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- 1. 1.4 SCIENCE AS A PROCESS AND PRODUCT
- 2. 1.4.1 SCIENCE AS A PROCESS • Scientist have more overemphasized the product of science than the method of acquiring this knowledge in scientific method, observation and systematic control of variables have been the most important ones. Observation is a basic process in science. The scientist first observes the events or facts happening around him.
- 3. • The observations then form the theory. Another basic process is controlling the variables. For the purposes of experiments, an experimentis done in which all factors is the essentially scientific approach to an experimental investigation. Harlan defines a process as any cognitive process involving interaction with content. Processes are certain ways for investigation problems. For example, observing, making hypotheses, designing and carrying out experiments, evaluating data, measuring, and so on.
- 4. • Prof. Arthur Livermore has given a list of process of science for the AASS commission of science Education published in JRST. They are as follows. • 1. Process of observation: Observation maybe made in a variety of ways using different senses. On the basis of observations, data are collected. And inferences are drawn.
- 5. •2. Process of classification: Objects and events may be classified on the basis of observations. Classification schemes are based on the similarities and differences of objects.It provides basis for and order of nature.
- 6. •3. Process of measuring: Measuring gives us useful information in our exploration.Measuring properties of objects and events can be accompanied by direct comparison or by indirect comparison. There are manydevices to help the scientists to make accurate measurements.
- 7. • 4. Communication process :Communicationisa valuable skillwiththe help of which pupils communicate observations. It is essential to keep accurate records whichcanbechecked whenneeded. Completeexperimentalreports areessential to scientific communication.
- 8. •5. Space-Time relation process: This process involves the investigation and use of shapes, distance, motion and speed.
- 9. •6. Experimenting process: It is process of gathering data for the purposes of testing a hypothesis. Experiments are conducted to make observations. In an experiment, variables may be identified and controlled. As much as possible.
- 10. • 7. Hypotheses Evaluation process: Questions are framed on the basis of observations to evaluate an event. The formulation of hypotheses depends directly upon these questions. The process consists of devising a statementwhich can be tested by experiment. A workable hypothesis is stated in such a way that upon testing, its credibility may be established
- 11. • 8. Data Interpreting process: Interpreting data requires the application of other basic process of skills, in particular the processes of inferring predicting, classifying and communicating. It is through this process. That the usefulness of data is determined in answering the question being investigated. Interpretations are always subject to revision in the light of new or more refined data.
- 12. •9. Process of making operational definitions: Operational definitions are made in order to simplify communication. They are based upon the observable characteristics of the phenomenon. Mostly, they are precise.
- 13. •10. Model formulation process: Models, whether physical or mental are derived on the basis of acceptable hypothesis. Models are used to describe and explain the inter-relationships of ideas. In many cases, the models imply new hypothesis.
- 14. 1.4.2 SCIENCE AS A PRODUCT • The product is obtained at the end of a process. All the modern developments, gadgets, ideas, principles, concepts, theories, laws, are the results of scientific process. The bodyof knowledge accumulated through the process leads to new inquiry which leads to a new discovery. Thus, this is a continuous cycle. Facts, concepts, principles, theories and scientific gadgets are the basic products of science.
- 15. •1. Facts: They are the specific verifiable pieces of Information, obtained throughobservationsandmeasurements. Theycanbe verifiedatdifferenttimes at different places. Some facts are universal and they do not need the time and place to verified. For example, the sun. Rises in the east is a universal fact.
- 16. •But Somefactsneedcertainconditions, spaceandtime. Forexample, thesolar eclipse occurs at a particular place and time, if certain conditions are satisfied.
- 17. • 2. Concepts: A concept is a generalized idea suggested to the individual by object, situation or symbol. It is an understanding of almost indefinable something.Theconceptsaboutdifferentobjectivesandphenomenaaredif fe rent for different people according to their age and experiences. A flower, animal, book etc. Are some concepts. They have some common attributes
- 18. • 3. Principles: The word principle signifies a generalized statement.The unrelated data are systemized and interpreted. So, the principle is a broad generalization which means the same for all the people irrespective of their age and experience, and holds good in different situations. Eg. Pauli‟s Exclusion principle, and Gravitation principle
- 19. • 4. Theories: The broadly related principles, that provide an explanation for phenomena are known as theories. These are used to explain, predict and relate various facts and phenomena. Theories confirmed by various scientific experimentations by scientists over a period of time become laws.Eg. Theory of Relativity, Newton‟s laws of motion.
- 20. • 5. Scientific gadgets: By applying the principles, laws and discoveries, a number of gadgets have been invented. Radio, Television, Car, Aero plane, Nuclear energyetc. Are the result of Science. Actually, most of the people know or identify science by the gadgets only.