc.). This cannot be planned or prepared in services. New differentiation is still valid today and underlines technology offers possibilities for self-service. 2. Are not separable from consumption the major shift in thinking that is needed for and Even though elements and modules can be pre- delivered by Service Design. pared there is always an overlap between service 3. Cannot be stored Given the amount and complexity of services it and consumption. is helpful to describe what services are not. The 4. Cannot be owned English magazine The Economist wrote: “Service is 3. Services cannot be stored everything that can’t fall on your feet.” 2 Gener- 5. Are complex experiences ally some key features summarise what is unique As services are not physical they cannot usually be stored or inventoried. Clients expect services to about services. Those unique features represent 6. Quality is difficult to measure some of the challenges that are addressed within be accessible most, if not all of the time. Services simultaneously lose their value if they are not Service Design. used. In contrast, the seat on a plane looses its value once the plane has departed. Source: Mager, Birgit: Service Design – a review. Hollins, Bill: Design and its management in the service sector. 1. Services are not tangible Services have no physical form, they can not be 4. Services cannot be owned physically touched. They cannot be seen before Most services are used on the spot. Nobody can purchase or taken home after. One cannot touch take services home. Most services are not trans- legal advice or a journey, though one can often see ported or exportable. Services are used rather than the results. The challenge is to find ways to create owned. Nobody can own a massage for example. tangible manifestations and representations that communicate the value of the service. Changing world Service Design 28 29 1 Please see list of services on page 74 1 Brandeins. German management magazine. 04-2002
  • 16. n What differentiates services “No consumer ever buys a product. PRODUCT SERVICE Consumers buy what products provide.” > Produced > Performed Peter Drucker, business & management specialist > Material > Immaterial 5. Services are complex experiences Conclusion > Tangible > Intangible Services happen over time and across several The unique features of services have a major influ- Touchpoints. Unlike tangible products, no two ence on the experience that clients have compared service delivery experiences are alike. Clients to the experience clients have with products. > Can be stored > Can’t be stored perceive services on many different levels. The Services can include different components. That overall interface and experience connects is a can be space, product and service components. combination of the experiences of all Touchpoints. The total experience that clients have is made up > Usually without client > Interaction with client from different contacts with these components. 6. Service quality is difficult to measure Every encounter of a part of a service is called a The measures of quality in a service tend to Touchpoint. That means that services are dif- > Consumption after production > Consumption = production be qualitative and there are few quantitative ferent, more complex and basically exist from measures. As a result, there is a wider variability the perception that clients have across different in services and it is more difficult to control the Touchpoints. > Defects in manufacturing > Mistakes in behaviour quality of a service. An organisation that provides services needs to address research, innovation and development in a different way than that of products. This is where Service Design comes in. [ model two ] Products and services are different Changing world Service Design This overview shows the most prominent differences. The implications of these differences are addressed in Service Design. Source: Backmann, Michaela (1998): Designmanagement als strategischer Erfolgsfaktor im Dienstleistungssektor. Diplomarbeit im Lehrstuhl für Innovations- und Technologie- management. University Regensburg. As cited in Kleebank, Nina (2000). Diploma in 30 31 Designmanagement. KISD. Cologne. Sources & further information: > The Service Management Course, (by Hart, C., J. Heskett, and W. E. Sasser Jr. N.Y.: Free Press, 1990). > Hollins, Bill: About Service Design. Design Council. http://design-council.org > Conversations with Birgit Mager, Bill Hollins, Sean Blair & Lavrans Løvlie
  • 17. Understanding design Design used to be seen as a profession that poster. It would be questioned if in this specific operates in specialist areas such as graphic design, case a light-beam or projection could work better. product design and fashion design. One of the Instead of a new fridge design a service concept tasks that design used to be associated with, was could deliver fresh food. Design does not only to make things look good. Design used to work at operate on a specialist level any more. It combines the very end of the process in most companies. the expertise of different design disciplines to A product designer for example would be respon- sible for the shape and look of a product that develop holistic concepts. The co-operation of different experts enables a new platform of multi- 1 was already developed. Design is not any more disciplinary work. restricted to the surface of things and how they look. And it is not any more only employed at the end of the product development process. New scope of design 2 Design has changed its scope and goes beyond designing artefacts. It used to be limited mostly Disciplines are melting on to the level of designing features of products, In the last years companies and academic institu- rooms, stationary etc. Design today extends to the 3 tions recognised the need and potential of a experience that clients have with products, serv- new approach to design practise. For example ices, spaces or a mix of these. But design is used the model design school in Cologne offered a also to design the processes and systems that are new multi-disciplinary design education across thirteen areas of design.1 Design companies such behind these experiences. On the broadest level design comes in to policy making, is involved to 4 as IDEO hired professionals from different fields develop strategies and philosophies. Design is such as psychology, human factors, zoology and being recognised as a business driver that should ethnography to state but a few.2 The consequence be integrated up front in a project. In the course of is that designers work on broader horizons and are a project as time goes by design is involved from able to integrate specialist expertise. the broadest to the most focused level. From the [ model three ] In such working practise the awareness for lacking strategy to the actual details of the outcome. n Levels of design knowledge or experience and the sensitiveness 1 Design of features (product, service or space) towards the real needs of a project increase. That 2 Design of client experience means that a designer would not just design a 3 Design of processes and systems Changing world 4 Design of strategy, philosophy, policy or ideology Service Design Based on: Worldviews of Design, Spirit of Creation, 2004 33 32 1 Köln International School of Design, Cologne. http://kisd.de 2 IDEO, design group. http://ideo.com
  • 18. n Understanding design Co-design “No design, no matter how beautiful and ingenious, is any good if it does not fulfil a user New roles for designers Design has developed and opened new fields for designers. New roles such as Interaction Design, “We are all designers now.” need.” 1 That seems rather obvious. But the role Gender Design, Experience Design, Design Man- of the user (client) in the design process has agement, Strategic Design, etc. have emerged. John Thackara, Author of In the Bubble changed (please see model four). Designers used Designers that have been trained in a traditional to see users from a design centred observational design background have taken specialised educa- perspective. At a later stage the user was imagined tion to accommodate the new market needs and to think about what they might want or need. A possibilities. Also Service Design is a new role for different approach was when designers actually designers. Conclusion made contact with users. This participation was Design involves the understanding of client wants, needs, motivations 1 Design Council. Retrieved from the world wide web the 2005-05-12. http://www.design either in representing the user or experiencing the and contexts as well as business, technical and domain requirements and council.org.uk New designers user. This new way of designing included the user constraints. This knowledge can be translated into artefacts, into plans 2 Hollins, Bill. Various papers online. Retrieved Design has also opened up a new field for people from the world wide web the 2005-05-27. finally in the design process and is today practised for artefacts or strategies that set frameworks or give direction. Design http://wmin.ac.uk/dm/ traditionally considered non-designers to par- as User Centred Design. This participatory design ensures that the overall experience of products, services and spaces is use- 3 Thackara, John (2005): In the Bubble. ticipate in multidisciplinary approaches. Design Designing in a Complex World. The MIT Press. makes clients part of the project and involves ful, usable and desirable as well as efficient, effective, economically viable Cambridge, Massachusetts. Page 226 offers a new platform for collaboration of people them in a collaborative design. The research group and technically feasible.1 from different backgrounds and with different Luotain at the UIAH in Helsinki is working on vari- experiences. Are you already a designer? Other- Design has been recognised as an important factor for businesses and it has ous projects that include clients in different parts wise you might want to become one? been identified (e.g. by the Design Council) that companies that use design of the design process. in a more integrated way are more successful.2 Design strives to create experiences that go across products, spaces or services. It takes the view of a product or service from the entire life cycle with a client, from before they perceive the need to when they discard it. Design has always been involved in change. Without changes design would not be that necessary. The changes that we are facing have resulted not only in new designs. They have resulted in a re-designing of design. Design User User User User Centred Imagined Represented Experienced Centred As John Thackara (Doors of Perception) writes in the last line of his book In Design Design the Bubble. Designing in a Complex World: “We are all designers now.” 3 Changing world Service Design O B S E RV AT I O N PA R T I C I PAT I O N RO LE IM MER SIO N [ model four ] 34 35 Co-design 1 Design Council. Retrieved from the world wide web the 2005-04-23. This model shows how design has changed http://www.designcouncil.org.uk towards User Centred Design. Clients are involved Diagram source: User Centred Design Conference, 2003-05-12, UIAH, Helsinki, in the design which is called Co-design. Luotain presentation, referencing Bill Gavers This represents one of the dimensions that changed in design.
  • 19. 36 Service Design solution SOLUTION SERVICE DESIGN 37 Service Design
  • 20. What is Service Design 1 Live|Work presentation at the RSA-Design “It’s one of those From the previous chapter it becomes clear that services are different. Service Design seminar. October 27, 2004. Conversations with Lavrans Løvlie The world is changing. The service sector has an increased significance for 2 Conversations with Sean Blair organisations. So what does that mean? 3 Presentation from Jenny Winhall from the new unit RED at the Design Council, at the Services have been provided for a long time. And when it comes to serving RSA-Design Service Design seminar. areas that is a October 27, 2004. wine or cutting somebody’s hair nobody would have thought about getting help from a designer to improve their services. If it comes to the delivery of slightly more complex service, like the supply tweener, falling of a parcel, we know that design can offer help with the corporate design of forms, corporate fashion of the drivers outfit or with the design of the packaging. But for a long time there was no profession existing that would look after the planning and detailed execution of the overall service – between other a Service Designer. The design of products seems very normal to us today and interestingly that emerged in a rather similar way to how Service Design is developing. In the 19th century new technology enabled a variety of new machines and departments in devices. Designers like Raymond Loewy and the German Bauhaus engaged themselves with giving the technology a more human face. To design meant to make sure that products are beautiful and pleasing as well as useful. 1 a company.” Today product design is more complex and advanced. The principle is the same – designers think about the end user and make sure that products are useful, usable and desirable. At the same time designers implement manufacturing processes in organisations that are effective and efficient.2 Service Design is the design of the overall experience of a service as well as Jeneanne M. Rae, Co-founder of Peer Insight the design of the process and strategy to provide that service. Service Design solution Peer Insight is currently conducting a massive research into the innovation of services. They formed a collaborative venture among eight companies, including Mastercard and Siebel Systems, to share data and deconstruct the suc- Service Design is a process across the four D’s – Discover, Define, Develop & cesses and failures in service innovation. Deliver 3. It is about understanding client, organisation & market, develop ideas, translate them into feasible solutions and to help implementing Service Design them. Service Design is involved in the ongoing live-cycle of services and offers continuous evolution. Services can be constantly changing in time. n 38 39
  • 21. Ser v ic n What is Service Design e In te r f ac De s e Service Design is not a new specialist ign e d To uch p oin , ts design discipline. It is a new multi- Or ga ni disciplinary platform of expertise. sa tio n Cl ien t What does this mean? Service Design is not a short Service Design creates and shapes the client inter- project that carries a service through to launch. It face and crafts all details of the service journey. is an ongoing process. It is work with components, Methods and tools are used to make the service workshops and projects to integrate new service experience consistent, desirable, useful, viable, in practises into organisations. Effectively, Service line with the brand and commercially successful. [ model five ] Design adapts to organisations and needs, and is For companies Service Design offers the possibil- Service Interface translated into business structures and processes. ity to create additional value, to differentiate Service Design works on the design of all different against competitors, to better use resources and Touchpoints that together result in a designed service interface Service Design is planning and shaping useful, to connect to consumers in a desirable way. For usable, desirable, effective and efficient service clients Service Design represents the improve- experiences. Service Design helps to understand ment of everyday life and the provision of quality consumers, the market, resources available and experiences. The Service Interface is the pattern derived from space and of the overall situation. The different insights into clients expectations, needs and various contacts that a client has with a brand roles are played by service personnel instead of ac- experiences across all Touchpoints and over time. Service Design connects the desires of the client through different Touch-Poins of a Service Jour- tors. But just as in the theatre a service is a unique with the desires of an organisation. Service Design Service Design helps to unveil opportunities, ney. It is established over time and is the platform individual experience. The stage is the equivalent is a mediator that understands how to build produce ideas, solve problems and create for the Service Experience. to the Service Design interface. the bridge between the two within the overall implementable solutions. It provides meaning- Service Design solution context. A metaphor used for Service Design is that of a Just as in the theatre, Service Design covers not ful specifications, guidelines and strategies. It theatre stage. Klaus Weyh refers to it as Broadway only the design of every detail that happens on generates ideas, develops solutions and creates Management1. The service experience happens stage, but also processes, organisation, business concepts. It uses criteria to identify the best ideas Service Design on a stage. The difference to a real theatre is that and preparation back stage. Only when all factors and solutions. It finds ways to explain and share the client is part of the show literally. But as in the front and back are working together will the client insights, complex structures and processes. It theatre a complete service experience is always experience the service as working perfectly and uses prototyping to test results, plans and process a mixture of the actors that play their roles, the sufficiently. maps to implement the solutions. stage design and different objects that are used. In service, the stage design is the design of the 40 41
  • 22. What differentiates Service Design 1. Service Design truly represents the 1. Service Design truly represents Earlier in this paper the special features of services were discussed. They differ to products, happen clients perspective the clients perspective over time, are complex, interactive and stretch across different Touchpoints. The consequence is To design services it is important to establish a good understanding of the goals, motivations and that the design and therefore also the research, latent needs that clients have. They are difficult development and implementation need to be to predict and mostly clients are not consciously 2. Service Design addresses the addressed differently. Service Design integrates aware of those needs. As well as needs there are different fields and clients in the design process. some principles that feel more natural to some unique features of services It is a new field that connects organisations and clients than others. clients in a new way. This paper explores how When IDEO developed the service strategy for Service Design addresses the challenge. The Juniper Financial they observed the bank’s clients 3. Service Design integrates expertise following pages set out to identify what is unique about the field Service Design. in their homes as they paid bills, at banks, ATMs and elsewhere. One of the latent needs identified from different disciplines was that people are used to keeping bills in a stack and then pay them all together at some point. Based on this insight they included a gentle 4. Service Design is interactive reminder function in the online banking portal. Similarly to the bill stack, a virtual list would grow and indicate gently, e.g. with colours, when its time to pay. The service had the possiblity to use a 5. Service Design is ongoing mechanism that matches the natural behaviours of clients. Service Design is a Services so far are provided by organisations and are thought through and planned (designed) new field that connects mostly from this provider perspective. The point of difference that the Service Design approach organisations and offers is the development of service systems Service Design solution which are focusing on the client as well as on the clients in a new way. organisation. n Service Design 43 42
  • 23. n What differentiates Service Design Clients are involved in designing the service 2. Service Design addresses the unique 3. Service Design integrates expertise “ When designing and delivery process. Without a client there can be no features of services from different disciplines service. That has a number of consequences on Clients encounter different Touchpoints over time. Design has developed into a strategic, concep- developing a new service, the design of services. Service Design needs to use A Touchpoint is a contact point with one of the tional and multi-disciplinary field. Therefore organisations need to think new ways of testing services. elements of the service offering – like receiving a many designers are used to working with experts confirmation letter. from diverse fields, such as research, technology, about trust, about increasing In Service Design it is easy to confuse user-clients with customer-clients. For consumer products, All Touchpoints can be considered experience communication etc. a sense of transfer of owner customers are often the same as users, but in puzzle pieces of a service and can be build out Service Design usually addresses internal as well ship and about experience. corporate, technical or service domains, users and of product and service components. The overall as external clients. In an organisation there are customers rarely describe the same sets of people. experience that a consumer has is driven by the different people that need to be seen as clients. Changing the method of Customers of a product are those who make the Service Interface. It is a mental concept in the Service Design ensures that everyone involved in payment, can not impact the decision to purchase the service. clients mind. Designing this interface means to a project feels like a client, and that the different align all Touchpoints against the Service Design methods and tools used ensure excellent internal design of a product, but it is concept. and external service experience.2 a major change in the devel Services are different from products. Yet in many Design (including communications) always has opment of a service.” cases they are connected to products in some been a mediator / translator between industry and way. Or as Bill Hollins says: “A lot of services ride people, technology and application and between Marc Innegraeve, service expert on the back of products.” 1 Service Design does offer and need. There is no reason that market- not exclude products but rather looks at the unit ers, engineers or others could not contribute to of product and service as they are experienced projects in the multi-disciplinary field Service together by clients. Design. They might prefer it to be called Service Marketing etc. However, Service Design as a field offers a very unique portfolio of tasks and there are different tools and skills needed to provide those. Later, the role description of the Service Design Scout helps to establish a description of what role Service Design can play in an organisa- Service Design solution tion. Service Design Touchpoints All Touchpoints are experience puzzle pieces of the service. They complement the overall experience across the service interface. Each piece helps to shape a whole. 44 45 1 Conversation with Bill Hollins, London 2005 2 Mager, Birgit (2004): Service Design – a review. Page 17. Cologne.
  • 24. n What differentiates Service Design “You can’t Service Design is not a new specialist design discipline. It is a new multi-disciplinary platform of expertise. Born in design thinking it integrates various fields of expertise. However, at the 5. Service Design is ongoing Given the variety of services that exist, Service Design has to cope with different situations and contexts to products. The systems that Service experience the same time at the very core it has a specific offer designed to address the various design challenges in the booming service economy. Design creates and improves are complex and stretch over time. Service Design looks at a scope from long term strategies and designs processes to implementing consistency across organisations experience until you 4. Service Design is interactive Service Design enables behaviours and dynam- ics. It offers clients the possibility to connect a in small details such as the style of a text mes- sage. What is unique about services is that they experience it.” live. They cannot be pre-produced and stored potential with a result. It provides all resources until somebody employs them. That has major and components that are necessary for a client to implications for the development of a service. For do what they want to do. As has been identified example, even though Service Innovation is able before the client is an integral part of the service to develop a service and then launch it, Service performance. Bill Moggridge, IDEO Design continues after the Service is in use and One big advantage with services is that it is much monitors it for constant improvement. Amazon easier to make changes. Even though it is new and is a Service Design minded company and since its not easy, depending on the complexity of a service launch in 1995 every day parts of the experience it is very feasible to prototype services and to test are changed and improved.4 implementation models. “It is easier to innovate and less expensive in services than in manufactur- ing.” 3 Service Design solution Service Design 46 47 3 Conversation with Bill Hollins, London 2005 4 Conversation with Lavrans Løvlie, London 2005
  • 25. Areas with related expertise Service Design is a multi-disciplinary process. That means that Service Design integrates and links various fields of expertise. To understand this is important for two reasons. Firstly, to appreciate the portfolio of expertise that Service tions Design brings together. Secondly, to understand that these areas with related s Branding on expertise provide existing tools, knowledge, resources and experience. For c r e la ati example some tools that are used in product market research can either be ic P ubli un P r i ce n used or adopted to be used specifically for Service Design. mm tio mo Co Service Design connects a new profile of expertise with a multi-disciplinary Pro Pro working model. It represents a new practise of work that utilises the best and du ct Mar ke t i ng y de v most suitable experience, tools and knowledge from the various backgrounds. elo o log pm ent y ch At the same time Service Design continues to work in co-operation with a pool Ps of experts. Hum an r e p hy s ourc og r a es Et hn Throughout the Service Design process it is evident that these areas’ affects, g an i s a t i o n are part of and link into Service Design. Based on desk research, interviews M a n a g em e n t Re sea rch c l i en t with Service Design experts and from analysing different examples, the areas Process management service design Market research in the diagram give an overview of the most important fields related to Service or Design. Obser ment v ation nage t y ma Based on that knowledge, Service Design can be seen as a hub that brings Q uali Tes together the experience, methods and tools from the various fields to employ y t ing eg them in the specific development and innovation of services. St r at De sign In many organisations there are people responsible for improving and innovat- Pa n sig ing services. Many of them work on elements of Service Design, but often r ti ig n de c ip Pro without calling it or recognising it as such. ion n at de s lisation e sig Interior design duc or ct yd a ce ra t de ce d As the diagram shows, marketing and design have always mediated between te es er f In ig n S e nsua sig r ie n the organisation and the client. Marketing mostly operates from an organisa- Int n Service Design solution E xpe tions perspective. Design on the other hand mostly works from a clients perspective. Service Design integrates management, marketing, research and design. Therefore it combines the best and most relevant tools and experience Service Design from the areas with related expertise to address the challenges of the service economy. On the following pages key fields, integral and essential to the development of Service Design (please see model six) are discussed. The descriptions are [ model six ] helpful in explaining what aspects Service Design covers with terms that are Service Design expertise 48 49 established and that practitioners can relate to. Service Design integrates management, marketing, research and design. It creates a unique connection of organisation and client. The areas of related expertise are used and integrated in Service Design and also used in bringing in specialised experts from those areas.
  • 26. n Areas with related expertise Branding project. Even though Service Design can integrate Interior (& exterior) design Ethnography Branding is important to make sure that all ele- product components and design product-service Given that many services are performed and This special way of research uses an anthropolo- ments of a company look and feel consistent and concepts, if an important part of a new service consumed in set environments (e.g. airport, gist’s tool kit of methods and theories to observe are visually and sensually aligned with the brand. is a product, product design specialists would be shop, hospital, etc.) the design of spaces is an clients in their natural habitat. Ethnography Even though services require special treatment the brought into the project to develop this device. important element of Service Design. It is not only provides insights in cultural trends, attitudes and main competency driving the field of branding is That could be for example a special water-resistant important that the atmosphere is in line with the lifestyle factors that influence clients decisions similar to that of Service Design. On a detail level device with a big interface for servicing techni- image and quality that the service offers, as well and behaviour. And as one can not isolate service therefore, the principles of corporate design, cor- cians. certain details can improve the experience, make experiences from their life context, ethnography porate fashion and corporate communication are a service more useful and desirable for clients and provides the possibility to learn and test very close crucial for service design too. On a holistic level, more efficient and effective for the organisation. to reality. Eric Arnould describes ethnography as Psychology the thinking in the branding field to recognise that Orientation and overview can be given in differ- “a way to get up close and personal with consum- As in many other fields and especially in various every Touchpoint with the brand is a communica- ent ways and can be important for the service. ers.” 1 It situates clients in their larger social and design disciplines psychology plays an important tion opportunity needs to be employed to Service A space is not only full of Touchpoints that need cultural context and provides holistic understand- role. Given that services encounter and interact Design also. to be designed, it is the stage and setting for the ing how products and services will resonate with with human beings this is particularly important service performance. In conclusion, as interior and the client’s daily life. Given that understanding to Service Design. Psychology is important to exterior design works to set the tone and expecta- these issues is crucial to Service Design, Product design gain understanding of underlying drivers and tion of clients it needs to be incorporated into ethnography can play an important role in almost Products are often an essential part of services the demand for new services. It is also important Service Design. any Service Design project. and form together a hybrid product-service combi- to understand the influence that details of a nation. Therefore understanding of the design Service Design have on the overall perception. For of products is important to develop and design example understanding the psychology of the Participatory design Interaction design successful product-service hybrid concepts. But perception of waiting is used in Service Design. The main concept of this new area of design is Examines the role of behaviours in physical and even for services that do not include any product To develop ideas that provide clients information to make the client part of the design process. virtual spaces as well as the convergence of physi- components the principles and knowledge from how long they have to wait for example. Waiting This way of approaching design is particularly cal and digital products and the way they interact product design are important. To develop tangible time is perceived shorter when this information is relevant to designing services. In Service Design it with human beings. interfaces and to design the packaging for services provided. The application of general knowledge of is possible to use the knowledge, techniques and This new field works on designing interactions. these principles can be employed. Product design psychology is vast in Service Design and special- methods from this area to create collaborative and Especially in the case of software applications and therefore is an important element within Service ists can be important partners to develop specific innovative Service Designs together with clients. web-sites clients interact with a system through Service Design solution Design but is also brought in as a field in its solutions or to evaluate different Service Design As the client is part of the delivery of the service an interface. Interaction design is about designing own right to cover product design elements of a concepts. (production and consumption overlap in services) a system that can be understood and used by cli- the client can be part of designing the service also. ents in an easy way and fulfils their expectations. Service Design User Centred Design involves special methods In Service Design the same principles are used to of research and design that enable the client to design the interactions of clients with the interac- contribute to the design process. tive system service. Information architects work on the systems and pathways that are provided for clients to find the information that they look for 50 51 and to offer them relevant information that they 1 Eric Arnould. Professor of Marketing. University of Nebraska
  • 27. n Areas with related expertise might be interested in. Service Design designs the Sensualisation systems, pathways and interactions for services. This extends the concept of visualisation to all It therefore includes a variety of interfaces or other senses (hearing, tasting, smelling, touching, Touchpoints to interact with clients. moving, etc.). Sensualisation is used to explain complex intangible concepts. It helps to envisage future ideas mostly in visual and tangible ways. Interface design In Service Design animations and films can show This discipline is working on the design of machine scenarios that highlight how a service would and product interfaces. Interface is the set of work. Image montages can very simply create the devices that gives the user control and feedback. impression that certain Touchpoints exist and Even a pair of scissors has an interface that how they work. That can be used to discuss and helps control the cut and gives feedback about develop detailed solutions of parts or the overall the thickness of the paper. In Interface design service experience or as Visioning discussion base usability has been the field of extensive research to discuss what could be achieved in the future. to ensure that all details of designed interfaces Sensualisation can help to develop Service Proto- are easy to understand and comfortable to use. types of different complexity and level of detail. In Service Design there can be components that require actual interface design such as computer terminals. But also the overall concept of design- Market research ing interfaces is used in Service Design and To find out what kind of similar offers are already applied to services. on the market, to identify market gaps and to know about trends market research is a very important field. Also benchmarking is important Strategy to find principles and offers that companies from In any organisation a strategy is an elaborate and other fields provide. For any Service Design project systematic plan that specifies the way certain ob- it is important to find out about the context that jectives should be achieved. For example Commu- the service is going to live in. nication Strategy provides a plan that includes the alignment of different communication channels. Service Design solution The strategy would specify different phases and Marketing emphasise certain tactics. “Strategy is the overall Marketing is often described as the techniques vision and the plan how to get there.” according that are used to attract and to persuade consum- Service Design to Dr. Wayne Fletcher, Head of Communication ers. That means that marketing encourages Strategy at Carat International.1 In Service Design recipients of targeted communication messages strategy is a very important element to ensure to purchase or use products or services. n consistency and effective planning. 53 52 1 Conversation with Dr. Wayne Fletcher, London, 2005-06-07
  • 28. n Areas with related expertise Marketing is a huge field that includes several Product development Experience design Summary different areas. It has succeeded, for example in This represents the entire cycle of a new product Experience Design is an approach to manage the Service Design brings together a unique set of the communication between organisations and from concept through manufacturing including creation of successful client experiences. This expertise. The field of Service Design is influenced (groups of) clients. Mostly marketing is focused design, engineering, materials selection, compo- approach includes consideration and design in and based on other fields. That means that Service on product-thinking and has experience in nent selection, manufacturing process selection, all three spatial dimensions, over time, the five Design is a multidisciplinary team process. communicating from an organisation perspective and documentation. Service Design extends the senses, interactivity as well as personal meaning The margins of these related and linked fields are towards clients. Even though Service Design is principle of developing products to developing and the emotional context. Designed experi- rather blurred. Some of the described fields are based on the organisation-client-relationship and services. In many companies services are devel- ences can use any medium, including spatial / areas, some are labels and some are content. But manages communication and interaction in both oped by product development departments as environmental installations, print products, they establish an overview of this new field and directions, marketing is still involved and ele- they are seen as the products of the company. hard products, services, broadcast images and support the understanding of the new by showing ments of marketing are used in a new way. Often Service Design at times works together sounds, live performances and events, digital and the combination of existing and known areas. with internal experts in companies that have been online media. To design service experiences this is involved in product development. needed in many Service Design projects. The consequence of the structure that Service Process management Design is based on is that every team member Development and distribution processes in needs to have a basic understanding of this manufacturing are managed in order to ensure Communication planning portfolio of related fields. For Service Design effectiveness, security and efficiency. Process This area covers all means of providing therefore a new set of skills as well as tools and management is planning and administering the information and content to the public, methods is necessary. A very crucial consequence activities that are necessary to achieve the best including TV, radio, Internet, papers, outdoor is a new level of communication that is needed to performance in a process and helps identify and magazines. It plans how to communicate link the experience and knowledge of these fields opportunities for improving quality, operational important messages to key stakeholders of an together. Integration and communication is the performance and ultimately client satisfaction. To organization in the most effective way possible. glue that holds Service Design together. deliver services a range of providers and different In Service Design planned communication is people have to work together. Process manage- important towards the client as well as internally ment is an important factor in the design and in the service providing organisation. implementation of services. Service Design uses for example service blueprinting to design and implement processes. Service Design solution Service Design 54 55
  • 29. Service Design benefits The paper so far has shown that Service Design is Service Design can play a crucial part in the addressing the specific needs of services. It has success of any organisation and can deliver ten shown what is unique about services and what drivers of change: consequences this has on the design. It has shown that Service Design is necessary but what are the 1. True understanding of market needs specific benefits of Service Design? It is evident that the growing service sector has 2. Higher value with the resources an increasing significance for our society and available economy. In many countries the service sector is far less productive than it could be. At the same 3. Changes organisational culture time the quality of service that is available to clients can be considered on average still very 4. New perspectives on future poor. Service Design can address these challenges development and deliver a range of other benefits. 5. Higher effectiveness Service Design works across both the organisa- tion and the client(s). Therefore Service Design 6. Better efficiency benefits the organisation and the client at the same time. The benefits that it delivers to clients 7. Connects organisation and clients have positive effect on organisations as happy and satisfied clients are the ultimate goal of any 8. Higher quality service experiences organisation. as basis of success Clients want to maximise the value they can gain from a service or a product-service combination, 9. Differentiation against competition organisations want to increase their success for example in being more effective, generate higher 10. Brand affinity profits, better reputation and in developing strong Service Design solution brands. The benefits of Service Design are summarised here from the perspective of an organisation. It is Service Design organisations that need to get involved in Service Design. The advantages for Clients again benefit the organisation as the client is a big measure in the success formula of any organisation. Service Design is rooted in client satisfaction. 56 57
  • 30. n Service Design benefits 1. True understanding of market needs 2. Higher value with the resources 3. Changes organisational culture 4. New perspectives of future Traditionally suppliers orient themselves on the available For any organisation to offer successful services development market which means that they offer only as much Service Design helps organisations to utilise their means that a lot of different people need to Designing services starts with the development of quality as necessary. In case of products the client resources better and more profitably. That is work together. Service Design integrates people client oriented strategies. It takes into considera- can estimate the real value of usage only in the delivered through different methods that Service from several levels of the organisation in the tion the market, client needs as well as economic actual consumption after the product has been Design brings in. One example is that services design process. That not only offers the best and ecological factors and the possibilities of already bought. The client therefore has to rely that are already provided can be made tangible. knowledge and experience across the organisation technologies. on aesthetic or brand promises that the product That could be a sign that points to the clean floor to be utilised in the project. Also it ensures that Service Design will ensure that new services that or its marketing give.1 Service Design delivers in stating No rubbish – we clean for you. Another everybody is on board and supportive to make reach the market will be competitive, safe, satisfy on methods that help organisations understand example is Line of Balance that can be used to changes happen. That is crucial to the delivery of clients and be profitable. Furthermore, as markets true market needs. Given that clients are part of make sure that all stages of the service process new services. change, continuing design supports the future the service delivery they can be part of the design work in sequence and take the same length of In most organisations still it is the least experi- success of organisations. process as well. The value of a service is estimated time. That is very important if technology such enced and least trained people that have the most by clients mostly whilst they are using the service. as scanners or experts such as doctors need to be Understanding true market and client needs client contact. The more senior people are the The quality needs to be treated differently with utilised more profitably. Clients benefit from less gives organisations the opportunity to offer new less they are in direct contact with clients and the services than it used to be with products. Organi- waiting time and a better service experience. successful services. Instead of reacting to new actual delivery of services.1 sations are facing the challenge to offer service offers of competitors it is possible to lead the Service Design benefits to organisations in mak- quality on an individual ongoing basis. Service In call centres for example calls are generally market through Service Design. For example the ing service businesses more profitable (sell more). Design helps to manage that. handled by staff with basic experience. Only after Inconvenience Analysis highlights the potential for In the example of an airport, saving check-in time a client has called a few times or cannot be helped new services in creating value by making clients obviously gives clients more time to shop in the the client is passed on to experienced members of lives more convenient. Given that services do not airport. The real big difference can be made in staff.2 need necessarily long development, engineering, getting those clients quicker and easier to the production or testing times, they can be improved plane, get more planes through the airport and Only if the organisation has a service minded far more quickly than products. therefore more people to shop in the airport. It culture and everybody treats clients as important can be assumed that on average people spend not individuals and guests the service experience In thinking beyond products, organisations can that much more money in ten more minutes. If can be excellent. Often the atmosphere and utilise Service Design to find new use for existing more people spend some time in the airport they the services that are provided within a service knowledge, experience, resources and networks. Service Design solution will spend more money in total. organisation are good indicators of a service A German plumbing company for example used culture. Service Design changes the organisational the access they had to various data about the culture by including people in the project and by houses they worked in. They offer a new service Service Design providing maps and tangible explanation that help that bundles their knowledge to a database that everybody to understand, share and contribute to contains data about the house and gives all the Service Design. building companies and the house owner access to data and plans.3 58 59 1 Conversation with Birgit Mager, Cologne 1 Rummel, Carlo (1994): Designmanagement: Integration theoretischer 2 Conversation with research specialist Phil Gullen, London Konzepte und praktischer Fallbeispiele. Deutscher Universitäts Verlag. 3 Mager, Birgit: Exhibition guide. Wanderausstellung. Service – ein Produkt. Wiesbaden.
  • 31. n Service Design benefits The way sensualisation can be used in Service 5. Higher effectiveness 6. Better efficiency 7. Connects organisation and clients Design helps to establish a new level of commu- Service Design manages the achievement of Service Design reduces costs of development, sup- Good service leads to satisfied, purchasing as well nication inside the organisation and with clients. intended results. The objectives that an or- port, training, documentation and maintenance, as returning clients. Service Design raises client It provides the possibility for experts that speak ganisation sets are based on understanding the shortens the development time and improves satisfaction in providing the alignment of all different specialist languages to communicate market and client needs as well as the resources marketability. For any organisation it is crucial to Touchpoints and providing quality service experi- about one future concept and establish shared and constraints inside the organisation. The not waste resources and to make the most out ences. It manages expectations in aligning the understanding. For example the tools of Vision- objectives are specified and implemented in the of what is available. That sometimes contradicts interface of the service. It ensures that feedback ing enable an organisation to talk about future service strategy and specification documents. with providing quality service experiences. Service from clients is used to constantly improve the de- possibilities from a future standpoint. If a short Through the iteration of testing, evaluation and Design balances the effort to develop and provide sign of the service. Bad service on the other hand, film shows how a service would work in the future development Service Design ensures effective- services with the maximum impact and the best leads to angry clients and a loss in sales. Service it can be discussed as a specific vision, including ness throughout the process. For example service experience possible. Often client segmentation Design manages a very special relationship. what the advantages and further possibilities prototypes are used to ensure that a solution is can be used to ensure the appropriate level of Products and entertainment can be sold as one would be. From that standpoint it can be worked effective and delivers against the strategy. The service quality. Some passengers need the shuttle of the experiences. A service needs to fulfil client back to work out how to get there. All hurdles like connection to real client needs makes sure that from the parking to check-in to be quick and expectations and needs on an ongoing basis. “but we don’t have the legal possibilities to do the service provided is the service that satisfies frequent and are happy to pay for this service that” can be overcome and if the concept is good clients. Service Design ensures that the objectives feature. Other passengers have time and would Like a personal relationship between people not they can be solved together as everybody is on the of the organisations are met. prefer a cheaper service offer. A bigger bus that with the first problem the relationship will be at same page. goes every half-hour could be combined with risk. But it is crucial that the other side recognises small shuttle cars that can leave immediately. the problem and does something about it. As in any relationship once the partner is not satisfied Service Design ensures that the resources avail- and chooses to use another service it is going to able can be used to the full. be very difficult to re-establish the relationship. There is not only a big opportunity in maintaining satisfied clients. If clients trust one service and are satisfied they usually spend more time and purchase more. In the future trust and time are most likely going to be even more important than Service Design solution purchase. Service Design 60 61
  • 32. n Service Design benefits Service Design identifies new areas to offer 8. Higher quality service experiences 9. Differentiation against competition 10. Brand affinity services and to extend the service. It therefore as basis of success “As products and also services are becoming Bad service causes a bad client experience. A bad represents the potential to convince and attract Even though services are intangible and virtual increasingly commoditised, designing a desirable client experience influences the experience of the new clients. Designing services always integrates Service Design creates desirability. Every detail of experience becomes the competitive advantage brand. Clients are more satisfied when a system clients in the design process. That means that the the overall presentation of a service works as a and source of better margins.” Kevin Gavaghan offers relevant services that match their needs new level of relationship manifests itself also in part in setting expectation and to shape an experi- and expectations. Service Design can be used as a key differentiator the way the design works. The service is not only ence that is desirable. against competition. The idea for services can be A majority of clients are loyal only to a few service judged by clients in questionnaires. Constant test- In service quality there are different levels of qual- the same and still the experience can be designed brands and buy repeatedly these services. ing of new ideas and solutions and the evaluation ity that are appropriate. Service Design is facing to be very different. Often it is the little things of success enables clients to experience what they this by making sure that the client’s expecta- that make the big difference. Service Design does could not imagine useful. tions are monitored and fulfilled. All details are not only help to craft this differentiation at the Often clients do not know what they want yet. designed in a way that is in line with the specific same time it develops means to communicate the Once they can try a new service they might ap- service and adopt to individual needs as much as difference in the right way to clients. Car-sharing preciate a side of this service that was underesti- possible. is a concept that exists in many cities. Details mated by the organisation. Text messaging is one such as naming cars or providing community rules Often service quality means that clients are in example of a new service that was underestimated and a thought through web-site can make all the control and get to choose. It is not always the and just tried out. We all know how successful it difference. waiting time that needs to be cut on all cost. is today. Often it is enough to inform clients about the Service Design represents clients in different ways reason and the waiting time that is left. all along the process. Personas are one tool that Quality service experience gives clients the feeling is used to establish research based archetypes that somebody is thinking about them, imagining that represent certain types of clients. The design to be in their shoes and provides a service for can then be based on those clients’ profiles to them. make sure the service is going to strengthen this relationship. From the clients’ perspective Service Service Design delivers business value in enhanc- Design provides a consistent service and brand ing the client’s experience. The service strategy image and experience. aligns all details and delivers a consistent quality Service Design solution experience that only surprises if it is going beyond A strong relationship between organisations and expectation. their clients is a crucial factor of success. Service Service Design Design can help to build that relationship. 63 62
  • 33. 64 Service Design solution | Service Design evolution EVOLUTION SERVICE DESIGN 65 Service Design
  • 34. Service Design to date “It’s only recently been recog- Today it is easy to recognise the vast growth of In 1995 Birgit Mager became the first professor of “There is an urgent need for the service sector. However, even though Service Service Design and her lectures, publications and nised that services as much as Design is considered a new fast growing field, projects have continuously supported the recogni- professional exchange in order products have to be designed. forward thinking experts did recognised and tion of the immaterial aspects of design.3 to better and faster develop the established its principles over ten years ago. [...] Birgit Mager worked on several publications that field of Service Design.” The basic concept of Service Design is the recogni- have been published in German. Some elements Birgit Mager (Co-founder of the Service Design Network) tion that Services have quality problems which of those were included in Service Design – a Review A well designed service can can be addressed with the same principles of which was published in English for the tenth design that are used to improve products. There anniversary of Service Design in Germany. Mager provide great competitive have been papers and books on Service Innovation has been working on university and consultancy The London based consultancy Spirit of Creation7 was asked to develop a strategy to help the advantage for a business, even and Service Marketing that looked at the innova- projects with Siemens, Provinzial and SwissCom- economic development of the North East region tion, improvement and communication from an Mobile as well as massive research projects for the if that business isn’t a service organisation’s perspective. However, the paper German Ministry of Science Research. of England. They successfully pitched the concept of a Service Design education centre for managers provider.“ that is recognised to have first brought together In England Live|Work4 launched a Service Design and together with a network of 200 experts they the terms Service and Design is Designing Services consultancy in 2001. From a pre-dominantely have developed the concept and the business plan that Deliver from G. Lynn Shostack in the Harvard http://design-council.net Interaction-Design background they work for for a Service Design education centre. Business Review in 19841. This paper introduces clients such as Orange, Telecom Italia, BBC and the Blueprinting tool to design services. Later, Gill In the summer of 2004 Spirit of Creation and Birgit Sony Ericsson. Service Design solution | Service Design evolution and Bill Hollins included a Design-Management Mager established the Service Design Network8. perspective on Service Design in the book Total The Interaction Design Institute in Ivrea, Italy has A growing international network of academics, Design in 1991. set up a department that researches and develops practitioners and businesses establish codes of service interaction5. The Institue is moving to conduct for the theories, methods and practices In that same year, 1991, Michael Erlhoff and Birgit the new premises of the Domus Academy in Milan of Service Design. Mager established Service Design as one of the as Domus has made Service Design part of their fields of education and research in the model A committee including Bill Hollins from the education too. design school KISD at the University of Applied University of Westminster and Lavrans Løvlie from Sciences Cologne, Germany. The Köln International Since 2002 the international design consultancy Live|Work are currently working on a paper for School of Design2 was the first university world- IDEO6 has included Service Design in their offer- British Standards that gives a recommendation on wide that offered Service Design education. ing. Fran Samalionis is Head of Service Design. For the definition of Service Design. IDEO the move into services was a progression after they decided to not only design products but Service Design client experiences. IDEO offers their clients help in innovating and improving the design of experi- ences across products, services and spaces. 66 67 1 Shostack, G. Lynn (1984): Designing Services That 3 http://service-design.de 7 http://spiritofcreation.com Deliver. Harvard Business Review. 4 http://livework.co.uk 8 http://servicedesignnetwork.org/ 2 The Köln International School of Design (KISD) used to be called Fachbereich Design (FB07) at the time 5 http://interaction-ivrea.it http://kisd.de 6 http://ideo.com
  • 35. Orientation Service Design players Academic To visualise the current ecology of players in the Service Design field, two different approaches have been chosen. University of Westminster Some key institutions that are involved in Service Design have been mapped in a matrix against their orientation and background (please see model seven). Politecnico di Milano* KISD* The matrix shows the current ecology as either more academic or commercially oriented. Furthermore, it highlights that some institutions have more of a Carnegie Mellon Univ.* classic design and others a business background. There are other companies and institutions involved in improving and innovating services, some of which might have a different background than design and business but they have not Domus* been mapped here. This matrix is not scientific or absolute, however it gives a helpful overview and understanding of the current ecology and background of DSchool Ivrea Institute* the institutions considered throughout this paper. The second approach is a mind map of the current Service Design ecology Background Business (please see model eight on the following pages). Given the development of the Design Service Design Network the natural differentiator of the different player is their geographical origin. The mind map shows different institutions and companies connected to the countries that they are currently most representative of. Service Design solution | Service Design evolution Live|Work* It is worth noting that the mind-map visualises a personal perspective and is not absolute. However, nonetheless it gives an overview of one model of perception of the current Service Design industry. For this paper the overview also represents the network of resources and interview-partners. Service-Design Gbr* In Service Design a Service Ecology Map is the visualisation of a system of actors that form a service and the relationships between them. A Service Ecology Map represents a systemic view of a service and the context it will operate in. IDEO* Spirit of Creation* Commercial Service Design [ model seven ] Service Design ecology matrix Key institutinons that are involved in Service Design 68 69 * Member of the Service Design Network
  • 36. [ model eight ] Service Design mind map Michael Erlhoff Elena Pacenti Astrid Van der Auwera Daniela Sangiorgi Birgit Mager Ezio Manzini KISD Domus Politecnico di Milano Simona Maschi Stefan Moritz Italy Interaction Design Institute Ivrea Germany Stefan Holmlid Linköpings University Service Design Sweden Kevin Gavaghan Service Design solution | Service Design evolution Sean Blair Vijay Kumar Spirit of Creation Illinois Institute of Technology US UK University of Westminster Carnegy Mellon Univ. Live|Work Design Council Service Design IDEO Shelley Evenson British Standards RSA Chris Downs 70 71 Fran Samalionis Bill Hollins Marc Jones Lavrans Løvlie Service Design competition
  • 37. The Service Design Network The international pool of Service Design experts “ At some time in the future, are joining forces. The international Service Design Network is a network of academic and commercial the Service Design Network institutions. may consider providing access The network – initiated by Spirit of Creation, Birgit to an innovative worldwide Mager and others – was founded last Summer in London. network for the wider It developed through a panel of experts discussing dissemination and the speed and momentum of the service economy exploitation of their growth, the attractiveness of a framework to help the more rapid and assured growth of the new know-how and their community of practice, and the benefits to all of Intellectual Property.” establishing a Service Design Network. http://servicedesignnetwork.org Further meetings took place in Chicago in the end of 2004 and in Cologne in the beginning of 2005. These meetings included members from IDEO, Carnegie Mellon University, Linkoping University, Service Design solution | Service Design evolution Domus Academy, University of the Arts London and Politecnico di Milano to state but a few. The Service Design Network is a growing interna- tional panel of universities, research centres and design studios. All of them are working on, and have experience in, Service Design. They all are passionate about developing and strengthening the knowledge and expertise in this new field. Service Design 73 72
  • 38. Examples of outstanding services To illustrate how Service Design can contribute to the success of an organi- Service Activities related to the: sation some example projects and case studies have been collected and are presented on the following pages. Wholesale and retail trade Sale of goods In model nine on the left a general list of services has been provided. It Transportation and warehousing Distribution of goods shows the breadth of services. However, only some companies pay special Information Gathering and dissemination of written, audio or visual informa- attention to the services they provide to make them truly outstanding. tion, including films and records To show the variety of possible contributions the following examples high- Finance and insurance Facilitation of financial transactions, including those related to risk light details and the difference that elements of Service Design can make. management A few short case studies were chosen in order to give an insight in the broad Real estate, rental and leasing Temporary transfer of property, and the temporary or definitive range of Service Design contributions. transfer of real estate The case studies show that research, development, improvement and inno- Professional, scientific and Provision of specialised, generally “knowledge based”, expertise vation is part of businesses reality. However, the examples show elements technical (e.g. legal, accountancy and engineering) of Service Design and are not all achieved in a systematic way. Not in all of the examples the design is an ongoing activity. Management of companies and Management of companies and enterprises, such as holding enterprises companies Therefore the following case studies help to understand some of the ele- ments that Service Design integrates into a systemic ongoing practise. Administrative and support, and Day-to-day support of other organisations (e.g. clerical assistance Service Design solution | Service Design evolution waste management agencies, travel agencies and personnel firms) Education Provision of instruction and training (e.g. schools and specialised training centres) Heath care and social assistance Provision of health care and social assistance (e.g. doctors, hospi- tals and clinics) Arts, entertainment and Provision of entertainment in a broad sense (e.g. museums, opera, recreation theatre, sports and gambling establishments) Accommodation and food Provision of lodging, or the provision of meals, snacks or beverages services Service Design Public administration Governing or administration of public entities and programmes Other Provision of personal services, repair and maintenance activities, professional societies, religious institutions, etc. 75 74 [ model nine ] List of services Source: Based on US Bureau of Census, 1999.
  • 39. n Examples of outstanding services Virgin door to door service Orange future experience strategies Web tracking of packages Bank without branches Even though it is not part of an holistic pro- New technologies often drives businesses’ strate- In 1994 Federal Express launched a service that First Direct created a revolutionary banking service gramme Virgin Atlantic uses the Service Design gies while clients experiences seldom do. The tracks packages online. It allows the 900,000 launched in October 1989. An internal project at concept of the Extended-Client-Journey. Travelling London based group Live|Work worked on a project packages that go through their system each Midland Bank investigated what the bank could Upper Class with Virgin Atlantic the service begins for the Orange Innovation team which translated month to be tracked at will via the internet. do to react to a complex, deregulated environ- from the moment clients leave their home or assumptions by the business to direct impacts on ment and increasing competition. Many surveys, When a package is sent clients are automatically office. the future customer experience. benchmarking and research of other banks helped emailed to inform them of the packages transit the team to identify crucial insights where identi- Virgin offer to arrange for complimentary chauf- A range of artefacts were developed that projected details. The tracking number supplied enables fied and through their research Project Raincloud feur driven car service to collect their clients and the assumptions into future client experiences. the package to be tracked via the web whenever found that a lot of customers did not like to come Service Design solution | Service Design evolution their baggage from work or from home. The project helped to uncover differences in required. in to the bank. strategic outlook within the business with reality. The driver checks in the passenger on the way This system saves FedEx $4million per year in The artefacts that the team developed included The concept created was a 24/7 bank without and drops them off for a special high speed walk answering telephone queries. This showcases magazine articles, packaging, web sites, newspa- branches. Telephones were identified as a low through customs. The baggage is taken care of by how an extension of a service through innovative per advertisements, letters and television news cost and flexible delivery system to deliver the the driver. After a relaxed and enjoyable wait in design can both save money and improve the item. These acted as tangible evidence of future new service. When launched, phonelines opened the lounge and high quality in-flight service the client experience. service Touchpoints, and were used as discussion at midnight to make the point that this bank is passenger is met by his luggage and a car wait- points and provocations for the innovations team. > More information: available at all times. Today First Direct has more ing outside the airport to take him or her to the http://fedex.com than one million clients. desired location. > More information: http://livework.co.uk First Direct had to establish a totally new customer > More information: http://orange.com centric culture. One of the ways they did that was http://virgin-atlantic.com by hiring people for the call centres that had back- Service Design grounds such as nurses, firemen and teachers. > More information: http://firstdirect.com 76 77 C http://sevenstarsandstripes.com/content/airline/ C http://livework.co.uk C http://unbecominglevity.blogharbor.com/pix/fedex_tracking.gif C http://wolff-olins.com/firstdirect.htm virginatlantic/VirginAtlantic-01.jpg 9 http://livework.co.uk 9 http://designcouncil.org.uk 9 Conversation with Kevin Gavaghan 9 http//virgin-atlantic.com, Conversation with a passenger http://firstdirect.com
  • 40. n Examples of outstanding services AT&T treasure hunt Lufthansa scenarios From ownership to usage Airport express train I IDEO worked with their client AT&T in San For the project Intercont.innovation a The Service Design consultancy Live|Work provides The British Airport Authority is responsible for the Francisco to stage an analogy experience. IDEO multidisciplinary team led by Birgit Mager ongoing support to the car-sharing network Street- client experience at Heathrow Airport in London. prepared a set of different tasks connected to developed innovative service concepts for the car in London . Streetcar’s fleet of cars are located The Design Director Raymond Turner and his finding out about movies. The AT&T people found Lufthansa airline. around London, bookable online or over the phone team used elements of Service Design to launch that data services around movies can only answer and accessed with a special card and PIN. Clients the Heathrow Express service. The new rail link Initially the service procedures, behaviours, two questions on a phone: 1. What is happening at pay by the hour and receive a monthly bill. between Heathrow Airport and central London was products and technology have been thoroughly a particular movie theatre and 2. Where can I find introduced in 1999. analysed. Based on principles of drama different Live|Work provides input as the service grows – an this particular film. For pretty much every other service worlds have been designed and innovative ongoing practice of service innovation and design The service concept is based on a quick 15 minute question it is quicker to get a copy of TimeOut. scenarios developed. throughout the life of the service. The Service journey. The research showed overwhelmingly Service Design solution | Service Design evolution The exercise was designed to teach the team that Designers are providing an ongoing analysis of that customers were prepared to pay a high price Clustered into different idea pools the scenarios knows a lot about mobile applications about the clients experience of the service, reporting for saving time and having a more luxury experi- helped bring the recommendations and ideas to experiencing the experience. Based on findings usability, accessibility and satisfaction from the ence. This is a very good example that market life. This completely new format included future they then developed together with IDEO three clients perspective. research and understanding client requirements products, stage-designs, role scripts, props and guiding principles: Time-slice (think less about can be key drivers for Service Design. The insight technologies and more. The visionary Service For Streetcar they design the service experience on where you are but when you are), Relevancy that there is an existing segment of clients that Design scenarios developed have been integrated an ongoing basis. A special blueprint is used as a (What’s the question in a persons mind at any is able and willing to pay a high price has made a into Lufthansa’s corporate direction, strategy and live, operational document that evolves through given time, what’s their context), Social (Mobile service possible that nobody would have thought has set triggers for the airlines service offering. the incremental improvement and scaling of the communication is inherently social so we need to is feasible. service. empower the social part for it to be compelling). Scenarios developed have been supplied to The Heathrow Express is now used by almost These have since become essential for the further Lufthansa in a book that introduces the features in New service processes are prototyped with real 20,000 people every day. After the new service has development of AT&T services. a story format like a theatre play in different acts. clients to improve them and to solve potential Service Design proven to be successful, many European cities are Its emphasis lies on the client’s perspective. problems. It is essential to involve experiences in the Service introducing very similar services. Design process. > More information: > More information: > More information: http://lufthansa.com http://streetcar.co.uk > More information: http://heathrowexpress.com http://livework.co.uk http://ideo.com 78 79 C http://rsa-design.org C http://konzern.lufthansa.com C Presentation at RSA-Design Service Design seminar. October 2004 C http://o-keating.com/hsr/gb_lhe_1.jpg http://rsa-design.org 9 Presentation at RSA-Design Service Design seminar. October 2004 9 Conversation with Birgit Mager 9 http://designcouncil.org.uk http://rsa-design.org 9 http://rsa-design.org; http://livework.co.uk; http://streetcar.co.uk
  • 41. n Examples of outstanding services Juniper – redesigning a bank Credit card voting Community service The Oyster card The Juniper banking service has been redesigned Black & White is a new concept that allows clients The German student project Wir Hier shows very The Oyster card was introduced by London by IDEO. One of the findings that IDEO’s research to vote for the service experience with their credit impressively how Service Design can be applied for Transport at the end of 2003. It is a travel pass that has unveiled is that people keep their bills in card. social and society aspects too. For the RSA Design makes it easier, more comfortable and quicker to stacks somewhere in a shelf. They then pay bills Directions competition the students were asked to enter and exit the tube or to board a bus. The concept is based on the idea that clients when the stack falls over. That is the reminder that identify a contradiction, and then design a service get two credit cards, one black, one white. With The Oyster card can be used across the whole bus it is time to pay the bills. that helps people better deal with that contradic- paying with either card they have a very subtle and tube network in London. It is possible to load tion (by nature contradictions can’t be solved) and The bill cycle is usually two weeks. Based on the but effective way of leaving the message that either period tickets (e.g. for one month) or designed ways to communicate this new service. research IDEO had identified the latent behaviour they had an excellent or disappointing service pre-paid money on an virtual account. The linked Service Design solution | Service Design evolution and habit of collecting bills. They developed a experience. Every time clients pay for something Wir Hier has won the competition in the new reference to the account works through a RFID system as part of the Juniper service that gently they vote. Service Design category. The service concept deals chip of the card. People generally dislike queuing reminds clients to pay their bills. with the fact that we only appreciate what we and the Oyster card addresses that problem. “Black & White isn’t in the credit card business; have when we lose it. The concept covers different > More information: it’s in the business of empowering consumers, of A research project at the University of Westminster stages including awareness, changing relation- http://ideo.com giving them voice.” say Richard Monaghan and is currently analysing the amount of time that is ships, creating community and continuity. In a Amanda Nicholls who developed the new concept. saved through the Oyster card. The card is a great magazine that is dated from 2006 the students Black & White is among the first new business example of how a service can be made tangible. show how this service would work and how it ideas welcomed onto the Creative Pioneer Pro- For London Transport clients the Oyster card is would affect life from a future point of view. gramme in 2004 by Nesta1, the organisation that literally a service Touchpoint it is a symbol of their invests in UK creativity and innovation. > More information: freedom and the innovative Service Design. http://rsa-design.org > More information: > More information: http://wir-hier.org Service Design http://nesta.org.uk http://tfl.co.uk http://oystercard.com 80 81 C http://ideo.com/portfolio/ 1 The National Endowment for Science, Technology & the Arts C http://wir-hier.org C http://oystercard.com/ press_3.php 9 Presentation at the RSA-Design Service Design seminar. C http://pro.corbis.com 9 http://rsa-design.org 9 http://oystercard.com October 2004. http://rsa-design.org http://wir-hier.org 9 http://nesta.org.uk http://ideo.com/portfolio/
  • 42. 82 Service Design solution | Service Design reality REALITY SERVICE DESIGN 83 Service Design
  • 43. Who is designing services now A majority of companies in our economy are involved in services. And even though Service Design is a new field that does not mean that these companies have never thought about their clients or the services that they provide. So how have these practitioners been designing services so far? One example of a service organisation that was not aware of the fact that they design services was the Finnish airline Finnair. In a 2003 research project within the Strategic Design department of UIAH in Helsinki the design process at the airline was investigated.1 Finnair develops their services between the product development and the research department. Until they were approached about the UIAH research it had never occured to them that “So far, I looked at our the products that they developed are actually services. Finnair is working with an interactive service guideline system. That means that they conduct training sessions where clients are represented in interview videos, they conduct prototyping sessions on, for example, the experience of their food. services with what you Different channels of client feedback are used as the basis for improving services. The system is very reactive and relies on client complaints or suggestions to stimulate and direct change. Even though the team was still working with product thinking a lot of the methods and tools of Service would call common sense, Design have been used. Service Design solution | Service Design reality Service Knowledge I never thought of myself The University of Westminster in London has undertaken a research project to investigate how services are designed and managed in the service sector. Questionnaires were sent to managers that are operating in the service sec- tor in London. The purpose of the questionnaire was to determine aspects as a designer.” of design management within companies that operate in the service sector. The analysed companies are in the areas transport, charities, health, bank- ing, insurance, public and private services. n Service Design 85 84 1 Moritz, Stefan et. al. (2003): Presentation: Design in Organisations – Product or Service Development. UIAH. Helsinki.
  • 44. n Who is designing services now Surprisingly, more than half of those questioned from the service sector didn’t In manufacturing the most costly part of the process is tooling up for know what design was. Slightly more than half knew what innovation was. manufacture. That typically takes about half of the total design cost. With “It was found that most managers are operating at a very basic level and as service design there are currently no figures available for the cost of the such, are not in control of the future of their organisations.” says Bill Hollins. various stages of the process. This is partly due to the fact, as previously One third of the companies questioned do not have a strategy document and stated, that most people in the service sector do not consider themselves only one fifth have a written process for the delivery of new services. 48% do to be designing. Therefore, they are not able to identify the costs of the no research new services prior to their development. As a source of new ideas various stages of the process. Although no figures exist, and although there several stated that they copy from their competition or from market leaders. is great variation between types of services, it can be estimated that the Quite a few companies seek ideas only from inside, such as ideas from direc- latter stages of the process are the most expensive. Rather than tooling up tors, senior managers and suggestion boxes. for manufacture in services costs are likely to come from implementation. 48% percent of the companies have not seen a specification for the develop- From these findings it can be concluded that services are not always un- ment of a new services in the past seven years. Of those who have, in only 16% derstood to the full. Design is not known as a possible solution. Therefore of the companies did this specification appear to be adequate. Service Design has a long way to go to be integrated in these organisations. It seems that understanding, recognition and acknowledgement of Service What the research did show though is that the few companies that did appear Design is still the biggest barrier to success. to be effective (about 16%) were very good. This was further shown in the fact that 16% generated greater than 30% of their turnover from services developed in the past three years. Unlike manufacturing organisations, in service design specifications (the controlling documents) tend not to be written. As a result, such companies are not in control of their design function. Service Design solution | Service Design reality Service Design 86 87 University of Westminster (2003): London Aiga Experience Design. Design Council. London. Hollins, Bill (2003): How Are You Managing Your New Services? Colombo. Hollins, Bill; Blackman, Carol & Shinkins, Sadie: Research into Design Manage- ment in the Service Sector. University of Westminster. London.
  • 45. Workshop with practitioners Introduction Agenda Newcastle, April 2005. A two day Service Design The two day Service Design workshop was struc- workshop was prepared and co-conducted with tured in to three parts. A half day introductory Sean Blair of London based Spirit of Creation. The course on Service Design, an exercise project to go opportunity arose from Business Link1 commis- through the four phases of the Spirit of Creation sioning the workshop in order to offer Service DGSE2 process and a half day with reflection and Design to innovative UK businesses. Also it was exercises to evaluate how Service Design can be intended to use the workshop to develop concepts useful for each of the participants businesses. for business support services. The introduction to Service Design had a business school feel to it and used a case study of Service Spirit of Creation has developed the concept of Design at the First Direct Bank as a framework. The the Design Innovation Education Centre and so the DGSE phases were prototypically used to develop methodology of the workshop was based on the a new Business Support Service and familiarise the experience of the partners, as well as work done participants with this process. by them in co-operation with 200 specialists from around the globe. The people that attended the workshop are considered part of the target group for this work – they are all practitioners in organisations WORKSHOP AGENDA involved in services. The preparation of the Service Design solution | Service Design reality workshop was therefore interesting and relevant, Pre-reading (First Direct case study) and learnings from Sean’s experience valuable input for the paper as a whole. Day one · Service Design introduction · Lunch · Discovery (exercises) · Generation (Open Space Technology) Day two · Synthesis (discussions) Service Design · Enterprise (business plan) · Lunch · Discovery, Generation, Synthesis & Enterprise for every participant’s organisation 88 89 1 Business Link is a business support, advice and information service with local presence across England, managed by business people for business people. It is uniquely placed to identify business support services from across the government, voluntary and private sectors. http://businesslink.gov.uk 2 Spirit of Creaton DGSE process – Discovery, Generation, Synthesis & Enterprise
  • 46. n Workshop with practitioners Participants What was tested? The workshop was attended by fifteen people that The tools that were tested in the workshop are involved with or want to be involved in, the included different elements linked together. design of new or existing services. Most of them As underlying structure the four Spirit of Crea- from a business background. They ranged from tion phases Discovery, Generation, Synthesis & architects, technology providers, a call centre CEO Enterprise were used. to representatives from Serco (one of the largest The following tools were developed and tested: service organisations in the world). 1. Service Phase Cards General workshop goal 2. Service Exercises The main goal of the workshop was to give 3. Service Wallchart practitioners an overview and insight into Service Design and the potential of it for their 4. Service Grid Cards business. Simultaneously, the team developed a 5. Character Profiles concept for a business support service – useful for Business Link who sponsored the workshop. 6. Service Method Cards Goal for this work Challenge The opportunity of this workshop for this work Given that Spirit of Creation was commissioned to Service Design solution | Service Design reality was to talk to, observe and work with practition- run the workshop, all material is branded Spirit of ers. It was helpful to further understand the Creation. The DGSE model was used throughout dynamics of teamwork in Service Design projects. all materials for consistency. The challenge was At the same time it was a possibility to test tool to prepare a workshop that brings the essence prototypes, learn how the tools work and to of Service Design across and to offer hands on collect feedback. It offered, besides insights in the practical learning for business in only two days. project environment of business practitioners, Everything needed to be thought through in detail a reality check for concept and practical applica- to ensure success. That meant that the prepara- tions. As for the content of the workshop it gave tion functioned as an actual prototype ensuring many insights into the requirements of business that the workshop had a quality worthy of a valid support services and innovative service ideas. end result. It was challenging to face unknown Service Design people from different backgrounds and to immerse ourselves in the normal external factors that such a workshop situation will inevitably present. 90 91
  • 47. The preparation The workshop created an opporunity to de- Learning Personal expectations velop functional tools of an appropriate quality. The cards prepared took much more time to The Method Cards tool was my main focus before Envisioning the room, the people and the process complete and write in a way that can be easily the preparation of the workshop. But I soon thinking widened from method cards to a broader understood than initally anticipated. Whilst realised that they were to become something scope. In the discussion about the needs of the preparing the cards it became clear that the cards like place holders as we were going to be there to workshop the idea of a wall chart was developed. that had already been given a lot of time and en- explain everything anyway. I was aware that the ergy were probably not going to be that important Wallchart grid system would be a helpful platform Initially, a wide range of tools, methods and to the workshop given the fact that it would be to share and produce an overview, and ideally I techniques were reviewed and grouped into six facilitated anyway. In addition, for the system would have liked to have more flexibility with clusters. Once the agenda and the structure of the Wallchart, Grid Cards and activity integration still the space for each phase. I was imagining that workshop was agreed with Sean Blair and Simon needed a lot of fine tuning to work “safely” in the the participants would take a mental picture of Haslam, tool concepts that could be tested were workshop. the Wallchart home with them and expected the developed: Inconvenience Analysis, Service Ecology Method Cards to be questioned on their practical Map, Character Profile Modules and Visioning. In the end the Method Cards that had originally use. been the focus were not used in the workshop, It was agreed that a useful tool for the partici- while the Wallchart system initially not really All conversations and the work with Sean Blair and pants would be a summary card for each of the acknowledged as a tool became the main focus. Spirit of Creation has been very interesting for the four phases with practical guidelines to excel- It is therefore fair to say that during the prepara- further development of this paper. lence. A grid system was developed that would tion the view and approach to tools changed and help give the DGSE process a tangible interface. It evolved. consisted of a big wall chart and cards that can be Service Design solution | Service Design reality stuck on the chart in the different phases. Service Design 93 92
  • 48. 1. Service Phase Cards Tool purpose Tool use A tangible and useful tool that participants can The Phase Cards were used in the workshop as take with them after the workshop was developed. tangible manifestations of the four phases. The It consists of a set of four Phase Cards, one for short definition summaries have been used by each DGSE phase. It works as a reminder and at participants for clarification. Every participant the same time as a check list with practical advise took a set of Phase Cards with them. The tool for each of the four phases. helped to establish a tangible reality of a Service Design model while at the same time functioning Tool design as a helpful tool. Like all tools developed, the set follows a colour code – green for Discovery, red for Generation, Tool evaluation cyan for Synthesis and dark blue for Enterprise. The cards helped to make the DGSE model and each phase more accessible. The principles on the Each card has a coloured header with the name back of the card have been considered helpful of the phase on either side. The front of the card in the workshop. A follow-up survey would be contains an iconic image with a visual metaphor required to investigate the use and practicality of for the phase and a short definition of the phase. the cards once the participants were back in their The back of the card contains basic principles and offices. guidelines for excellence of each phase. The bot- tom shows the visual model of the DGSE process. Service Design solution | Service Design reality The cards are placed in a layout that makes it possible to produce the card post-workshop in any office from a PDF template. Service Design “The Phase Cards are a very useful and simple device that enables me to explain the principle and the basics of those phases in my organisation.” 95 94 Service Phase Cards Developed by Sean Blair and Stefan Moritz for the Business Link Service Design workshop, Newcastle, April 2005.
  • 49. 2. Service Exercises Tool purpose Tool design For the workshop a series of exercises and meth- Methods and exercises were explained in a screen ods were designed to practise and bring to life the presentation. Each one was clearly named and a four different phases. They were designed to help time for completion and essential guidelines were participants imagine that they were working as a provided. For every exercise a example was shown hand-picked team of experts on the development and explained. The participants wrote their results of a business support service. or ideas for each exercise on a Grid Card and then posted them on a workshop Wallchart. Tool use In each phase several tasks needed to be ac- Tool evaluation complished. In a real life Service Design project All exercises have been understood and were com- several different methods and techniques would pleted on time. Some difficulty was experienced for example be used in the area Discovery. To run a in the Discovery and Generation phases. Discovery draft version of the Discovery process the exercises is particularly difficult to accomplish in a short for the workshop were designed to have similar time. In the case of this workshop Discovery could effects. Taking new angles to look at things and therefore only be made in reflecting and exploring identifying and specifying key implications and existing knowledge. potential starting points in order to develop ideas for the Generation phase. Service Design solution | Service Design reality Service Design 96 97
  • 50. 3. Service Wallchart Tool purpose the stages of generating and filtering like light To make the four phase process tangible and that goes through a lens. Thin lines assemble the to create a shared working platform a special grid. The header of this chart is flexible so that Wall Chart was developed. The Wallchart supports it can be used in a number of workshops. The the understanding of the different phases by surface is coated so that Grid Cards can be stuck visualising how for example some insights can be on temporarily. Under the phase headings there is used to generate a lot of ideas and how a set of a space for flexible title cards. criteria in the Synthesis phase work as a filter etc. Tool evaluation Tool use The Wallchart was a very dominant tool in the The Wallchart is a grid platform to post Grid Cards workshop and helped to make the DGSE model (see pictures below). Each phase is divided in sev- tangible. It was a shared platform that sensualised eral rows for the different exercises. The Grid Cards the achievement of the two days by turning it from Trends & Drivers for example will be posted from an empty to a completely filled Wallchart. underneath each other in this section. The chart One improvement could have been to have more is empty in the beginning of the workshop and in space for the Generation ideas. the end represents the work that has been done through the addition of Grid Cards. Tool design The Wallchart is a six by two meter wall chart. Service Design solution | Service Design reality It has four big colour coded areas for Discovery, Generation, Synthesis and Enterprise phases. In the background the graphic model of DGSE visualises Service Design 98 99 Service Wallchart Designed by Sean Blair and Stefan Moritz for the Business Link Service Design workshop in Newcastle, April 2005.
  • 51. Service Design solution | Service Design reality Service Design 10 0 101 Wallchart including the sections Discovery, Generation, Synthesis & Enterprise
  • 52. 4. Service Grid Cards Tool purpose The Grid Cards have been used in each phase to fill in the results of the various exercises. Each card was then posted on the Wallchart. Tool use The Grid Cards were used throughout the work- shop and all important insights, thoughts, ideas, criteria and elements were written on them. Writ- ing a card meant that the content was considered a valuable asset in the process. The posting on the Wallchart made it a visual part of the total result. Even though the end results is of course what counts the most, the Grid Cards are like pixels that together give the complete picture of the process. Tool design The Grid Cards were produced in the four DGSE colours. Each card included the title of the phase, a field for the participants name and lines that help to write straight and suggest the size of writing. Service Design solution | Service Design reality Tool evaluation Like tailor made post-its for this process the Grid Cards worked very well. The name field on the bottom of the cards was not used very much and could have been moved to the top where many participants spontaneously wrote their names anyway. Service Design 103 102
  • 53. 5. Character Profiles Tool purpose Character Profiles have been prepared for the workshop as a start and client reference point. Four fictional characters have been created to represent target stereotypes for the new business support service. They helped set a framework for the kind of people that should be addressed through the new service. They also provided the possibility to check insights, ideas, criteria and concepts against the profiles by asking probing questions such as “What would Norman think about that?” Tool use The four profiles were posted on the left of the Wallchart. They were introduced to the participants once they received the design briefing. They help present the fact that the new service is for actual users and to give a focused starting point to work effectively in the short time. Tool design Each of the profiles consisted of a big image of the character in question, as well as the name on one side and a description of the person and their business on the other. This information was very basic, including age, experience, passion, name of the business, nature of business, turnover, number of employers and expertise. Service Design solution | Service Design reality Tool evaluation The Character Profiles helped to establish clarity and were well received by participants. However, they were not referred to at any point of the project and were therefore not a crucial element for the success. Service Design 104 105 Character Profiles Designed by Sean Blair and Stefan Moritz for the Business Link Service Design workshop in Newcastle, April 2005.
  • 54. 6. Service Method Cards Tool purpose Descriptions and instructions of key methods were formulated in the form of Method Cards. Every card represented a method used at one or several points of a Service Design project. The set of Method Cards helped to establish Service Design in a tangible and credible way. Designed to help the team, they quickly establish shared understanding of a method and a basic ability to use it. Tool use The Method Cards were not used in the workshop. As the workshop was facilitated and all exercises and methods have been introduced and explained in person it was not necessary to use the cards for explanation. The cards have been shown to the participants to underline that Service Design includes a lot more than what was covered in the two days. Tool design Each card has a symbolic image, the name of the method on one side and a description and an example of the outcome on the other. The description includes a short summary, the results and what the method is used for. It also includes the key steps to follow and important considerations. Service Design solution | Service Design reality Tool evaluation It can be assumed that the cards alone would not be sufficient material to carry out the methods without further facilitation, but they worked well as tangible representation of further possibilities within Service Design. Service Design Examples of Service Method Cards 106 107 Designed by Sean Blair and Stefan Moritz for the Business Link Service Design workshop in Newcastle, April 2005.
  • 55. Personal evaluation & reflection Preparation The workshop The DGSE process is quite broad. The advantage is During the workshop it occurred to me that For me the preparation of the workshop was It was only in the workshop I realised the immense that every project fits in. The disadvantage is that it would be interesting to do an Inconvenience the first reality check. I had imagined that the importance and potential of the Wallchart system it needs very specific guidance to be used suc- Analysis for Service Design itself to find out what tools Inconvenience Analysis, Service Ecology Map as a tool. cessfully. The four phases worked really well in the people find difficult. and Visioning could be used effectively in this context of this workshop and more phases would The participants were rather tired in the afternoon While first in doubt, the workshop proved to be a workshop. I had done some thinking about how not have been possible to go through. For most of of the first day and had some difficulties with helpful way to step back and reflect on what I am cards could work that changes methods to tools. the participants the most surprising element was the Discovery and Generation exercises. They had trying to achieve. We decided not to use those methods or the cards. the Synthesis stage, while everybody was aware enjoyed the First Direct case study and Kevin This was disappointing given the work and time that research and Brainstorming are important to Gavaghan’s insights and stories. Lunch and the I had invested. But most importantly for me, the improve or innovate Services. Open Space Technology sessions were used to get question then became if the workshop would to know other participants and to share informa- In my point of view this workshop built very much really be useful for this paper at all? The Wallchart tion. It was very challenging for the participants on existing ideas which in turn means limited was for me a really straight forward element. Even to learn, reflect, meet new people, share work innovation. This was in part due to the limited though weeks of thinking went into it, to me it experience, see the relevance of the examples possibilities in the Discovery phase but also to was simply a big poster that would help to share for their businesses and to develop a concept for the Open Space Technology. The participants were the different elements in a tangible way. a new business support service in just two days. naturally discussing more than sparking new The participants had difficulties with Discovery ideas. and Generation whereas Synthesis and Enterprise seemed rather easy to them. Perhaps this was due Service Design solution | Service Design reality to the fact that they all have a business back- ground and are more familiar with this type of activities from their day to day jobs. With a group of designers this might proved to be the opposite. Service Design 108 109
  • 56. 110 Access to Service Design DESIGN ACCESS TO SERVICE 111 Service Design
  • 57. Bridging the gap As explained in earlier parts of this paper, services Existing Resources are an important part of the economy. To make What resources are already available and can be services more productive, efficient and effective collected and reviewed? for organisations and more satisfying, useful, Structure for Service Design usable and desirable for clients they need to be Can we clearly define a simple framework that designed. Service Design is a new field that does explains what the areas are that Service Design just that. It provides the expertise and tools covers? required to design services and furthermore, un- dertakes research to address the unique features Sharing of services. How can the Service Design Network play a bigger part in connecting the current Service Design Even though some organisations have already players? How does it help in sharing experience, been using Service Design successfully it is resources and creating common references. still not an established and known field or a recognised new holistic business practice. The Tools and methods suggestion here is that Service Design needs to What tools and methods are suitable to fill be profiled. Service Design will be an important the structure or framework created for Service function in most companies in the near future. Design? What tools and methods are available and The field needs to provide clear communication needed to design services? and establish a recognisable profile. Service Design overview The remainder of this paper will attempt to What would a simple diagram outlining the most establish such a profile by further exploring the important elements and functions of Service following areas: Design look like? Service Design process Can the Service Design process be mapped out? Access to Service Design Service Design 113 112
  • 58. Service Design framework Set-up Framework To give practitioners an understanding of what To develop a framework that covers the different Service Design is about a framework that struc- areas and tasks that Service Design offers, the tures the different areas of expertise and the key following approach was chosen: Several processes tasks that belong to Service Design is needed. and models were analysed. These included the Service Design Methodology that Birgit Mager A list with the main areas that Service Design developed, the process that the Service Design includes, and examples of tasks and tools that consultancy Spirit of Creation works with, the are used in Service Design creates a base to process that the Service Design department at the further build upon. The framework is the starting design consultancy IDEO works with, the process point to develop tools and services that can help that the unit RED at the Design Council uses, the practitioners understand and assist to use Service process that Bill Hollins suggests in his book Total Design in their organisations. Design, the process model that the committee In addition, to establish a practical way to access for the Service Design standard recommendation Service Design it was found necessary to create for British Standards developed and processes and an overview that enables easy understanding of models that show what related disciplines cover. Service Design. Conversations with Sean Blair, Lavrans Løvlie, Bill In the same way that a geographical map gives an Hollins and Birgit Mager helped to gain detailed overview of an area (all villages and towns need to understanding of the importance and significance be explored to produce the map) it is necessary to of the different areas. Looking at different exam- explore the different parts that make up the whole ples of Service Design projects as well as projects of Service Design. Several resources have been that have been undertaken in related areas has used to create the overview. Various models and helped to add to the findings. processes that exist within Service Design as well as in related fields have been analysed. Service Design experts have been consulted to understand the way they work and the ground they cover. Access to Service Design The developed framework provides the base to develop a process or a simplified representational model of Service Design. Service Design 115 114
  • 59. Analysing processes and models The first model looked at was the Service Design a very useful overview of specific stages but is not methodology (model ten) that Birgit Mager self-explanatory or easy to understand. Another developed. It contains nine segments that cover process explored is the one used by the Service analysis, innovation, strategy, specific develop- Design division at IDEO (model eleven). It is ment, testing, environment analysis and client divided in three main segments. The first segment typology. It can in itself be considered a frame- covers observing and understanding people, work, however, it was found that this model is a business and technology. All insights lead into the useful overview but that it is tailored more for development of a strategic framework. The second insiders in Service Design than general practition- segment includes the principle of iteration. Idea ers and decision makers. The nine segments have development and prototyping help to develop a been used to develop an initial list of tasks that final concept. This is then translated into product, are important in Service Design. This methodology service and space solutions. This process was very gives a compact overview of the different stages helpful to gain understanding in what type of that Service Design covers without relying on a tasks need to be accomplished in the course of a time based process. The model is generic and does Service Design project. However, rather than an not mandate how different stages link into each overall framework it provides a working process other and which areas iterate. It therefore provides tailored specifically to IDEO. [ model ten ] Service Design Methodology This model was developed by Birgit Mager based on her extensive research and experience with Service Design projects. It provides a systemic view and shows different stages of the Service Design process. Any process is framed by Environment analysis and customer typology. Based on the analysis of the Service Interface the Innovation process develops new ideas and impovement solutions. Details of the Service Interface are modelled in line Access to Service Design with the strategic positioning and the Service Experience Specification. The service experience is tested and the performance developed. Service Design [ model eleven ] The process that the design consultancy IDEO uses for services, products 116 117 and spaces. The process is divided in three main stages. The first one IDEO design process Understand & Observe builds a strategic framework based upon insights into what people want, what is feasible for business and what is possible in technology. The second stage Visualise & Refine is developing final concepts through iteration of Brainstorming and Prototyping. Based on the insights and in line with the strategy, ideas are developed and tested. In the third stage Implement the final concept is translated and implemented into products, services and spaces.
  • 60. 1 Triggers 2 Plan for 3 Identify 4 Detail 5 Implement 6 Operate/ The Service Design process (model twelve) devel- The desk research and conversations with experts service and Service and Review A design B develop C Design D launch E oped by the committee that wrote a new Service have been particularly helpful to deepen the options Optimise Develop the Design and develop the Deliver and Operate Design recommendation for British Standards. It is understanding of the various elements that are business service Support the and service optimise divided in four main stages. needed to accomplish Service Design. Reviewing potential and analysing models used by various people has Stage one – Develop the business – develps a plan also led to further thinking about what an ideal for service (configuring the project, planning ACTIONS STAGE GATEWAY framework might look like. resource, process design & controls) based on 1 Triggers 2 Plan for 3 Identify 4 Detail 5 Implement 6 Operate/ triggers (shortcomings, gaps, prompts, op- service and Service and Review design develop Design launch A B options C D E portunities, ...). A project proposal leads into Grouping Optimise stage two – Design and develop the service. This The paper set out to create a task-list overview stage identifies and develops options (generate which is as useful and practical as possible. There- options, evaluate and select the best options, fore it was considered to group the list of tasks MS/4/-/8 Service Design [ model twelve ] Draft version 09 develop solution concepts, select final concept) into sensible units or segments. This was based Service Design process model Date 25/09/2003 and leads into Detail Service Design (development on the kind of tasks that are used to achieve the Author of all components, experience specification, etc.) same kind of results. The models were analysed Approved by A detailed service design approval leads into stage to find what units have already been formed to three – Deliver and support the service. This stage enable a compact overview. For example it was helps to implement and launch the service (ensure found that in the processes the same kind of completeness, introduce to market, launch plan). segments are often used. Stage four – Operate and optimise potential – 28/10/2003 1 From comparing the different models it could be is about operation, delivery and review (delivery, clearly identified that there is a pattern emerging feedback, maintenance, etc.) in the processes. Sometimes named differently The Service Design model developed by Spirit and sometimes with different focus points some of Creation (model thirteen) is a visualisation of commonality can still be found. From analysing the complex field Service Design. The core of the the processes an understanding of the kinds of model is the DGSE process; Discovery, Generation, things that are covered could be gained. It was Access to Service Design Synthesis and Enterprise. Many conversations found that four segments are used throughout a with Sean Blair and Kevin Gavaghan as well as a lot of processes in design and innovation. workshop designed in co-operation with Spirit of Four phases cover four D’s: Discover, Define, Creation helped to gain an in-depth understanding Service Design Develop and Deliver.1 These can be seen as the of the DGSE process. In the model this generic design equivalent to the four P’s of Marketing. process is surrounded by components that contain They cover the basic steps but do not do justice other important elements such as experience to the extended areas that Service Design covers modelling or assessing the consequences that beyond traditional design. [ model thirteen ] a service would have. Spirit of Creation are very 118 119 Spirit of Creation DGSE process successful in using this process as the basis for explaining and profiling Service Design. 1 The four D’s are coverd for example in the process of the Design Council’s unit RED: Discover, Define, Develop and Deliver
  • 61. Service Design overview Unique for Service Design The solution To give practical access to Service Design this Which tasks are important for It was clear that areas of research, idea develop- Through critical analysis it was decided that task-overview has been developed. It is a list of Service Design? ment, selection of ideas and implementation are a grouping of four segments is not specific the different tasks that are part of Service Design. Different projects, case studies and proc- crucial for Service Design. These areas are covered enough for Service Design and does not include It gives a holistic view of Service Design that is esses have been analysed and experts have been in every model. The area that is not specifically all essential parts in the overview. But too many easy to understand. Based on the tasks, various interviewed to identify which tasks are important mentioned in all models and that takes Service segments would not be easy to oversee or tools and methods that are helpful to accomplish and crucial parts of Service Design projects. Even Design beyond Service Innovation is the area of remember. Therefore six categories have been these tasks are listed later on. though every Service Design project is different, strategic thinking and planning. Before ideas are further explored: SD Understanding1, SD Thinking, this list of tasks has be established as an overall developed in Service Design a strategy or specifi- SD Generating, SD Filtering, SD Explaining and overview. It helps to understand what Service cation document needs to be written. SD Realising. These categories cover everything Design is about in detail. The list of tasks has been that Service Design delivers. discussed with some Service Design experts again Bill Hollins and Fran Samalionis highlighted that to add tasks that they felt should be included. the first steps in a Service Design project are very One advantage of this formation is that somebody similar to that of a design project not specifically that wants to understand Service Design has the This is the beginning of a list of tasks which does looking at services. However, Fran Samalionis possibility to explore and understand what Service not claim to be complete. It nonetheless gives finds that one of the main differences when de- Design entails. It needs to be noted however that a detailed overview and provides a practical signing services is the different approach required this model is generic and even though it can cover checklist for Service Design tasks. To achieve to explain and test ideas with service prototypes. more than four categories it is still a simplified these tasks a series of tools and methods can be structure. used and different skills are needed they too are described here. The suitablity of tools and meth- On the following pages the six categories are ods selected will be depending on the project. explained in more detail with a view to establish- ing a complete overview of Service Design. Access to Service Design Service Design 12 0 121 1 The abbreviation SD is used for Service Design. It gives the six categories unique names. It means that the descriptions are not about tasks but about the tasks in specific relation to Service Design.
  • 62. Service Design (SD) tasks The tasks that need to be undertaken in different The categories enable easier application of the stages of Service Design (SD) have been grouped list of tasks and tools to projects. Every task (e.g. into six categories: SD Understanding, SD Thinking, interview) is an intermediate step that helps to SD Generating, SD Filtering, SD Explaining and reach a goal (e.g. understanding clients). The goal SD Realising – described below stands for a crucial step in the Service Design process and at the same time it represents a Finding out and learning SD specific mind-set. Every goal might be achieved by Understanding Learning about clients, contexts, the service provider and providing insights. a number of tasks. The Service Design categories have two functions. One is to create a simple Giving strategic direction and generic framework that helps to understand SD Thinking Strategic and analytical tasks that help identify, plan, Service Design. The second one is to establish set, review, analyse and give a project direction. what different mind-sets are needed for Service Design. Developing concepts SD Generating Developing relevant, innovative ideas and concepts. It was an insight from the research, that Service Creating solutions. Design covers different stages and that each of them requires a different mind-set. In the Selecting the best SD prototypical workshop it was found that it is Filtering Selecting ideas and combining concepts. Evaluating results and solutions. important to switch mind-sets within a Service Design project. That means that the category of Enabling understanding SD Generating requires a different mind-set, SD Explaining Sensualisation and mapping. Making concepts tangi- attitude, focus and environment than for example ble, showing future possibilities and giving overviews. SD Explaining. Furthermore, in every category the constellation of the team might change to Making it happen SD accommodate the skill profile needed. Still the Realising Implementation and delivery. Providing guidelines and plans. categories can interlink and overlap. Generating ideas can help to raise new questions for research and in the research new ideas for solutions can Access to Service Design come up. On the following pages a more in-depth overview of the six categories is provided through descrip- tions and a list of tasks and tools / methods. Service Design 123 122
  • 63. SD Understanding > Finding out and learning definition description Requirements Examples of SD Understanding Researching the clients latent and This is a broad area that underlies the Project objectives are needed. To find out how clients should find their way conscious needs. Finding out about Service Design process. SD Under- to the parking facilities of an airport the client context, constraints and resources. standing is the connection between a journey was tested and documented in the form Relevance to Service Design Exploring possibilities. project and its reality. SD Understand- of photo journals. To make the conference service SD Understanding is important for Service Design ing generates insights that identify of a hotel more flexible a circus was analysed. To to make sure results are true to reality, relevant areas the company should be going investigate how people pay their bills interviews and appropriate. for, according to what is right for the were conducted in peoples homes. To understand organisation. SD Understanding goes how a complex system works teams from beyond things that people are already different departments played all functions in a Considerations familiar with. Like, what are the things bodystorming session. To explore peoples mood Quantitative market research and market segmen- that people don’t like? Exploring the in the morning, a series of wakeup-call interviews tation is useful for selling products and services client’s wants, needs, motivations have been conducted. To understand how much but falls short of providing critical information and contexts. Investigating business, people value a service that they usually take for about how people actually use services – espe- technical and domain requirements granted, they were payed as much as needed to cially services with complex behaviors. Most and constraints. Taking into account not use the service. traditional methods don not provide a means of the client’s goals in a systematic way. translating research results into design solutions. What do people desire? What are the possibilities? What will sustain a Most people are incapable of accurately assessing business? Access to Service Design their own behaviours. Self-referential design occurs when designers project their own goals, motivations, skills and Service Design mental models onto projects. Always verify assumptions and interpretations (but do not forget to read between the lines!). 125 124
  • 64. SD Understanding Tasks Tools & methods A non-exhaustive list of various tools and methods that could be used to generate SD Understanding * 1. Understanding clients 3. Understanding providers Exploring the following areas can help to better What factors are influencial to the project, person or organisation: understand a client or clients: · Resources Benchmarking Market segmentation · Goals - Technology Client segmentation Mystery shoppers · Values - Personal Context analysis Net Scouting · Needs - Finance Contextual interviews Observation · Behaviour - Knowledge Contextual enquiry Probes · Problems - Skills Critical incident technique Reading · Group dynamics · Politics Ecology map Service status · Interaction · Short- & long term goals Ethnography Shadowing · Demographic · Constraints Experience test Thinking Aloud · Psychographic · Responsibility Expert interviews Trend Scouting · Processes & systems Focus groups User Surveys · Language Gap Analysis 5W’s 2. Understanding contexts What considerations need to be made with regards · Key desicion makers / Historical analysis Insight matrix to the following: Access to Service Design stake holders Inconvenience Analysis Tested and tried components · Political Interviews Inspirational specialists · Legislation Service Design · Economic 4. Understanding relationships · Social Is there something to be gained from: · Technological · Opportunities 126 127 · Competition · Other providers · History · Culture * The tools and methods are further explained in the Appendix
  • 65. SD Thinking > Giving strategic direction definition description Requirements Examples of SD Thinking Identifying criteria, developing SD Thinking includes all strategic Information about context, client, service It was revealed that for mobile phone services strategic frameworks, specifying and considerations and the identification provider, constraints and market place. only a very limited portfolio of scenarios can scoping out of details. Turning com- of direction and scope of a Service satisfy true client needs. It was recognised that plex data into insights. Design project. It sets the parameters professional expertise is crucial to trust a busi- Relevance to Service Design for the other categories. SD Thinking ness support service and that ideas need to be To direct, control, structure and aligne. often has a transitional role between generated how to enable access to high quality other categories. For example after expert knowledge. It was recognised that for working in SD Understanding it is Considerations a community service a four stage strategy of necessary to specify which elements SD Thinking is always based on information. The Attention, Change Relationship, Create Com- should be used, and in what way in SD strategy and direction is only as good as the munity & Continuity needs to be employed. It was Generating. SD Thinking is the cat- facts they are based on. It links into several other decided that for a project in a hospital the focus egory that identifies the purpose of SD categories in a Service Design project. and emphasis of the service is going to be on the Understanding for the project. It can quality of care rather than to make the experience In a short or small project SD Thinking will most be important before SD Understanding as pleasant as possible. It was decided in a project likely be done with natural common sense. But or generally in the beginning of a to involve clients and external experts to work it is important to be aware that this category is Service Design project to review or together. It was identified that a service does not crucial and needs to be taken seriously. set objectives and to make sure that have to be re-invented and that its design would all other categories work in line with SD Thinking often requires buy-in on a senior level only have to be improved. the strategy. SD Thinking is the area Access to Service Design of an organisation. Only if the service strategy is that gives Service Design direction and relevant and true to the context and needs of the guidelines. organisation will the project be successful. Service Design 12 8 129
  • 66. SD Thinking Tasks Tools & methods A non-exhaustive list of various tools and methods that could be used in SD Thinking * 1. Identifying 4. Analysis · Criteria · Competition Affinity Diagrams Specification · Problems · Content CATWOE System thinking · Focus Brutethink Think tank · Underlying motives Fishbone diagram Touchpoints 5. Reviewing Lateral thinking Total quality flow charting · Insights LEGO Serious Play Visual thinking 2. Setting · Related components Mindmap · Objectives Parallel thinking · Goals Personality matrix 6. Direction · Vision Priority matrix · Time plan · Design guidelines 3. Planning & feasibility · Team setup · Requirements · Specification Access to Service Design Service Design 13 0 131 * The tools and methods are further explained in the Appendix
  • 67. SD Generating > Developing concepts definition description Requirements Examples of SD Generating Developing relevant, intelligent and SD Generating is about doing, creat- SD Generating requires professional creativity. To develop concepts for a new train service an innovative ideas. Creating role-, ing and coming up with ideas and The work is always based on information and actual train was used as the work environment. design- and concept-alternatives. solutions. In a Service Design project direction from the other categories. Even though To explore different possibilities how to solve a Crafting details and consistency. relevant ideas need to be developed it is possible to develop random ideas in general problem in a water cleaning plant, Bodystorming and combined into strong concepts. SD Generating is based on insights and in line with was used to resemble all parts of the system. Solutions need to be found and proc- strategy. To develop great ideas IDEO has the five most esses set up. The service experience important rules of Brainstorming written on the needs to be designed in every detail walls of their board rooms. To come up with new Relevance to Service Design and objects, spaces and other ele- ideas for a service, different elements have been To produce great service experiences different ments need to be developed. combined with a special software randomly. Kids challenges need to be addressed with innovative have been invited into a Brainshaping session to and sensible ideas, concepts and solutions that are build new ideas with simple tools in play-do. true to the needs of clients and organisations and in line with the developed strategy. Considerations For SD Generating it is important to find the right people for the team and to select the right Access to Service Design environments to work in. It is important that SD Generating is not a random idea session. It always needs to be based on Service Design insights and strategy. Still SD Generating should be free, innovative and visionary. It helps to use SD Explaining to make ideas as easy to understand, visual and tangible as possible. 133 132
  • 68. SD Generating Tasks Tools & methods A non-exhaustive list of various tools and methods that could be used in SD Generating * 1. Developing 4. Implementing · Ideas · Corporate Design Bodystorming · Solutions Brainstorm · Processes Brainwriting, -shaping, -racing, -station 5. Crafting Experience sketching · Evidences Feature tree 2. Creating · Touchpoints (Group) Sketching · Concepts · Interface Idea interview · Scenarios · Experiences Open space technology Parallel design Randomiser 3. Finding Think Tank · Environments Unfocus group · Inspiration · Ways to work with clients Access to Service Design Service Design 134 135 * The tools and methods are further explained in the Appendix
  • 69. SD Filtering > Selecting the best definition description Requirements Examples of SD Filtering Selecting ideas and combining con- From a range of solutions or ideas SD Filtering is always based on the results of other To identify the best idea, different cards with cepts. Evaluating results and solutions. the best and most relevant should categories of the Service Design project. Elements descriptions have been created to choose from. Identifying clusters and segments. be selected. That means that they and contexts are necessary to evaluate and select. Experts were asked separately to highlight the are chosen by experts or that they SD Filtering follows strategies established in SD advantages and obstacles of various concepts. are selected against specific criteria. Thinking. Scenarios have been walked through step-by-step The performance or quality is tested from different clients’ points of view to evaluate and measured. That is true for pro- potential problems. To find the best concept, Relevance to Service Design totypes, existing elements as well as different idea-tree pathways have been tested to To identify the best and most appropriate solu- people. Ideas, concepts, solutions and create a chain of ideas. The existing service in an tions and ideas. To make sure that service compo- performance are evaluated against dif- airport has been evaluated to select all features nents are evaluated in order to be improved. ferent measures. For example It could that people like. Components of a service have be assessed if an idea works against been taken away to evaluate the impact on clients. the legal requirements or which idea Considerations will require less technical effort. To proceed with a project it is important to make decisions. It is important to involve key decision makers as much as possible. Ideas and solutions that have been cut out do not Access to Service Design have to be deleted forever. Often it is good to keep them somewhere so they are not lost completely. Service Design 136 137
  • 70. SD Filtering Tasks Tools & methods A non-exhaustive list of various tools and methods that could be used in SD Filtering * 1. Selecting 3. Evaluation · Ideas · Subjective Card sorting · Concepts · Heuristic Character profiles · Solutions · Economic Cognitive Walkthrough · Technical Constructive Interaction · Legal Diagnostic evaluation 2. Test & measure Evaluation review · Performance Expert evaluation · Quality Feasibility check Focus Groups Heuristic evaluation Personas Pluralistic Walkthrough Retrospective Testing Access to Service Design PEST analysis Sticker vote Service Design SWOT analysis Task analysis 138 139 * The tools and methods are further explained in the Appendix
  • 71. SD Explaining > Enabling understanding definition description Requirements Examples of SD Explaining The sensualisation (visualisation for all SD Explaining can give a team, decision For successful SD Explaining a thorough un- To show how a new polymer-ticket would change senses) of ideas and concepts, map- makers and other stakeholders access derstanding of the findings, ideas or processes the experience of entering a club, different ping of processes and illustration of to abstract future concepts. It provides is necessary and it needs to be clear what the animated scenarios have been produced. To show potential scenarios. Giving overviews a discussion base that is accessible for purpose, target group and context of the results how a concept works across different media chan- and showing future possibilities. people with various backgrounds also are. nels, Photoshop mock-ups were used to show the as people with different levels of im- different application. To highlight to the team how agination. SD Explaining can work with elderly people experience the service, different Relevance to Service Design different principles and techniques. Empathy Tools have helped to feel the struggle on SD Explaining is necessary for shared understand- It always aims to create a shared their own skin. An animated map was projected ing and to test service experiences. understanding in a multi-disciplinary on the floor to illustrate the behaviour in a waiting team. From hand sketches, Photoshop room. To test a wake-up call service, participants mock-ups, video montages to real life Considerations have been woken up every morning for a week prototypes, different levels of abstrac- Given that in SD Explaining decisions about details with different messages. Client archetypes tion and detail can be shown. It is pos- need to be made (e.g. the porter had a yellow have been created to test different ideas on the sible to stage the service experience name tag) it is important that it is seen as a reaction that would be assumed for the different in a Beta-launch to test how it works. discussion platform by the whole team. It then characters. SD Explaining was used to stage the Processes and models can be explained provides the possibility to discuss with a what-if elements of a service as if it would already exist. with animations or maps. Different perspective. scenarios can show the different ways Access to Service Design in which a service could be used. SD Explaining is usually connecting SD Generating with SD Realising but is Service Design important in combination with SD Understanding and SD Thinking also. Sometimes SD Filtering can be based on SD Explaining too. 14 0 141
  • 72. SD Explaining Tasks Tools & methods A non-exhaustive list of various tools and methods that could be used in SD Explaining * 1. Ideas & concepts 3. Interaction · Sensualisation · Animation Camera journal Persona · Role play Character profile Rough prototyping Empathy tools Role play 2. Processes Experience prototype Scenario · Maps 4. Experiences Informance Storyboarding · Models · Prototypes Metaphors Social network mapping · Scenarios Mock-ups Tomorrows headlines Moodboard Try it yourself Moodfilm Visioning Access to Service Design Service Design 143 142 * The tools and methods are further explained in the Appendix
  • 73. SD Realising > Making it happen definition description Requirements Examples of SD Realising Developing, specifying and imple- SD Realising makes a service happen. To realise a service it needs to be clear what A business plan was written to explain and specify menting solutions, prototypes and It provides whatever is needed to the concept and purpose is and how different all details of the basic principles a service would processes. Writing business plans and implement the defined and selected components link into each other. work upon. A blueprint was made to plan how all guidelines. Conducting training. concepts. SD Realising the service processes and components link into each other. can either mean to test an experi- An intranet was provided to give staff the infor- Relevance to Service Design ence prototype or the actual service. mation and templates needed to provide a service. Various means are used to realise a SD Realising is taking a service to market. All Role descriptions were written for staff to imagine service depending on its complexity details are established, final checks and plans are and perform their role in the service delivery. and if it is implemented in differ- made and all means developed to ensure a consist- A game was built for staff to play through differ- ent locations. SD Realising includes ent and quality service delivery. ent scenarios and to learn about the principles of everything necessary to plan, specify a new service. and roll out a service. A business plan Considerations often is provided in combination with A service is likely to never be perfect and can a blueprint to direct how the service therefore always be improved. SD Realising ensures system will work in every detail. Train- the best possible service performance. But as sys- ing and guidelines are used to ensure tems are complex and the environment changes that staff is able to put the service into it will always be necessary to test, improve and action. Briefings and specifications maintain the service. SD Realising should therefore ensure consistent Touchpoints. Access to Service Design not be considered the end of Service Design. It is a new beginning. Service Design 14 4 145
  • 74. SD Realising Tasks Tools & methods A non-exhaustive list of various tools and methods that could be used in SD Realising * 1. Testing 3. Providing · Prototypes · Training Behaviour sampling Service prototype · Models · Guidelines Blueprint Simulation · Processes · Templates Business plan Specifications · Experiences · Instructions Guidelines Templates · Specifications Intranet Wizard of Oz Line of balance 2. Developing Mind map · Business Plan Performance testing · Blueprint Post release testing · Processes Role script · Touchpoints Scenario testing Access to Service Design Service Design 14 6 147 * The tools and methods are further explained in the Appendix
  • 75. Considerations The framework and the content of the six catego- tory. However, it does show that Service Design ries have been established to work as an overview is a complex, iterative and ongoing process. It is of the various tasks that Service Design covers. For interesting to note that designers who have been each category, several tools and methods that can shown this model find it relatively easy to see be used for support when designing services have and understand how the six overlapping layers been put forward. In addition to being an over- represent the different areas of Service Design view, the descriptions can be used as checklists tasks. to understand Service Design and to put it into � � � � � � � � � � � �� � practise. � �� � ��� � �� Service Design projects are often very different ��� ��� �� and there are no absolute rules about in which �� � �� ��� � �� order categories should be used. Just like produc- ��� ���� ���������������� � � � �� ����� tion, consumption and design can happen all at � � �� � � the same time, in a Service Design project the six ������������ ����������� categories often overlap and inter-link with each other. Model fourteen is a visual representation of how the categories overlap. It shows in a simple ������������� ������������� �� � � �� ��� � way that the various tasks in each category can be � � �� ������������ ��� ��� undertaken simultaneously and in a flexible order. �� � � �� �� � Imagine for instance that a Service Design project �� �� �� �� �� �� starts with an idea, could be the result of observ- ing a situation and thinking of a solution, however ���� � � � � �� � � � � � � � � the idea might still need to be prototyped and tested and different executions be developed, [ model fourteen ] selected and prepared for implementation. Service Design categories But, beside the fact that the categories can be Access to Service Design used in any required order and time, the model does suggests through a spiral arrow that Service A different model will be required to truly Design projects are mostly iterative, meaning represent the essence of Service Design as well as that some categories will be used several times Service Design the workings of it. The following pages have set throughout the course of a project. out to do just that. Overall, Model fourteen is conceptional rather than practical. It does not show any definite direction or order and requires imagination on 14 8 149 behalf of the interpreter as it is not self-explana-
  • 76. Service Design overview model �� � �� � � �� � �� � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � In this paper it has been suggested that showing the essence of Service �� � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � Design in an overview would be helpful to enable access and understanding. The model on the left (please see model fifteen) has been developed to give � � � � �� � � � �� � ����������� � � ��� ������ this overview. It is based on research previously mentioned in this paper, ��� ��� and has been evolved through discussions with various Service Design experts. ����� ������ It illustrates how Service Design operates as a mediator between organisa- ��������� �������� ������������ ��������� tions and clients. It shows in the bottom with orange arrows that Service �������� ������ ������������ �������������������� ������� ������������������ ������ ������� �������� ����������������� ������ �������������� Design delivers higher productivity to organisations in making their ����������� ����������� �������� ������� ���������� ������ services more effective and efficient. Raising client satisfaction in design- ing services that are more useful, usable and desirable. The grey arrows in the top show how Service Design explores organisations � ������������ � ������������ ��� � � � �� � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � ������ ��� and considers their resources, constraints and the context they operate in. ������������� This context, which is shown as grey circle, consists for example of staff working for the organisation, suppliers that are or could be used, partners that are available, the market the organisation operates in, the competi- tion and relevant technologies. At the same time Service Design develops insights based on client and market needs. It investigates the clients Please see fullscreen on the next double-page context, such as the market, community, society, politics, economy and trends. In an organisation Service Design supports and helps to establish strategy, develop service concepts, solutions, designs processes and guidelines. It helps change a culture towards a service minded, client focused and innovative one. It sets out to grow a talent pool of people that are part of ongoing service improvement. Service Design helps design all Touchpoints that a client encounters and so improves the overall experience that clients Access to Service Design have with a service. In creating innovative service ideas and fostering the relationship between organisation and client Service Design increases brand affinity. Part of the relationship is the way Service Design manages Service Design feedback and integrates people from the organisation and clients in the design process. Service Design designs the interface between organisations and clients. The diagram shows how Service Design operates as an interface itself. It works across both the organisation and the client from investigating insights 150 151 through to service delivery. It creates a win-win situation for organisations and clients.
  • 77. �� � �� � � �� � �� � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � ��� � � � � �� � � � �� � � � ����������� � ������ ��� � ����� ������ ��������� ��������� �������� ������������ �������� ������� �������������������� ������� ������������������ ������ ������������ ������ �������� ����������������� ������ �������������� ����������� ������� ����������� �������� ���������� ������ � ������������ � ������������ ��� Access to Service Design � � �� � � ������ �� �� � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � ������������� Service Design 153 152 [ model fifteen ] Service Design overview model
  • 78. Service Design process “It is important that we do required and achieved. Even though this process is can be used for finding out and learning. This will The amount of ideas, solutions and concepts simplistic and generic it can be easily understood help the team to better understand market needs, is cut down based on the established criteria, not rationalise back in a linear and is easy to follow. It is mainly a tool to develop client needs, their own organisation, the overall strategy and factors (e.g. legal restraints) to process.” Chris Downs, Live|Work a shared understanding of the stages of the context and relationships available. those which are relevant and fit the profile. In this project and how they can link into each other. analytical part of the process another iteration The material, findings and insights that are In a conversation with Lavrans Løvlie and Chris What does it include? of SD Generating might be required to ensure available from this are the basis for work in Downs at Live|Work it was discussed how a process that enough high quality and relevant results In the beginning of a Service Design project the SD Thinking (pg. 128). Based on the review the for Service Design would look like. The conceptual are achieved. Sometimes tools and methods of leaders in an organisation need to make decisions tools and methods of SD Thinking are used to set model (please see model fourteen on pg. 149) SD Explaining (pg. 140) can help to inspire and sup- and initiate preparations. The project team for criteria, objectives, set the service strategy and that has been discussed earlier was confirmed port this. For example a mood-film that illustrates a Service Design project needs to be chosen to refine the direction. The leaders of the organisa- by both. For them it is important to ensure that how one of the ideas could be the basis of another ensure both that the internal knowledge is used to tion should be involved in at this point to ensure Service Design is understood as different. In their SD Generation workshop. its best and that a feasible implementation can be that the initial objectives and the new insights view there is no linear process existing in Service ensured. People in a Service Design team can come are combined to a relevant and approved strategy, The ideas, solutions and concepts that were Design unlike when dealing with products. The from different levels and areas of the organisation criteria and project framework. Sometimes at this selected are translated into formats that can be various tasks can happen in different order and or from outside the organisation. There should point different tools and methods of SD Explaining easily shared within and outside the organisation. sometimes at the same time. Service Design is be a core team but other people can come in (pg. 140) can help to create practical overviews SD Explaining tools and methods are used to not a short project to launch a service but rather at specific points of the project for example to and to question and support strategic decisions. enable understanding of the ideas, solutions and continues to evolve the service on an ongoing generate ideas. (Further details on pg. 157) For example the creation of Character profiles or concepts developed. Service prototypes, sce- basis. But to explain what Service Design does the Personas can help to sharpen the idea of the client narios, mock-ups, maps and role plays are some of model is not really helpful. So how can a general It is important to set the objectives for a Service profile. the possible results. These represent the basis for overview on the process of a Service Design Design project. The project usually starts based on insights and for specifying the strategic direction. project be given? a reason like market changes, need for differentia- The Service strategy, objectives and criteria that The results of SD Explaining tasks are used as the tion, improving efficiency or increase value for cli- have been established in SD Thinking and had sen- It was found in the development that the joining basis for SD Realising (pg. 144). ents. For the success of the project it is important ior leader approval are the foundation for SD Gen- of management, marketing, research and design to specify these as well as the scope and direction erating (pg. 132). After establishing the appropriate The different formats that explain ideas, solutions would need to be reflected in the execution of this of the project. Based on these a timeline should environment, involving relevant people, preparing and concepts are used to further evolve details. process. Crucial is to explain the most important also be put forward. All these initially specified research insights and inspiration, a huge amount The tools and methods in SD Realising are used to elements without being too detailed. The process Access to Service Design guidelines can of course evolve and change in the of ideas, solutions and concepts are developed. specify and plan service business plans, specifica- should be easy to follow and build on what this course of a Service Design project. The guidelines This can happen in one or in many sessions lasting tions, guidelines for implementation, training and work has put forward earlier on. How can this be will be the base of an initial meeting of the project from one hour to several days. The basic principles service blueprints. These will either be approved achieved? Please refer to model sixteen on pg. 155. team to discuss and plan the next steps, open of a brainstorm can be used as guidelines in SD to be put into action or be tested and evolved fur- Service Design The six categories of Service Design have been questions and the course of the project. The next Generating in general. That effectively means that ther. While put into action the tools and methods used as the basic structure to set up this proc- step is to identify what knowledge, insights and any idea is allowed at this point. of SD Understanding are used to get feedback ess. They have been recognised as playing an resources are available. After this review it will important role in any Service Design project. There be decided what tasks should be undertaken in is a natural order that can be recognised through the category of SD Understanding (See pg. 125). As 154 155 analysing the different out- and inputs that are specified earlier the different tools and methods
  • 79. n Service Design process Criteria Strategy and to ensure that the service works sufficiently. Market needs Criteria Legal Project team It will provide new triggers, raise questions and Objectives Client needs Objectives Service ideas 1. 2. 3. 4. provide insights that can be used for another Time plan sd understanding Service provider sd thinking Service strategy sd generating Service solutions sd filtering iteration of the full process. Context Direction Service concepts Scope Relationships Selection Environment Involvement Depending on the size of a Service Design project Inspiration the pictured process can be used in parts, as a Service Service prototypes business plan whole or in several iterations. It needs to be noted Service scenarios Service specification that it is not only used to innovate new services. Mock-ups 5. sd explaining 6. sd realising Service guidelines The same process is used for improving the design Training Maps Service Role plays blueprint of existing services too. ITERATION Please see fullscreen on the next double-page Access to Service Design Service Design 156 157
  • 80. Criteria Strategy Market needs Legal Criteria Project team Client needs Objectives Service ideas Objectives 1. Service provider 2. Service strategy 3. Service solutions 4. sd understanding sd thinking sd generating sd filtering Time plan Context Direction Service concepts Scope Relationships Selection Environment Involvement Inspiration Service Service prototypes business plan Service Service scenarios specification Mock-ups 5. 6. Service guidelines sd explaining sd realising Training Maps Service Role plays blueprint ITERATION Access to Service Design Service Design 158 159 [ model sixteen ] Service Design process
  • 81. Service Design role description How can the role of Service Design in an organisa- 1. The Service Design Guide tion be described? What skill set is needed for an An outside consultant that helps the organisa- organisation to get involved in Service Design? tion to run Service Design projects. This person This paper has identified the different categories is a facilitator that manages different outside that Service Design needs. It has investigated the resources together with a contact person in the most important tasks that need to be achieved organisation that is not necessarily trained in within each of them. On that basis different tools Service Design. and methods have been offered to help achieve these tasks. 2. The Service Design Scout To explore the skill set that is needed to accom- One person in the organisation is trained or hired plish the different tasks in Service Design this role to represent Service Design in the organisation. description for Service Design has been developed. This person would help identify possible projects It is a helpful tool to understand the different and manage internal projects. When necessary skills that are needed for Service Design. It can outside resources can be brought in for the differ- be used as the basis to plan how a Service Design ent stages of the project. project could be undertaken in an organisation. Service Design has been introduced in this paper as a broad field that incorporates and co-operates 3. The Service Design Manager with different related disciplines. The role profile One person is trained or hired to oversee, direct that is offered here helps to manage skills that are and manage a multidisciplinary team. This role can available in an organisation and which skills might be extended in hiring a small team that covers the need to be acquired from outside the organisa- main skills and that is then complimented with tion. external consultants and experts. In practical terms there are three different models how the Service Design role can be applied in an In any of these three principle models the com- organisation. Access to Service Design bination of in-house staff and outside Service Design consultancy need to cover a specific set of skills. To enable understanding in the following the skills are listed under the six SD categories. n Service Design 160 161
  • 82. Service Design basic skills SD Understanding skills · Able to effectively participate in the SD Explaining skills · Must be generally service minded · Good ability to develop hypothesis development and implementation of · Experience of translating complex information business solutions into simple explanations · Excellent social skills are needed · Experience in developing alternative decision models · Proven ability to identify appropreate means of · Outstanding communication skills are required sensualisation · Able to conduct and manage qualitative as well SD Generating skills · Good negotiation skills are a big plus as quantitative research · Outstanding ability to develop ideas · Ability to identify metaphors · Great facilitation skills and experience are · Solid in distilling complex information and · Ability to be creative and associative · Experience in bringing ideas and concepts to life needed transforming it to simple insights · Trained fresh and visual thinking · Excellent ability to imagine the future · Must be able to be a good team player · Deep expertise in user behavior and human · Ability to see unusual an unique angles · Experience with fresh and visual thinking · Generally needs to be curious and open minded factors techniques for design and marketing · Profound brainstorming experience · Working knowledge of prototyping tools · Overall understanding of economy needed · Expertise and experience with a variety of user research and usability testing approaches · Excellent problem-solving skills · Ability to develop overviews and maps · Excellent organisational skills required · Exemplary interviewing skills · Ability to identify inspirational environments · Experience with stories, scenarios and · Comfortable with working on high visibility and methods animation projects and with all levels of management · Experience in translating insights into relevant · Professional who can lead a team or be part of SD Thinking skills innovative ideas, concepts and solutions SD Realising skills a team to humanise complex interactive · Proven expertise in strategic thinking · Proven expertise in developing complex experiences · Proven ability to design and craft Touchpoints · Ability to understand complex systems processes · Must have awareness and point of view on · Experience in creating scenarios · Experience in establishing frameworks and · Experience in implementing services and service industry developments and market needs setting the boundaries components · Experience in proposal writing and development · Comfortable in synthesising and leveraging SD Filtering skills · Ability to developing details in line with the of new client relationships research and data in order to identify key · Experience in analysing and synthesising bigger picture and strategy · Recognised expertise in one or more business insights research findings Access to Service Design · Experience in developing instructions, areas: HR, management, research, marketing, · Experienced in defining target audiences, · Ability to work with selection criteria guidelines, blueprints and business plans design, technology and other related disciplines segments and opportunities for strategic · Good systematic thinking · Ability to manage training · Proven ability in leading crossfunctional, cross development Service Design business project teams through full project · Observant and critical attitude · Experience in testing service prototypes · Ability to obtain relevant information and think cycles through situations, problems or processes to · Experience in testing and measuring · Solid time and project management skills identify core issues, patterns or trends performance and quality · Good ability to multitask in a fast-paced · Proven ability to understand business strategic · Proven experience in evaluation 163 162 corporate environment and tactical goals
  • 83. 164 Conclusion CONCLUSION 165 Service Design
  • 84. Conclusion In the first chapters of this paper the changes in Design has excellent experience in designing the economy have been discussed. It is clear that details and human interfaces. Those are needed services play an increasing role and are the es- at different parts of the service offering and sential sector for our future society and economy. make up the Touchpoints that clients experience. Design can look after these details with the big The importance of the service sector is without picture in mind like it does in designing corporate question. Policy makers and organisations on all identity systems. In doing so the design tradition levels recognise that services are the area that has worked closely with experts from other fields needs to drive forward to be successful in the and it almost seems like a natural development future. to integrate all this into a new field and practise But still services have a massive problem. The that addresses the unique challenges that we are productivity of this sector is poor. The quality facing in the new service world. But how is Service that is provided overall is at a low standard and Design answering these problems? client satisfaction generally low. Even though the This paper has recognised that services are pressure rises and with some innovative organisa- different. It has discussed the unique features and tions making a difference their competition tries the implications they have on designing services. to catch up in mostly copying what they are doing, To address this problem different academics and there is a problem. consultants have worked towards offering a new This paper suggests that it is a design problem. practise that takes this into consideration. Service Services are currently not designed in the way Design brings together elements of management, they could be. marketing, research and design. Earlier in the paper it was discussed how the Even though Service Design has been developed design field has opened up towards new roles for for more than ten years it is still a young field designers and towards integrating people that which seems to be blossoming right now. In the traditionally were not considered as designers. last years Service Design has undertaken research That is true for all different areas in design. But to address the challenges that this new concept is where would it make more sense to put this new facing. For example the design of intangibles and understanding of design into action than in the interaction was developed further. New methods design of services? needed to be developed and the practice from de- signing needed to be adopted to design services. Service Design Integrating clients in the design process – that is The integration of other areas of expertise was an Conclusion especially relevant in designing services where important factor to shaping this new field. clients are anyway involved in production and delivery. Design has developed other competen- Many projects have proven the principle and cies like the design of interactive complex helped to further develop the methodology and 166 167 systems. Services are nothing else than that. to take the field to the next level. These develop-
  • 85. ments have been mainly separate from each This paper suggests that the developments in For organisations to get involved in Service Sharing other. Most of them in different countries. The service organisations and in Service Design need Design means a change of thinking. And changes At the moment the Service Design landscape is breakthrough for the field seems to have been the to come together to really make a difference. are always difficult. The people that work with spread and in the various countries and institu- point when the islands of Service Design research, There are more and more examples how Service services, the people that work client facing and tions it has been approached differently. Language thinking and practice in different places joined Design was used in very successful ways in the people that influence the structure and design therefore is a barrier in two different ways. Most together. The Service Design Network enables this organisations of very different structures and of all the Touchpoints that clients encounter of the papers in Germany or Italy for example new field to drive forward together. Based on markets. In different projects and Service Design hardly work hand in hand. They all do their best have not been written in English. Therefore the this development different synergies have been workshops for practitioners it becomes clear that but Service Design can only be achieved together. material is difficult to share. Beside the language established and the field seems to head forward as it is well received and it was proven that Service This and some other factors mean that people of different countries, Service Design includes also one. But whilst Service Design is getting ready, are Design can make a difference. in a service organisation are not likely to make different technical languages that are the result not service organisations doing it already? the move to find out about Service Design and to of the different backgrounds that come together. One example of a huge success of Service Design change their structure to accommodate the new It is therefore needed to further develop a shared The need for Service Design is growing. Service was the creation of First Direct an innovative solution. It needs to be Service Design that offers Service Design vocabulary, preferably in English. Design projects have been undertaken on differ- banking service that is hugely successful. “At the a service that is satisfying, usable and useful. And This paper has given an overview of the institu- ent levels together with different organisations. time we didn’t know that, but looking back now as we know ideally it will be so desirable that it tions, resources and the field as such. For the close The north region of England has invested in a we have done Service Design and the success we overcomes barriers and problems and will be put future the Service Design Network could become concept to use Service Design to support their had was definitively based on some of the Service into action. the base to make a difference. Sharing is going economy. The concept that was developed by Design principles.” says Kevin Gavaghan who was to be crucial to set up a structure that unites Spirit of Creation proposed a highly innovative Marketing Director at Midland Bank and one of the The suggestion here is that it is necessary to Service Design as a strong field. Methods and best Service Design education centre for top level leading heads behind the revolutionary service. review the available resources in Service Design practise need to be shared also as knowledge and managers. Together with 200 specialists they But if the need is there and Service Design can and to find ways to make Service Design more experience. redesigned design education to match up with the offer solutions for what is needed to bring this accessible. When it is possible to create a simple unique challenges that we are all facing. together? overview of what it is that Service Design has to offer and how it works this would be a fantastic So far practitioners in service organisations have Looking at the service sector it becomes evident base to profile Service Design and to establish it as mainly tried to help themselves. Process reengi- that Service Design is not yet established and a well known field. It would help to confront these neering, service marketing, total quality manage- well-known. It seems that Service Design is the results with practitioners in service organisations ment and other concepts are used to solve the day solution that everybody is waiting for. Somebody and to find ways to make this access as practical to day problems and to in fact design services. just needs to go and tell them. But of course it is as possible. Some of the achievements are remarkable and not as simple as that. whether they call it Service Design or not it proves To move this forward this paper provides some the point and direction. thoughts, resources and recommendations on Service Design how that can be achieved. The main principles are Conclusion summarised here. The ultimate goal is to profile Service Design and to enable practical access. 168 169
  • 86. Existing resources Framework Collect tools and methods Service Design overview It is important to review the existing resources To enable cooperation and sharing and to establish The structure that has been developed can An overview diagram for the essence of Service that have been developed, tested and are avail- an overview of Service Design a structure is accommodate the various elements. Everythin Design was suggested earlier in this paper to able. This provides the manifestation of Service needed. Given that Service Design is a field that that needs to be achieved within Service Design is be very helpful. The diagram that has been put Design and is the essential foundation to explain integrates different areas of expertise and people covered by this structure. It is helpful to provide forward earlier in this paper has set out to explain and profile what can be achieved with Service from different backgrounds this framework is an tools and methods that can be used to help and the complex interactive process in one page. This Design. The resources that are available range essential working platform. This paper has put for- support in a Service Design project. The list of pos- overview accommodates the most important from papers, research and project results to ward a structure that is easy to understand. The sible tools and methods is obviously endless. They elements. It shows how Service Design acts as methods, processes and models. To establish six category framework is able to accommodate very much depend on context and circumstances. an interface between organisations and clients. this field it will help to review and discuss the different elements like what it does, how it does it In this paper a set of tools and methods has been The diagram has been discussed with some of similarities and differences. This paper has set out and what is needed. Based on this framework dif- useful to explain and enable practical access. They the experts in the Service Design Network. If the to give a starting point of an holistic view on the ferent materials can be structured and provided. It are a huge support to understand what needs to other members can agree or adopt this overview resources available. The goal would be to establish is almost the equivalent to Gutenberg’s typesetter be achieved at different stages of a Service Design so it becomes an agreed diagram it could be one a shared set of resources that can be used across frame where every letter is stored in a structure. project. The tools for Service Design therefore help of the elements that can be used to profile Service the network. The Service Design framework in this case is not a to explain the framework and make Service Design Design and explain what it is. theoretical model but more a practical workable tangible and practical at the same time. These resources could then be made available to structure. This can be to explain Service Design service organisations and to business-, marketing- and it can be futher filled with methods and tools. and design-education. The review would also help to identify needs for further development. As for the integrative nature of the Service Design field it is important to include existing resources of the areas with related expertise. Service Design Conclusion 170 171
  • 87. Service Design process Pool of competency What next To explain what Service Design exactly does in At the moment the pool of Service Design experts The change from agriculture to manufacturing and It needs to pick up the people that work in or- detail has been recognised to be essential. To is still limited. Given that Service Design is a to industrialisation was not quick and easy. It was ganisations, that are smart and that already think profile how Service Design works it is necessary to approach that integrates people from different difficult, took time and influenced everything. about what they do. They know their organisation make a process diagram available that shows how backgrounds it can be assumed that these people Some patience is needed. However, it is important and are key for Service Design to be successful. the different elements of Service Design link into could learn the additional skills and the pool of to recognise that change in our times happens The suggestion here is that Service Design is not each other. The process that has been introduces competent people would grow quickly. At the differently than it used to be. about doing more research. It is not about design- in this paper is a blueprint for Service Design. same time of profiling and spreading Service The conclusion here is simply: Services are an ing scripts for phone operators. It is not just about It is easy to follow and at the same time not to Design there is a responsibility to make sure that important part of the economy, they are not as doing extensive service testing: generic. It shows how Service Design works, what different educational institutions are supported to productive and satisfying as they should be and it covers and what can support this approach. It make skilled people and training for professionals It is a very different way of approaching the way therefore they need to be designed better. is a map of the complex and interactive process. available. we think of the relationship between organisa- Given that people from different backgrounds To design services the classic project structure tions and clients. It is not about reinventing the have to work together in Service Design this is not is not always adequate. Service Design needs to wheel, but about finding a new way to travel. only an important tool to explain and profile the offer organisations different modules that address field it is a very valuable tool that enables shared the ongoing and iterative nature of services but understanding in a Service Design project. that are compatible with the way the organisation works. Understanding audience Service Design needs to become recognised and To profile Service Design and to make it acces- profiled. It will struggle in positioning as the new sible it is necessary to establish a very good model that everybody should adopt to – the holy understanding of the professionals in the service grail of business success. sector. What are the problems that they perceive the strongest? What are the constrains they have to face? If Service Design can be seen as a service itself it needs to consider its clients, involve them in the process and develop a service concept that works for them. Not only research and observation but also workshops together with practitioners will help to reveal what they are most interested in Service Design and how it can be offered. Conclusion 173 172
  • 88. 174 Appendix APPENDIX 175 Service Design
  • 89. Glossary The following is a selection of terms that are Business plan relevant definitions for this paper and for Service Financial and economic case with narratives and Design. numbers, tables and spread sheets to validate the concept and assess the viability, returns and risks. A Added value C Over and above the norm delivery. The possibility Character profile for an organisation to delivery beyond client ex- Please see tools & methods pectations. Service Design can create added value for example in showing to clients the intangible Client service that they already get in a new way so they In this work the word client is used consistently can perceive it. instead of customer, consumer or user. This is representing the change of thinking in Service B Design towards seeing and treating clients as important and part of the process. The word client Behavioural mapping is more formal than customer. It gives the client Photographing people within a space, such as a more respect and a special role. waiting room, over a period of time. Customer Blueprinting (Service Blueprinting) Someone who purchases or rents something Mapping a service journey, identifying the from an individual or organisation. Therefore this processes that constitute the service, isolating person pays for goods or services. Informal for possible fail points and establishing the duration client. of the various stages for the journey. Method for exploring the (mainly) qualitative components Consumer during different experiences with the service. Someone who uses services or products. Not A Service Blueprint is an operational tool that necessarily at the same time the customer who describes a service in enough detail to implement pays for it. Service Design and maintain it. Appendix 176 177
  • 90. Client journey All the interactions a client has with a product, Design process Stages that a product or service will pass through Experience Design Approach to creating successful experiences for I service or space over a certain period of time. during its design. The stages are generally shown people in any medium. This approach includes Identity in chronological order but the process is, in consideration and design in all 3 spatial dimen- Self knowledge about characteristics and features. practice, highly iterative. sions, over time, all 5 common senses and A collection of channels that work together to Concept interactivity. create an image. A combination of ideas formed in the mind. Something conceived in the minds such as a plan, Desirability a design, a mental image or a thought. Describes The quality of being worth desiring. Experience prototype Interface a set of ideas for a service design component or Simulation of the anticipated experiences of The boundary or surface between two different system. those who deliver and use the service including distiguishable entities. E all Touchpoints during the service experience. Enables a Service Design team to gain appreciation D Effectiveness Ability to achieve stated goals or objectives, of existing or future conditions through active Internal customer One who is influenced or affected by an organisa- engagement with prototypes. Design judged in terms of both output and impact. tion, or who directly works within it. Translating a problem into a solution for a specific user group. This is true for products, spaces Extreme User Interviews and services. Design deals with researching, Efficiency The ratio of output to input. Making the most of Talking to people who really know – or know noth- L understanding, analysing and solving problems, ing – about a product or service and evaluating resources and investment. Launch champion achieving improvements in a commercial environ- their experience using it. Person who organises or oversees all aspects of ment and is always addressing users. Designers the service launch. create multi-dimensional concepts that add value Ethnography Evidences to people’s lives, are desirable, useful, viable The systematic and immersive study of human Show the effect and difference that a Service and commercially successful. Design provides a holistic perspective on life, society, economy and cultures (from Anthropology). Design will make. M on what drives people – it therefore is about the Market Emotions understanding of complex issues. Feelings clients experience and attach to events, G Mechanism which allows people to trade, normally governed by the theory of supply and demand. people, products and / or services. Emotions Goals The service sector accounts for almost 80% of Design management describe clients’ emotional attachment and Driven by human motivations, which change very UK employment and contributes to 67% of the Totality of the design activity, its administration understanding of people, artefacts and events. slowly, if at all over time. Goals are end conditions, economy, yet receives just 16.5% of research and Service Design and contribution to an organisation’s perform- whereas a task is an intermediate step that helps development investment. Across the EU, service ance. Design management includes the organisa- Appendix Experience to reach a goal. growth is at 15%, while manufacturing is growing tion and implementation of the process for Clients’ sensation of the interaction with services at just 5%. developing new and improving existing products through all senses, over time and on both physical and services. and cognitive levels. 178 179
  • 91. Mock-up Prototyping Service Design Service Design Scout Models, illustrations, collages that explain A scaled down system or portion of a system is Service Design is planning and shaping useful, A person dedicated to identify and organise concepts, ideas and visions. constructed in a short time, tested, and improved usable, desirable, effective and efficient client Service Design projects in an organisation. in several iterations experiences across Touchpoints and over time. Moments of truth Improving an existing or developing new kinds Service sector Definition of experiences of the service that make a significant impression on the customer. R of services. Service Design is the field concerned with the development of services to meet specific Defence, Health, Manufacturing, Education, Law & order, Telecommunication, Transport, Leisure, RATER needs. These services may make use of differ- Environment & agriculture, Taxation, Banking & Common reference to the five dimensions of ent communication media (including online, Multi-disciplinary finance, Retail. service quality. It refers to reliability, assurance, telephone, in-person, etc..), may or may not be Several professions working together toward tangibles, empathy and responsiveness. It has automated, and may or may not use products as common goals. been defined in SERVQUAL by Zeithaml et.al. part of the service experience. SERVQUAL Method for measuring service quality. The model O S Service Design brief is based on the premise that the best way to measure service quality is to base it on the cus- Documentation that describes the primary pur- Offering tomer’s experience of quality. SERVQUAL breaks Scenario pose of a service and gives guidance in a Service Provided value (product or service). service quality down to five basic dimensions, Description and configuration of what the user is Design project. often referred to as RATER. likely to do with the service. P Service Design data mining Stage gateway Service Quantitative data on aspects of a service. This Perception Milestone and decision point relating to con- Intangible, interactive client experience across could relate to service use, configuration, market Process by which customers organise and tinuation, or otherwise, of service development different Touchpoints and over time. and technological trends etc. interpret their sensory impressions in order to projects. give meaning to their environment. Perception is affected by attitudes, motives, interests, past- Service Blueprinting Service Design Guide Stakeholder experience and expectations. Please see Blueprinting Outside Service Design consultant that helps a Individual, either from inside or outside an organi- dedicated in house person with the facilitation of sation, who needs to be considered, is involved workshops or projects. Project Service Ecology with, has an interest in or could be affected by a A complex assignment involving more than one A service ecology is the system of actors and the service. Service Design type of activity and production. relationships between them that form a service. Service Design Manager A project leader who is a constant member of the Appendix Service Design team and outside experts. Re- Plan Service Evidences sponsible for ensuring effective communication, To have the will and intention to carry Show the effect and difference that a Service co-ordination of the Service Design process and out some action. A series of steps to be Design will make. 180 181 decision maker. carried out or goals to be accomplished.
  • 92. Service specification Sensualisation Usefulness Documentation that prescribes the requirements Extends the concept of visualisation to all other The quality of being of practical use. to which the service has to conform. A service senses (hearing, tasting, smelling, touching, mov- specification should refer to or include drawings, ing, etc.). The sense of sight is the strongest sense Usability patterns or other relevant documents and should for most human beings. Hearing is the next most The ease with which a service component can be also indicate the means and criteria whereby significant channel of information for humans. used. conformity can be checked. Service components T Unique selling proposition Statement that identifies what makes a service or Parts that assemble a total service. Team organisation different from competitors. Group of professionals that can include various experts and clients. Servicescape The role of physical surroundings in and how V physical environments relate to a service. Touchpoints Videography Individual tangibles or interactions that make up Short films that depict the consumer experience the total experience of a service. Service evidence or illustrate a scenario. People, process, and physical cues. Tool Visualisation Device or item used to perform or facilitate work. Shadowing Make intangible complex concepts visible. Helps Used in (improving) the performance of an opera- Observing people using products & services (go- to envisage future ideas in visually illustrating tion. Tools are always suitable for a particular job. ing to hospitals, shopping, taking the train, using how it would work. their mobile phones etc.). U Storytelling User Promting people to tell personal stories about The person that uses a product, system or service. their consumer experiences. Also a method to explain scenarios. User Centred Design Service Design User Centred Design is an approach that supports Specification the entire development process with user-centred Appendix Precisely specifying implementation steps and activities, in order to create applications which are requirements. easy to use and are of added value to the intended users. 183 182
  • 93. Service Design tools & methods In the section that specified the framework of Sources for tools and methods online: Service Design tasks several tools and methods have been put forward. The list of tools and http://mycoted.com/creativity/techniques methods available is endless. The main reason to http://nada.kth.se/cid/usor add this element was to the overview as it makes it very clear what the six categories are about in http://www.dsr-group.com practical reality. http://goodgestreet.com In the following section of the appendix all the http://smart.uiah.fi/luotain tools and methods that have been listed will be explained in a very short format. Some of the tools http://bmrc.berkeley.edu and methods are existing in some of the fields http://www.interaction.rca.ac.uk of related expertise, some have been adopted for Service Design and some have been developed http://www.hcibook.com new. The index in the bottom helps to identify http://hostserver150.com/usabilit/tools this. http://en.wikipedia.org It needs to be noted that it was chosen to describe these tools and methods to support the overview. http://thinking.net Some of them are very easy to understand and http://ideo.com to use, whereas some others are more complex. To use any of the tools they can easily be found Please see bibliography for further sources online. Some of the most useful sites have been listed here. It is recommended to get help from Service Design consultancies or expert companies E Existing tool or method from the respective backroundds to assist in using these tools and methods. These professionals A Adopted tool or method will be able to help finding additional tools and methods as well as ensuring that they are adopted N New tool or method to the individual situation and project. Service Design Appendix 185 184
  • 94. Benchmarking Context Analysis Looking at providers that offer a different Method to understand the overall context of service but with similar characteristics. Service the service. All variables are collected that can Design can identify general principles and affect on the organisation, the client or the look for areas that address these principles service. already. It is helpful to look at the service that is developed from a different perspective as well as to learn from experience that other companies have in providing services with characteristics that are the same to the service that is developed. For example an airport modified the software that is used in a hospital to allocate patients to beds to allocate planes to parking positions. E E Client segmentation Contextual interviews For most services it helps to identify different For Service Design client segmentation helps Clients are interviewed in the relevant It is important that the observer is familiar client segment groups. It is the process of to identify different types of clients, ages, environment. The interviews take place as with the domain the service is operating splitting existing clients, or potential clients, incomes, attitudes, needs, frequency of use, close to where the client is in contact with a in. The results need to be documented and in a certain market into different groups, or etc. service as possible. Data is generated whilst interpreted. segments, within which clients share a similar clients perform real tasks. The interview takes For example economy class versus business This is a very good way to get qualitative data level of interest in the same or comparable set place based on the client using a service. class services are based on different client about the usage of services. In Service Design of needs satisfied by a distinct service proposi- The interviewer finds out why they are doing segments. contextual interviews give rich insights into tion. Segmentation based on client needs certain things or what their expectations clients behaviour and environment and their and wants helps to understand the potential are for example. The information is captured interaction with a service. different types of services are needed. either in audio, video or note format. Service Design Appendix E E 186 187
  • 95. Ecology map Contextual Enquiry A specific name for a style of user interview, A service ecology is a mapped out system of The ecology map gives everybody in the conducted within the context of the cus- actors within a service and the relationships Service Design project a good overview of the tomer’s activities. This approach enables between them. stakeholders, clients and suppliers of a service and combines the benefits of observational system. The map is designed based on desk Mapping service ecologies is a process that approaches and the standard face-to-face research and interviews and can be discussed helps to establish a systemic view of the interview. It is intended to be an interactive with the different actors to establish a correct service and the context it will operate in. The exploration of the issues, hence the reason for understanding. Service Ecology maps actors affected by a being called enquiry rather than interview. service and the way they relate to each other in order to reveal new opportunities and inspire ideas. This helps to establish the overall service concept. This systemic view helps for example to create service ecologies that are sustain- able, where the actors involved exchange value in ways that is mutually beneficial over time. E E Critical Incident Technique Ethnography Analysing factors that could threaten a For example the loss of electricity could be The systematic and immersive study of human service or that could go wrong. By looking at very limiting or even eliminate parts of a cultures (from Anthropology). the journey that a client goes through when service. Service Design could make sure that in a service works, all elements are identified this case alternative solutions are provided. and listed that are critical to the service but that would damage the service experience if they didn’t work. For the design of services it is an opportunity for ultimate involvement to eliminate as many of these problems as possible or to develop solutions to better cope with such eventualities. Service Design Appendix E E 188 189
  • 96. Experience test Focus groups To test how a service is experienced a test per- A small group of people is selected to have Focus Groups have been used to talk to a son is observed and interviewed afterwards. a guided discussion about a selected idea or group of clients about their experience with To find out what clients do, what they think issue. This qualitative method is used to learn service hotlines to identify what is perceived and how they feel. The experience is tested in from clients sharing their thoughts, opinions, as important service features. This method an environment that is as close to reality as feelings, attitudes and misconceptions about of investigation can be used to generate and possible. Sometimes this can be also reality. an issue in an intimate setting. A facilitator or filter ideas, too. moderator is required. Focus groups deliver insights to peoples views and opinions and for Service Design it is an interesting method to identify what people really think about a service and get their opinions on new ideas, improvements, barriers etc. E E Gap analysis Expert interviews Talking to specialists and experts with experi- To interpret the market expert interviews The analytical process focuses on identifying tions about circumstances affecting service ence from the field a Service Design project is important as pitfalls, trends, problems, gaps, inefficiencies, inconsistencies and levels. aims to improve can reveal insights and help in important constraints as well as possible solu- variances, and other weaknesses in service The Gap Index is the difference between the a very short time to understand essentials of tions for the Service Design project can often delivery. level of service that the customer expects to a new environment. Designing a service often be found within them. It is likely that the customers are realistic receive as versus the level of service that the takes a team into new areas, and talking to about some services and very demanding customer evaluates as received. For example, experts helps to gain understanding and views about others. Knowing this allows facilities to if a customer evaluates a certain service at a on the subject. invest resources in the areas where expecta- 4 level “more than satisfactory” while they The mix of outside perspective with the tions are the highest. Once expectations are expect service to be delivered at a 3 “satisfac- knowledge of experts can help to establish a known, the gap between the levels of service tory” level, there is a positive gap. If their Service Design new network of understanding. The experts expected and the levels of service delivered expectation is higher at the 5 “excellence” need to be carefully selected and questions can be measured. level, there is a negative gap. Appendix should be based on criteria as well as focused Negative gaps need to be addressed by on one aspect of the service. improving the service levels and/or influencing E expectations by very effective communica- E 19 0 191
  • 97. Historical analysis Interview Looking at the historic development or A face-to-face discussion with usually one background of a service, need or solution. By person to collect information or opinions. researching and analysing the roots and the Interviews can be recorded in video, audio progress a lot can be learned about different or note format. They need to be analysed constraints, influences and drivers for change afterwards. Questions are prepared before the in an environment and / or context. Historical interview. It is a quick and very qualitative analysis needs to be focused on one question way of getting to know more. Sometimes it that is relevant for the Service Design develop- is valuable if the interviewer is able to read ment and always involves understanding the between the lines. Interviews are used in different tangents and historical contexts too. Service Design to get peoples opinion or to It delivers a broad understanding of the nature learn about their experience, expectations etc. and context of the service as well as a different perspectives. In Service Design this view can for example help to solve old issues with new technologies. E E Inconvenience Analysis Market segmentation To discover gaps and opportunities in clients For clients it could be very inconvenient that Any market can be divided into different areas lives. By analysing a situation that clients their lawyer is not available immediately to or segments. This can be based on geographic perceive as inconvenient this method helps finish an urgent contract. The insight that areas, amount of purchase or other factors. For to understand potential service offering clients sometimes need unpredicted urgent Service Design the segmentation into different opportunities. The service opportunity lies help can lead to a new feature or a complete parts based on relevant criteria is important to in resolving the inconvenient situation. The new service. This method helps to identify address the different needs, opportunities and journey of (potential) clients is analysed over things and areas that clients may not think constraints of these different segments with time using other methods (e.g. Thinking about or are not consciously aware of. the service concept. Aloud, Focus Groups, Interviews, etc.). Issues which could cause inconvenience are identified and various possible causes determined. The Service Design driver of inconvenience is an insight that can Appendix help to offer a new service that resolves this inconvenience. E E 193 192
  • 98. Mystery shoppers Observation Actors or researchers act as though they This method has been used successfully to Clients and their behaviour is ovserved. This Observation can be used also to identify were “normal clients”. A service is consumed make sure that employees are encouraged to can happen either in a person watching them and evaluate how service prototypes work. and then the person reports back on their give their best and to control the client experi- or in installing cameras. The advantage of film- But mainly it is a rich source to learn about experience. This can reveal problems, work ence. Mystery shoppers reveal insights in the ing the observation is that very rich material behaviour and the way service systems work. as a quality check or test specific details of a perception of the service on the front stage. can be analysed afterwards. The observation service. Mystery shoppers are a very useful These findings can then be used to identify technique can be used to identify how clients way of ensuring service quality and consistent possible improvements back stage. use a service. This can reveal for example that service performance. certain factors trigger longer waiting time. From observing how clients behave many Mystery shoppers can be used also to test different service improvements can be consid- what services are being offered by competitive ered. It is important helpful if observation is organisations. based on objectives or specific questions. E E Net scouting Probes To review sources on the internet is becom- It is important that clear questions and Probe packs are used to gain qualitative data For Service Design Probes represent a simple ing increasingly important. The internet is parameters are used as the basis for this about peoples lives. They are collections of way to involve clients and to gain insights a huge historic as well as and up-to-date understanding method as the information tasks designed to elicit information. Probes based on real client behaviour and views. resource. Given that Service Design projects available is vast. The findings need to be can include diaries, photo-cameras and other Probes were used by the Royal College of Art often involve new variants and conditions Net interpreted to establish the relevance for the tools that are supplied to clients together with Interaction Design group to study the way Scouting is a good initial way of establishing project. Important is to check sources carefully instructions. Clients are then asked to docu- people see their own homes. Volunteers were an understanding of the market conditions and to take into consideration their quality as ment a day in their life or while performing a solicited through a newspaper advert and the and environment. It can also help to identify well as that every point has a counterpoint. certain task, to take photos of good services results used to enable designers to get a ‘feel’ existing solutions in other areas, be a valuable etc. of the meaning of home for many people. tool to find out about statistics, market share A probes-pack and instructions need careful and different development trends and identify Service Design preparation. The data that is produced can be new markets. very visual, real and can be used to commu- Appendix nicate authentically about clients. The packs need to be analysed and interpreted. E E 195 194
  • 99. Reading Shadowing Even though this might be obvious, reading At times specific trade literature and special- Following clients around and observing their Shadowing can help to gain in-depth under- is an important source of knowledge, and for ised material can be very valuable to be read. behaviour. Shadowing can be recorded by standing of clients natural behaviours. In understanding specialist fields. Given that It is important to keep in mind objectives, a video camera or captured in still images. Service Design it is a good opportunity to learn Service Design reading is crucial as every questions and not to lose the bigger picture. Mostly shadowing is done by one researcher about clients interaction with a service e.g. Service Design project involves new areas and that observes clients in their natural envi- to understand how people work in a water- the team needs to have an understanding of ronment performing tasks and consuming plant they are followed by a researcher with a clients backgrounds and environments. Read- products or services in a natural way. Shadow- camera for one full day. ing gives access to understanding the context ing can be used with hidden cameras and for of the service that is designed example micro cameras installed in clients glasses. For example to redesign a hospital unit a overall understanding of the illness that is It is important that the shadowing activity treated there is crucial. is not intruding and does not influence the behaviour of clients. Shadowing is a qualita- tive method where the findings need to be E interpreted post-research. E Service status Thinking aloud This method identifies whether there is the For a Service Design project that can influence Clients are asked to explain and talk about free phone number so I can give them a call.” need for a service to be improved or innovated. the starting point and scope of the project. It what they think whilst using a service. This could be a potential Thinking Aloud result. The For the design process it makes a difference if is important to identify why a new service is helps to reveal their expectations, experience material needs to be reviewed and interpreted an existing service offer needs to be improved, needed to ensure that the service innovation and problems of using the service. The client is into insights such as “a free phone number is or if a new additional service needs to be cre- project fits into the current offering. prompted and encouraged to speak out aloud expected”. In the project it could be an idea ated. Based on the same principal as Product by the researcher. Questions such as “So, what to put the free phone number directly on the Status this method identifies if the existing is your reaction to this message?” help to home page to save clients clicks and time for Service fulfils a need in an efficient way or promt clients think about how their perception example. what new potentials might be. If a new service works. It reveals problems and underlying potential is discovered it might be possible to reasons for difficulties. create a new service if the old one is still valid Service Design Thinking Aloud is documenting every step that to exist aside. the client makes with their explanation either Appendix in video, audio or notes form. “I’m clicking on this button because I want to find out how I E can contact them. I expect them to offer me a E 196 197
  • 100. 5 why’s Trend scouting Identifying overall trends through holistic Trends need to be translated into insights This methods encourages clients to examine lifestyle observations. By reading magazines, for Service Design projects so that they and express the underlying reasons for their visiting fairs and researching online, trends can be used to specify the offer, identify behaviours and attitudes. can be identified. Opinion leaders, specialists new markets, new possibilities and the way The inverviewer askes five times why. The and experts can be interviewed to get their services are communicated e.g. the emergence client therefore is encouaged to explain the views on the directions that culture, society, of customisation can mean that people will reasons behind the first answer. politics and technology are going. Trend come to expect more tailor-made services. scouting for Service Design helps identify key It was used by IDEO to interview dieting changes in social and cultural life that will women around the US to understand their affect perceptions. attitudes and behaviours around weight loss. E E Focus groups User surveys Information is collected and analysed on A small group of people is selected to have Focus Groups have been used to talk to a characteristics of clients, purposes for using a guided discussion about a selected idea or group of clients about their experience with the services, reasons for satisfaction or issue. This qualitative method is used to learn service hotlines to identify what is perceived dissatisfaction, details, patterns, needs and from clients sharing their thoughts, opinions, as important service features. This method service priorities. feelings, attitudes and misconceptions about of investigation can be used to generate and an issue in an intimate setting. A facilitator or filter ideas, too. moderator is required. Focus groups deliver insights to peoples views and opinions and for Service Design it is an interesting method to identify what people really think about a service and get their opinions on new ideas, Service Design improvements, barriers etc. Appendix E E 198 199
  • 101. Inspirational specialists Insight matrix This matrix helps to establish an overview of Everything that is less relevant (has no influ- If a certain quality is identified for a service If security is key for the service a special vault the insights available and needed for a Service ence on the Service Design) is filled in the field concept the analysis of a very different area of a bank can be visited and the learnings will Design project. It assesses the insight status Open. Issues that still need to be researched can help to provide insights about this quality. inspire the service design and offer solutions of a Service Design project (what is known, (not known but will possibly influence the For example, if it is crucial for a service to be that can be integrated in the project. Brain- needs to be found out, can be assumed and Service Design) is filled in the field Research. flexible look for other fields in which flexibility storming can help to identify other fields of can be left open). The matrix can then be used This establishes an overview of the status is key e.g. a circus could be chosen as specialist inspirational specialists. to decide whether to conduct more research of research and relevant knowledge for the in flexibility. Understanding different prin- or to generate ideas based on existing insights Service Design project. It helps to highlight ciples that are used by a circus to be flexible and assumptions. This matrix is always used areas of research that still need to be covered will help from a very different perspective in relation to a specific project, specification and then becomes a summary of the insights to translate some of the principles into the or brief. Everything that can be specified or and facts that are the basis for the service idea service concept. decided (clear facts that nobody will question and / or concept development. or disagree with) is filled in the field Assump- tions. N N Tested & tried components Components that are already used, tried and tested can be identified to be used in the development of a Service Design concept. If an interactive screen works well already for clients to purchase tickets it can be used to book a treatment in a hospital. Service Design Appendix N 200 201
  • 102. Affinity diagram Brutethink An Affinity Diagram is a creative process To develop strategic ideas and solutions is a to gather and organise insights, ideas and difficult process in which a team can get stuck. opinions. It helps adding structure to a large or To open up this situation and the thinking complicated issue, breaking down a compli- process Brutethink helps to create a new cated issue into broad categories or gaining perspective with random stimuli. For example agreement on an issue or situation. a random word can be brought into a problem (from a dictionary, magazine or book). The It starts with a clear statement of the problem team brainstorms things that are associated or goal and provide a time limit for the session. with the randomly picked word. Then the team Each participant should think of ideas and tries to think about connections between the write them individually (for example on index random word and the challenge and between cards). The cards are then arranged into related the associated things and the challenge. All the groups. For each grouping a title or heading ideas and solutions are listed and evaluated. is created that describes the theme of each group. E E CATWOE Fishbone diagram A simple checklist that can be used to stimu- O = Owners: those with power over the A graphic technique for identifying cause-and- late thinking about problems and solutions. system, that can even make it stop if they wish effect relationships among factors in a given The title CATWOE is made up of the first letters situation or problem. Also called Ishikawa E = Environment: constraints and limitations of the elements of the checklist: Diagramming. for output of the system. C = Clients: those who receive gain or loss from Helps if a problem needs to be studies or the System can equal service. what the system does. couse determined. In Service Design it can be Out of the CATWOE elements a rich problem used for example to identify areas for data A = Actors: those who can act in the system. definition can be formulated, which can be collection an to investigate why a process is T = Transformation: what the system does to reformulated or shortened afterwards. not performing properly. change inputs into outputs. The diagram, like other problem solving Service Design W = World view: wider context of the system, techniques, is a heuristic tool. As such, it Appendix or the values, ethics behind the system helps to organise thoughts and structure the quality improvement process. E E 203 202
  • 103. Lateral thinking Mind map Lateral thinking is concerned with the percep- Mind-mapping is a special way of documenting tion part of thinking. It has been established thoughts and their connections. Mind Maps by Edward de Bono. He defines it as a radiate from one problem or idea at the centre technique of problem solving by approaching and use lines, symbols, words and images to problems indirectly at diverse angles instead write down a system of connected insights, of concentrating on one approach at length. ideas and solutions. Mind Maps work in line Techniques that apply Lateral thinking to with your brain’s natural way of thinking. They problems are characterised by the shifting of can be used to draw an overview of a large thinking patterns away from entrenched or complex subject or area. For Service Design predictable thinking to new or unexpected this is important think about services from ideas. a big picture and see the different systemic connections. E E LEGO serious play Parallel thinking LEGO Serious Play can be used to explore participants. The team communicates more With the traditional argument or adversarial from all different angles at the same time relationships and connections between people effectively, engages their imaginations more thinking each side takes a different position which often can be confusing and unproduc- and their worlds in new and enlightening ways. readily and approach their work with increased and then seeks to attack the other side. Each tive. Every angle is discussed together so that During the process it is possible to observe confidence, commitment and insight. This side seeks to prove that the other side is the reference system is the same. both internal and external dynamics, explore allows for taking dialogues to deeper levels. wrong. Adversarial thinking completely lacks various scenarios and quickly gain an aware- a constructive, creative or design element. It In Service Design projects it an ideal way for ness of a variety of possibilities. was intended only to discover the ‘truth’ not all team members to take an active part in to build anything. Serious Play uses three-dimensional thinking the proces. It is a completely new platform for by creating and constructing metaphors to thinking and communicating. is a technique of problem solving by ap- describe real situations an organisation faces. proaching problems indirectly at diverse Service Design Building landscape models with LEGO bricks, angles instead of concentrating on one ap- giving them meaning through storytelling proach at length. This is especially helpful for Appendix and playing-out various possible scenarios a team as it ensures that everybody looks at a deepens understanding, sharpens insight and problem from the same angle. What happens is creates strong bonds among the group of E that a team does not discuss about a problem E 204 205
  • 104. System thinking Personality matrix A method that is based on the four different Systems thinking involves the use of various areas of human personalities. This method has techniques to study systems of many kinds. been developed in psychology (C. G. Jung) and It includes studying things in a holistic way, is used in branding to identify the personality rather than purely reductionist techniques. of a brand and to ensure that all communica- It focuses on the interactions in a system. tion is inline with this positioning. All Touch- It aims to gain insights into the whole by points of a service are designed to be inline understanding the linkages, interactions and with the same service personality. processes between the elements that comprise the whole “system”. Systems thinking can help in Service Design to understand complex problems that involve multiple actors and a great number of interactions. E E Think tank Specification A written document that specifies the scope An open discussion between experts. Based of a Service Design project or of a specific on questions, problems or ideas a Think Tank service. The specification can be a growing involves specialists to develop solutions and document that evolves based on new insights share their expertise. A Think Tank can be used but is always in line shared and agreed with involving senior staff of the organisation to the team and based on the Service Strategy. develop or evolve the service strategy. This is It represents a detailed goal description and essential to set objectives, criteria and direc- contains criteria for success. The specification tion for the Service Design project. document is especially important for long term and big scale projects. It helps the project team to have a shared focus point and to make Service Design sure that the project stays on track. Appendix E E 206 207
  • 105. Touchpoints Priority matrix Individual tangibles or interactions that make Helps to sort tasks by their priority. Draw up the total experience of a service. two lines in shape of a letter L where the importance in one direction and urgency in the Touchpoints can take various forms, from other direction. Map out where tasks sit. Tasks advertising to personal cards, web- mobile that are important and urgent need to be dealt phone- and PC interfaces, bills, retail shops, with right away. Tasks that are important but call centres and customer representatives. not urgent can wait. Tasks that are urgent but In Service Design, all Touchpoints needs to be not important can be delegated. Tasks that are concidered in totality and crafted in order to not important and not urgent can be either create a clear, consistent and unified client delegated or as well denied. experience. To design services is a complex team project over time. To manage priorities is crucial for the success of these kind of projects. E E Total quality flow charting Visual thinking Is a visual thinking method. Elements in a Picture Thinking or Visual Thinking is the language. Many elements of Service Design are business process are laid out in a linear fashion phenomenon of thinking through visual difficult to explain with words. Visual thinking (left to right) using key words and symbols, processing, what most people would think can be supported by drawing, selecting and with process flows mapped out using lines with linguistic or verbal processing. It is non combining images or other materials. and arrows. This powerful visual diagramming linear and often has the nature of a computer method has been used widely to simplify simulation. Where in lots of data is put business processes, by eliminating steps that through a process to yield insight into complex don’t add value. systems, which would otherwise be almost impossible through language. To share thoughts with a team, organisa- Service Design tion and / or clients, visualising concepts, strategies and thoughts can help to create Appendix an united vision. Words can be a limited tool and misunderstandings can be bigger when E restricting thinking to only be based on E 208 209
  • 106. Body-storming Brain-writing, -shaping, etc. The people in a group assemble systems and Brain-writing, -shaping, -racing, -station, try and act out different ideas and possible -charting solutions. The check-in process in an airport Variations of brainstorms (see brainstorm) can be played by a group of people. Every one that are adopted to specific needs of certain person represents one process, function or projects. Somebody in the team can write touch-point. Different scenarios can be played down five ideas. The next person selects one through to develop new ways of combining of these ideas and develops five ideas based existing systems and how to adopt and add on on that idea. Different materials can be used to them. It is a very helpful way of achieving in a brainstorm to shape and build ideas and transparency of complex interactive systems. talk about them. Drawing can be used in a It needs to be facilitated and can be docu- similar way. Given that Service Design projects mented either by filming or taking photos. can have different needs and are often about experiences and complex interactions these other techniques can be very helpful. E E Brainstorming Experience sketching Developing a large number of ideas with a and positive environment. Depending on the This is a special form of group sketching that group of people. It is a meeting in which eve- subject the environment can be themed. Vari- focuses on the experience that clients have in rybody is encouraged to have wild ideas and ous prompts and objects can help to inspire using and performing a service. It helps the where no criticism should take place. The goal ideas. At several stages of a Service Design team to project themselves in the perspective is to generate a great number of ideas – and all project problems need to be solved and ideas of the client and to imagine and plan how they ideas are written down. Usually a brainstorm need to be generated. A brainstorm is a very feel, what they expect and experience. Again is targeted towards one issue which is then cheap, fast and effective way to generate a big sketching is helpful for the team to share the bombarded with ideas. Ideally the ideas build number of ideas. same platform. on each other. The brainstorm can invite people with an expert or outside perspective to inspire the group with surprising ideas. Service Design A brainstorm needs to be facilitated to ensure Appendix the rules are applied, to make sure all ideas are written down and to manage timing. A brainstorm ideally takes place in an inspiring E E 210 211
  • 107. Group sketching Open space technology Sketching is a very quick and cheap way of To generate ideas in a big group of people maximal fifteen people in one session. After developing ideas and their explanations at the this method is used to run several sessions of the time of the first session is over another same time. It is easier to remember the ideas brainstorms simultaneously. Different issues set of sessions can be run so that everybody and to talk about them. A service idea can or problems that somebody is passionate has the opportunity to host sessions and visit be sketched in a comic format if it is about a about can be posted. The person that posted a sessions. There can be as many sets of sessions series of events over time. Given that people session will be in one area of a room equipped as time allows and there are topics, insights from different backgrounds talk about service mostly with a flip-chart. Everybody that and problems to generate ideas from. Every ideas, sketching helps to share and discuss. is interested in a session can go there and host writes up a session report that includes Designers might have trained sketching as part participate. Everyone works only on topics all the ideas that have been developed. It is a of their education. It is important for them they are interesting and that they feel passion- very good possibility to work together with to forget about rendering and to encourage ate about. They can leave a session at any time different people including experts, clients and other team members to draw simple stickmen. to visit another one. Sessions last between half to generate a huge amount of ideas. Everyone can draw and sketch to explain ideas an hour to one day. There can be three or more in a symbolic way. For example the game sessions at the same time, depending on the Pictionary highlights how people visualise amount of people available. As a rough guide- hings diferently. See also Visual thinkning E line there should be about at least three and E Idea interview Parallel design After an idea or a concept has been developed Two or more groups are working on the it can be discussed with either experts or same design brief at the same time. They clients. This helps to gain additional under- brainstorm, sketch or prototype ideas and standing and to develop the idea further. This solutions for the same problem. The results interview can be based on a very simple idea can be compared and build upon. It is possible statement or as well on an elaborate prototype to swop teams after a period of time to take or mock-up. the work that another group has done further. Not only to have fresh and different views on the same subject this is helpful. As well to make sure that the best Service Design can be identified. The outcome can be several valid Service Design solutions for the same problem. Sometimes Appendix different elements can be combined for one strong concept that addresses several perspec- tives. E E 213 212
  • 108. Feature tree Randomiser To create concepts and complex solutions A tree diagram is drawn that shows different different ideas can be combined. Randomiser features (needs, functions or elements of a combines different elements or ideas ran- service). For each of the branches it captures domly. The easiest way is to put ideas in card different ideas to achieve that. Different format and take one random card from each concepts can be created in combining each stack. It can be realised with a software as one of the idea branches of all the feature well. It helps to develop concepts and generate branches. For example a service could have more ideas. If a service addresses several is- a waiting area and complaint function. The sues or problems than the ideas and solutions different ideas how the waiting are could for these individual problems can be combined look like and how the complaint system could randomly to develop these combinations work can be combined to generate concepts further. and new ideas. In Service Design this helps to create combinations that can incorporate more than one feature. E E Unfocus group Interviewing a very diverse group of people that are related to the subject in special ways. Subject experts and people that don’t know anything about the subject are brainstorming or discussing about ideas and solutions. Given that the group is mixed and has very different experience with the subject the results and ideas are often open, unique and have a fresh perspective. In Service Design this helps to come up with innovative ideas for new services or how to improve existing services. Service Design Appendix E 215 214
  • 109. Card sorting Cognitive walkthrough Different ideas or concepts are written on be explained in a way that they can be easily Cognitive walkthrough involves one or a group small cards. The cards are sorted into differ- understood. For Service Design projects this is of evaluators inspecting a service by going ent groups and order. Different stakeholders a very helpful way to understand the criteria through a the stages of the client journey. such as senior representatives of the service fit, the compatibility and the order of quality The service can be presented in the form of provider organisation or clients can sort the of ideas and concepts. a mock-up, a prototype, but it can also be cards in order starting with the best idea. The a fully developed service. The input to the order of cards can be explained to learn from walkthrough also include the client profile, the judgement and to make sure ideas have especially the knowledge. The evaluators may not been misunderstood. include human factors engineers or other specialists. The comparison of the way the idea cards have been sorted gives the team a good indication of the ideas that best fit the criteria or are rel- evant for different departments or clients. The advantage is that the sorting is not influenced by anybody else’s opinion. The ideas have to E A Constructive interaction Character profiles Help to establish a shared understanding in a referenced in detail. They help to have a shared This method is sometimes also called Codis- team to who the clients of a particular service understanding of the clients and to represent covery learning. This method is based upon are. A character profile usually is an image and them throughout a project in a tangible way. the client thinking out loud while performing a a short and relevant description of a fictional In various stages of a Service Design project specific task, and the evaluator recording this character. The purpose is to help the team they can help as inspiration, criteria in asking is some way. By having two users cooperating understand and imagine what sort of client “What would Sarah think about this idea? instead of one, a more natural way of thinking that might be and therefore what needs, Would that work for John?” etc. aloud is present. experience and expectations can be assumed. The results from a Constructive interaction For a project several profiles help to reference session are a lot of qualitative data. Due to individuals that have a face, a job and an this fact, the number of clients does not have opinion. Service Design to be so large, a lot of important and valuable Contrary to personas, character profiles are information could be obtained with just a few Appendix not based on in-depth research. They are clients. therefore cheaper and quicker but at the same time don’t represent profiles that can be E A 216 217
  • 110. Diagnostic evaluation Expert evaluation From usablity analysis. User based evaluation An expert evaluation is a quick and cost-effi- of a working system, where the primary objec- cient way to pre-empt service implementation tive is to identify usability problems. and usability problems, obtain a fresh per- spective before full testing with real clients. This method can be used to identfy usability Depending on the project a range of experts problems of services. An understanding is is brought in to evaluate components, the us- gained of why clients have difficulty with ability and the feasibility. From the experience the service. Approximate measures can be of these people various potentials, problems obtained for the clients’ satisfaction. and pitfalls can be identified qickly. A E Evaluation review Feasibility check Already existing services and systems they understand the systems and experiences and To identify the implications and possibilities input for further design and development or to are tested and evaluated. This can be either as well raise the sensitiveness towards the of service ideas and concepts internal and make small changes for implementation. Given done by a service expert or by clients, encour- detailed and the holistic design at the same external experts are asked to advise on the that Service Design influences and interacts aged to observe the experience they have in time. feasibility. It might be a principle, a compo- with complex systems over time it is essential using the service and analysing it step by step nent or a detail that needs to be reconsidered to establish ways to check how feasible ideas afterwards. The point is to understand the to make it work. Service ideas and concepts and solutions are and to build on that learning. principles that work really well and the things may have financial, resource, legislative or that don’t work or can be improved. This other implications that need to be taken into method can be used for existing services or consideration. competitive services. Usually it helps to use sensualisation to make Service Design The result is an Evaluation review that points the ideas easy to understand for experts. out the strength and weaknesses as well as Sometime scenarios are necessary to fully Appendix an experience description. As services are explain and discuss the implications of ideas more complex and more individual than other and concepts. Depending on the stage of the designs this is a very valuable method to E project the feasibility check can be used as E 218 219
  • 111. Heuristic evaluation PEST analysis A form of usability inspection where usability A heuristic or expert evaluation can be Checklist of the political, economic, socio- and emphasis on safety. The technological specialists judge whether each element of a conducted at various stages of the develop- cultural and technological aspects of the factors also include ecological and environ- user interface follows a list of established us- ment lifecycle, although it is preferable to environment. mental aspects and can determine the barriers ability heuristics. Expert evaluation is similar, have already performed some form of context to entry, minimum efficient production level It is a part of the external analysis and gives an but does not use specific heuristics. analysis to help the experts focus on the and influence outsourcing decisions. It looks overview of the different macro-environmen- circumstances of actual or intended usage. at elements such as R&D activity, automation, Usually two to three analysts evaluate the sys- tal factors that an organisation has to take technology incentives and the rate of techno- tem with reference to established guidelines or The method provides quick and relatively into consideration. Political factors include logical change.v principles, noting down their observations and cheap feedback. The results generate good areas such as tax policy, employment laws, often ranking them in order of severity. The ideas for improving a service. environmental regulations, trade restrictions analysts are usually experts in human factors and tariffs and political stability. The economic or HCI, but others, less experienced have also factors are the economic growth, interest been shown to report valid problems. rates, exchange rates and inflation rate. Social factors often look at the cultural aspects and include health consciousness, population A growth rate, age distribution, career attitudes E Pluralistic walkthrough Personas User archetypes that are based on in-depth The advantage of personas is that qualitative A method of usability inspection where a research. They represent patterns that have and quantitative research is available to back diverse group of stakeholders in a design been identified based on research insights. A up the relevance of a certain profile. are brought together to review the design, persona is one fictional character that merges including designers, clients, researchers and patterns that occur in the research. Instead of management. The walkthrough is conducted grouping people in demographic or interest by identifying primary tasks for the service segments personas help to identify relevant system and stepping through those tasks, patterns that cluster qualitative findings. This identifying potential problems along the way. is very relevant to Service Design as it enables The purpose of bringing together various a more detailed and individual understanding stakeholders is that each one brings a certain of a group of clients. perspective, expertise, and set of goals for the Service Design project that enables a greater number of prob- In the Service Design process the personas Appendix lems to be found, specified and documented. have a similar role as character profiles. They help the team to see individuals and they can reference them in different design decisions. E A 220 221
  • 112. SWOT analysis Retrospective testing After a client testing session has been con- A very effective way of identifying an organi- ducted and videotaped, retrospective testing sations or services Strengths and Weaknesses, lets the client look at the just finished test and of examining the Opportunities and session on a videotape to make additional Threats it is facing. Carrying out an analysis comments while watching. The user’s com- using the SWOT framework helps to focus ments while reviewing the tape are often more activities into areas of strength and where the extensive than comments made during the greatest opportunities lie. actual test session. This also gives the the op- portunity to stop the tape and ask questions about a certain action or comment. A E Sticker vote Task analysis Different ideas, concepts or criteria that have oped and discussed. The process can as well be Task analysis analyses what a client is required been developed are written on cards and repeated with different colours for different to do in terms of actions and / or cognitive pinned on a wall. Every member of the team criteria. That helps to focus on one criteria processes to achieve a task. A detailed task gets three to five small stickers to vote for the and after the process every card can easily be analysis can be conducted to understand the best ones. The cards with the most stickers checked against the criteria it matches. If then current service system and the information have been voted as the best and most relevant. the criteria have different priorities the voted flows within it. These information flows are cards can be sorted against those. In Service important to the maintenance of the existing To ensure that nobody is influenced by the Design projects a lot of decisions need to be system and must be incorporated or substitut- opinion of others, everybody is asked to look made to move on. As Service Design always ed in any new system. Task analysis makes it at the cards before carefully and to decide works in teams it is important to have easy possible to design and allocate tasks appropri- which ones are going to get the stickers. Then and democratic decision processes that involve ately within the new system. The functions to Service Design all put the stickers on at the same time. the whole group and are transparent. be included within the system and the service Appendix It is a very quick and easy way of filtering to interface can then be accurately specified. identify the best and most relevant cards. Usu- ally the voting process is based on an earlier discussion or on criteria that have been devel- E A 223 222
  • 113. Camera journal Empathy tools Clients are given a simple camera and a journal take images and to leave voice messages with To explain and understand special individual make the same point to explain the back- and asked to document a day, a procedure or an explanation. The clients can be prompted needs these tools are used to experience how ground, insight or solution. As Service Design their view. It can be part of a probes pack or by SMS to take an image of anything next clients experience the service. They can limit is about the experience that clients have it used as separate method. The images com- to them that reminds them of flexibility for or extend certain senses and features. They are helps to have an understanding of special bined with the notes give insights in the way example. Camera journal are a very simple way used to find out how elderly feel in wearing features in this experience in the team and clients see and think. The journal underpins of connecting with real clients and to generate weights and glasses that limit vision. This explain them to stake holders. the images with explanations that explain rich qualitative material and relevant insights helps the Service Design team to understand their motivations, goals and expectations. in their life, goals and needs. The journal and and explain the problems and possibilities that Camera journals can be used to document a the images are a very valuable tool to share a service concept is linking in. theatre booking, to document good service and explain the findings and later on ideas and To explain how a emergency service for lorry experiences etc. concepts. drivers works it helps to involve oily hands. The The camera journals are very rich and tangible experience can then be addressed in the way material to explain the way clients think and the service works. It is important that empa- can be used as inspiration for the idea develop- thy tools are used for a clear point. Sometimes ment. Modern camera phones can be used to E the effort is not feasible and a short video can E Charactter profiles Experience prototyping Help to establish a shared understanding in a referenced in detail. They help to have a shared To try and test how service ideas and compo- team to who the clients of a particular service understanding of the clients and to represent nents work in the context of real life. Given are. A character profile usually is an image and them throughout a project in a tangible way. that services never exist in isolation the a short and relevant description of a fictional In various stages of a Service Design project prototyping and testing requires the reassem- character. The purpose is to help the team they can help as inspiration, criteria in asking bly of reality to frame the environment and understand and imagine what sort of client “What would Sarah think about this idea? expectation to ensure the service experience that might be and therefore what needs, Would that work for John?” etc. is overall similar to the one it would be if the experience and expectations can be assumed. service would exist. Often that means that the For a project several profiles help to reference service needs to be put into a temporary exist- individuals that have a face, a job and an ence. People that use it should use it naturally opinion. and under reality conditions. Sometimes that Service Design requires a lot of effort in creating spaces, Contrary to personas, character profiles are Appendix atmospheres and settings and sometimes all is not based on in-depth research. They are needed is a phone and an actor that pretends therefore cheaper and quicker but at the same to be the hotline. time don’t represent profiles that can be E E 225 224
  • 114. Mock-ups Informance Performing insights and information. To find Informance can be used to present insights to Mostly mock-ups are photo montages that mock-ups are very strong tools to explain and unique and relevant ways to act and dramatise the team. It is very engaging, motivating and illustrate an idea. They use images of existing sell ideas. But they can often be understood to information is a very interesting way of the presented facts can be easier remembered. situations and scenery to mount elements on be final solutions. Either the execution reflects presenting, explaining and sharing. Depending The different elements such as videos, maps them and combine them in a way that explains this or it needs to be made clear if the discus- on the project this method can be used to etc. can be combined to a performance. Clients an idea or a service concept. Mock-ups can as sion is about the principle concept or about package and stage information. Storytellers can be asked to be part of the performance. well be prototypes and dummies that illustrate detail elements. With that in mind mock-ups and actors can be involved. It is important that principles and ideas in creating a model. The are very useful to have very tangible and visual the way the story is performed is relevant and idea of printing individual poems on coffee tools in development of services. Mock-ups supports the content and the message. cups could be illustrated by digital effects or can be so elaborate that they can be used as could be printed and mounted on an actual prototypes to test them as parts of the service cup to then be photographed. It needs to be experience. They can be part of scenarios or considered what the mock-ups are needed for. used for visioning. Sometimes a very rough execution has the advantage that everybody understands E that the idea is just one possibility. Perfect E Metaphors Moodboard To explain service ideas often metaphors A chameleon represents flexibility and people A collage of different images and materials is of a new service different elements and are very useful. They find an example from will remember that principle of the service used to show a certain mood or atmosphere. It components or touch-points can be integrated another field to explain the principle of an better if metaphors are used to explain the is the combination of certain images that cre- in the mood-board. Given that Service Design idea or concept. It is easier for people to relate unique features. ates an overall impression. The board overall develops and designs experiences that involve to metaphors and to remember the idea as represents the mood of a service experience or different elements and work with different the metaphor bridges the new concept with of the environment where the service will take people this method helps to establish a shared a familiar concept. If a service helps business place. It helps to explain unconscious, sensual understanding of the mood and atmosphere people to find partners that they could learn and intangible values of a service that are that a service uses and represents. from a dating site could be a metaphor that difficult to capture by words. immediately explains the principle how this Some of the images are conceptual, some service would work in principle. Service Design show details and some are metaphoric. To It sometimes helps as well to learn from explain a very friendly and warm service Appendix metaphors for the actual service design. In experience, images of smiles, warm colours, presentations metaphors can be used to metaphors like a grandmother and soft images underpin certain principles in a tangible way. E could be used for example. To show the mood E 226 227
  • 115. Moodfilm Rough prototyping The next level of a mood board is reached by A very quick and simple way to create proto- Trying out rough versions often triggers adding audio visual elements. The images that types. To represent and test ideas anything new ideas and possibilities. It is important could be used for a mood-board are assembled that is available can be used to assemble that Service Design works as interactive and according to the atmosphere in the way they components of a service. In difference to tangible as possible. It enables the team to are cut, in the rhythm that is used and in the experience prototyping that tries to be as understand the service not only in theory. The music that is used. Footage of the environ- close to reality as possible, rough prototyping hands on experience is important to develop ment and the actions that assemble the is quick and dirty. It is used to try ideas out and explain service experiences. service help to support the specific imagina- quickly, develop them further or use the tion of the service experience. Mood-films are prototype as manifestation. It helps a team to a very strong presentation format for Service have the same reference and to make sure they Design concepts. are talking about the same thing. E E Personas Role play User archetypes that are based on in-depth In the Service Design process the personas Actors or team members act out how the play can either be performed live or recorded research. They represent patterns that have have a similar role as character profiles. They service works. To show how different elements on video. The role play can be planned and been identified based on research insights. A help the team to see individuals and they can of a service concept work it helps to pretend tested in form of a story-board. In Service persona is one fictional character that merges reference them in different design decisions. that it existed and to play out a journey or Design many interactions with people are patterns that occur in the research. Instead of The advantage of personas is that qualitative one element of the service experience. The designed. It is supportive to work with people grouping people in demographic or interest and quantitative research is available to back interaction with people can be very effectively in the design and to explain the design in segments personas help to identify relevant up the relevance of a certain profile. and easily shown. It is possible to play the showing how it would work by acting it out. patterns that cluster qualitative findings. This same act with different character profiles on is very relevant to Service Design as it enables the side of the client role and with different a more detailed and individual understanding service executions. of a group of clients. Service Design This method helps to explain, develop and test service interactions and experiences. Rough Appendix prototyping can be used together with role play to show how different components would E work in the context of the service. The role E 228 229
  • 116. Scenario Social network mapping Explains a client journey in a story format. A service design. It needs to be clear what the Every person is involved in several private understood. For Service Design it is not only scenario can be either animated or filmed. It idea or concept is that needs to be explained. It and professional networks. To map all these important to understand people. It is relevant illustrates an idea or concept in the context usually is difficult to explain to many things at networks and the way they link together helps to find ways to explain and share in the team of the client’s life. It shows the principles, once. Several scenarios help to show different to understand the social system, sources and and with stake holders how these people relate features in everyday situations and the aspects and variations. needs for service and to explain how clients to networks and systems and how a service implications on the client. live. Network maps are especially interesting would interact with that. The story element of scenarios is important tools when a service has social or communica- A redesigned or new service concept can be for everybody to relate to it and to support tion aspects. explained with different clients (e.g. character imagination but it shouldn’t distract from profiles) to show how the experience will the actual idea. Scenarios is a very powerful It helps as well to explain how professional differ. In order to develop a scenario several method to explain interactive experiences over and social life link into each other. Network decisions need to be made beyond the actual time. maps are very useful to explain what kind of concept. people a service is working with. It needs to be considered that sometimes the maps need Therefore the scenario development will additional explanation to make sure that all question how the ideas work in context and E systems and components in the map can be E is in a way a step towards a more detailed Storyboarding Tomorrows headlines To explain a set of events or a story different board is rather rough there is more room for Newspaper and magazine headlines are senger wait less and the airport even makes key situations are illustrated on each one interpretation which can be supportive or written from a future perspective to illustrate profit from it.” As services are intangible this screen or sheet. It is a step by step explanation limiting. It can be helpful that a story-board the impact that a service idea or concept simple method is a good way for a shared of a service experience or journey. It is can be has a sketch feel to underline the fact that would have. This is a simple and easy way to understanding of ideas and the consequent sketched or mocked-up in Photoshop. It helps it is a concept and not a solution. In Service use the principle of visioning. The front cover advantages in the future. Given that it is about to test and explain how different touch-points Design it is a very useful method to explain of Time magazine in 2010 could illustrate how writing everybody in a multidisciplinary team work and link into each other. how a service works. Given that every slide or a new service is going to impact and influence can easily participate and relate to it. page can be changed it is very flexible and can peoples lives and its perception in the future. A story-board is a very useful presentation be easily adopted. Some parts of the story can format but usually is not self explanatory. Often this method gives a strong sense of be used several times to show different ideas. It can be combined with text that explains shared vision and can help as reminder and Only some of the slides need to be changed to Service Design each frame and tells the story. Sometimes the motivation. adopt the story. story-board can be divided in a front stage and Appendix It can be used as well to capture what a service back stage area and show the experience of idea is about. It could suggest advantages the client and what happens in the background like “Orgeo-Hospital saved $10m by creating to facilitate the service. Given that a story E E a fantastic treatment experience.” or “Pas- 230 231
  • 117. Try it yourself Members of the Service Design team try out These tests not only create a new level of services or components themselves. This is a understanding the domain they provide highly very simple but highly effective way to test relevant insights. Especially for people that but as well to imagine to be in the client’s work for a service organisation it is interesting shoes. It can be used to test existing services, to project themselves in the client perspective competitive services or service prototypes. and try to document step by step how they would try to find out about the booking line It is a very different experience to observe number. They might be surprised how they clients or talk to clients than testing services would try to find out and what is actually oneself. The test can be documented either available. Services are individual experiences, in film or notes or in a report afterwards. It it is important to experience them to un- is important to try services not as a robotic derstand how clients think and what their neutral observer but as a individual person expectations are. with feelings, mood and expectations and to reflect these in the documentation. E Visioning Using the future perspective to explain and The results of visioning are artefacts that a discuss the consequence of ideas. Mock-ups, group of scientists could of brought back from scenarios, videos and other elements are used time-travelling exploration into the future. to create a vision that shows how an idea or For example a TV documentary in the future a service concept would work in the future. could talk about the service and how it works. As well referred to as evidencing, visioning is As service concepts are often systemic and de- a very powerful tool to discuss a “how would pendent on certain other factors this method that be” perspective and to refer backwards is very helpful to skip the development in on the consequent steps how to get there other areas for example like technology and rather than killing ideas with “we can’t do that social changes. anyway”. Service Design Appendix E 233 232
  • 118. Blueprint Guidelines Process diagram and model of all details of ised against the blueprint. A blueprint can Document that specifies details, features and It is important that guidelines consider the a service. A blueprint shows in a schematic dia- either exist as a two dimensional map or as a behaviours. A guideline helps to implement recipient and are written and designed to gram how different service components link interactive system. Blueprinting is very similar a service. It is an important communication address the situation they are in. Guidelines into each other. It is divided in client facing to information architecture for complex digital between the design team and the execution can be provided in various formats but are and backstage processes. It shows different systems. Service Design extends the need of personnel. It is essential to ensure consistency. usually provided in a simple format that is easy touch-points and the different options that mapping complex interactive systems. In order It is as well important to specify and decide to understand and actionable. Usually it is clients have to choose from. On a blueprint to supply services different systems need to about details. Depending on the service a helpful if the format allows that the guidelines all possible client journeys that are possible work together and the behaviour and actions guideline can be regarding systems, settings can be easily updated. within a service can be overseen. The blueprint of staff and clients need to be incorporated. or staff. is a very essential element to plan and design Blueprints are an essential discussion base services. Along the different pathways it and planning tool. But they are essential to can be specified, how long processes take, implement services. And in order to maintain what they need and what their outputs are. and improve services blueprints help a Service Blueprints are the basis for planning in order Design team to make changes. to put a service into action. All components and processes need to be aligned and organ- E E Business plan Intranet Document that specifies and plans the Internal online platform that is used to provide implementation and roll out of a service. It is information and the latest guidelines and a detailed concept that considers and explains templates within the organisation. It is an the market the service is going to operate in, easy way to keep everybody up to date and for the way the service will be promoted, what everybody to access the different documents processes and systems are necessary and how they need. They can be used to share feedback they work together, what kind of people are and to monitor different stages of testing, required, what virtual and physical space is implementing and monitoring services. An in- needed, which systems are in place to monitor tranet can be used as well to share information and evaluate, how the economic model works about the service that is provided to certain and how it is going to develop over time. clients. It is overall a very flexible system that Service Design can be adopted and help to provide the service. Appendix It can change very easily which is an important feature in Service Design. E E 235 234
  • 119. Line of balance Service prototype Line Of Balance is a management control To try and test how service ideas and compo- process for collecting, measuring and present- nents work in the context of real life. Given ing facts relating to time, cost and accomplish- that services never exist in isolation the ment - all measured against a specific plan. It prototyping and testing requires the reassem- shows the process, status, background, timing bly of reality to frame the environment and and phasing of the project activities, thus expectation to ensure the service experience providing management with measuring tools is overall similar to the one it would be if the that help: service would exist. Often that means that the service needs to be put into a temporary exist- Bill Hollins suggests that this method is useful ence. People that use it should use it naturally in Service Design to time parts of a process to and under reality conditions. Sometimes that ensure the best use of resources. requires a lot of effort in creating spaces, atmospheres and settings and sometimes all is needed is a phone and an actor that pretends to be the hotline. E E Role script Specificatioin Document that specifies the role within a A written document that specifies the scope service performance. It provides service staff of a Service Design project or of a specific with a script including the different possible service. The specification can be a growing service scenarios. It helps them to understand document that evolves based on new insights the concept and their role in playing a part in but is always in line shared and agreed with making it reality. the team and based on the Service Strategy. It represents a detailed goal description and contains criteria for success. The specification document is especially important for long term and big scale projects. It helps the project team to have a shared focus point and to make Service Design sure that the project stays on track. Appendix E E 236 237
  • 120. Templates Are useful documents and tools that help to In Service Design are important for a number implement a service consistently. In differ- of different activities. They help to translate ence to guidelines templates imply the rules the concept together with the detailed design in the format and the way the templates are into action. They can be used as well to provide designed allows only outcomes that are in a consistent structure but to still allow some line with the intended guidelines. Instead of flexible and individual adoptions. instructions how to write the job descrip- tion for counter staff different modules are provided that cater for the instructions in the way they are written. Templates are easier to use than guidelines, ensure that the results are conform but are less flexible. E Wizard of Oz The name of this technique obviously comes from the film The Wizard of OZ and is refering to the man behind the curtain. It has a long tradition in the computer industry and is used to test hard to implement features. In Service Design some of the details of solutions can be improved and adopted in faking that they exist. Role play can be used to pretend to the client that the human side of the service is already in place which is one of Service Design the advantages in services. If terminal systems or any other but human interfaces are used the Appendix Wizar of Oz can help to complete the service experience as if the service would already be completely implemented. A 238 239
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  • 122. http://indere.com/en http://useit.com/papers Web links Laubersheimer, Wolfgang et. al. (1998): Gestaltung http://sonicrim.com http://econcept.org http://sixapart.com von Service Produkten – Service Design & Service http://sdu.dk/Nat/MCI http://37signals.com http://blackbeltjones.com Engineering. http://cooper.com http://ittatc.org/technical/access-ucd http://ag.arizona.edu/fcs/cyfernet/cyfar http://dcontinuum.com http://webwritingthatworks.com Mager, Birgit (1996): Die schlechte Form – Klopfen http://zeromillion.com/entrepreneurship http://spiritofcreation.com http://ida.liu.se/~TDDC19 und Warten. Form 2/96. http://vcn.bc.ca/citizens-handbook http://service-design.de http://oddcast.com/sitepal http://co-intelligence.org Mager, Birgit (2000): Am Anfang ist alles Service. http://livework.co.uk http://uzanto.com/research http://changingminds.org/disciplines/change_management Der Gehilfe - Vom Dienstboten zum Service-De- http://serviceinnovation.com http://deyalexander.com/resources http://changingminds.org sign, Exhibition catalogue. Museum für Gestalt- http://interaction-ivrea.it/en http://7nights.com/asterisk http://openspaceworld.org ung. Zürich. http://affect.media.mit.edu http://renault.com/gb/decouverte http://yourcreativefuture.org http://mit.edu http://mycoted.com/creativity/techniques Mager, Birgit (2001): Wanderausstellung Service http://id.iit.edu http://hcii.cmu.edu http://portal.e-innovation.org - Ein Produkt. Exhibition catalogue. http://doblin.com http://sistemadesignitalia.it http://visualthesaurus.com http://aiga.org Parmenter, Delphine (1997): INSEAD case study. First http://vision.unn.ac.uk http://paulekman.com http://businessballs.com Direct: Branchless Banking. INSEAD. France. http://wmin.ac.uk/dm http://visualthesaurus.com http://worldbank.org/data/archive/wdi http://servicedesignnetwork.org http://mindtools.com Rae, Jeneanne M. & Ogilvie, Timothy J. (2004): http://caci.co.uk http://dl2100.de http://louiseferguson.com/resources Services Are Different: Head’s Up! On Organizational http://designcouncil.org.uk http://serviceinnovation.org http://observationskills.open.ac.uk Innovation. InnovationNetwork. http://servicedesign.org http://io.tudelft.nl/id-studiolab http://nathan.com/ed/glossary http://omnigroup.com Sangiorgy, Daniela (2003): Design dei servizi come http://peerinsight.com http://betterproductdesign.net/tools http://stcsig.org/usability/resources/toolkit design dei sistemi di attività. La teoria dell’attività http://diec.co.uk http://jkp.com/mindreading http://daveburgess.ca/og applicata alla progettazione dei servizi. Politecnico http://designcouncil.org.uk http://userfocus.co.uk/resources di Milano. http://blackbeltjones.com/work/artifacts http://oecd.org Magazines http://hostserver150.com/usabilit/tools Shostack, G. Lynn (1984): Designing Services That http://goodgestreet.com · brand1 http://infodesign.com.au/usabilityresources/design Deliver. Harvard Business Review. http://spy.co.uk/writing/blueprint/ID · The Economist http://jthom.best.vwh.net/usability http://parc.xerox.com/research · Form: Zeitschrift für Gestaltung. http://nada.kth.se/cid/usor http://braindrums.com http://eias.ie http://treasury.govt.nz/innovation Other http://iainstitute.org/tools http://deyalexander.com/resources Papers IDEO (2003): Method Cards. Palo Alto. Stoutbooks. http://skymark.com/resources/tools Hollins, Bill (2003): About: Service Design, Design Service Design http://blog.fastcompany.com http://deyalexander.com/resources http://interaction.rca.ac.uk Council http://pers-www.wlv.ac.uk Appendix http://interaction.rca.ac.uk/research http://sotech.com Hugentobler, Hans Kaspar et. al. (2003): Designing http://smart.uiah.fi/luotain http://design.philips.com a Methods Platform and Toolbox for Design and http://smart.uiah.fi/proomu http://graphicguides.grove.com Design Research. Institute of Integrated Design. http://smart.uiah.fi/edesign 243 242 http://mycoted.com/creativity/techniques Bremen. http://goodgestreet.com/experience
  • 123. Acknowledgements Service Design Big thanks, Practical access to an evolving field Especially to Birgit Mager, Michel Erlhoff, Stefan Moritz – 11024114 – 2005 – 11. Semester Sean Blair & Elin Falk! Köln International School of Design To my family as well as to Kevin Gavaghan, Harvey MEDes – MA European Studies in Design Dodgson, Bill Hollins, Lavrans Løvlie, Chris Downs, Fran Samalionis, Shelley Evenson, Stefan Holmlid, University of Applied Sciences Cologne, Daniela Sangiorgi, Elena Pacenti, Astrid van der Fachhochschule Köln Auwera, Vijay Kumar, Oddcast Sitepal, Caroline Faculty of Cultural Sciences, Ball, Hans Kaspar Hugentobler, Wolfgang Jonas, Fakultät Kulturwissenschaften Joshua Rex, Tom P. Schaafs, David Griffiths, Ian Coxon, Wayne Fletcher, Charlotte Freemantle, Prof. Birgit Mager Lynette Webb, Nigel Morris, Jerry Buhlmann, Head of department for Service Design Susannah Outfin, Sue Frogley, Stephen White, Alison Wilde, Rosa Leung, April Simpson, Polly Versicherung (soon to be Williams) Ward, Tony Williams, Phil Hiermit versichere ich, dass ich die Arbeit Gullen, Lennert Dorman, Benjamin Schulz, Nenji selbstständig angefertigt habe und keine anderen Tsuchiya, Simone Prim, Franz Braunagel, Tom als die angegebenen und bei Zitaten kenntlich Büscher, Robert Sucher, Stephanie Jerey, Ian gemachten Quellen und Hilfsmittel benutzt habe. Crawford & Serita Suman. Stefan Moritz, London, 2005-06-24 Service Design Appendix 244 245