Process Models
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This document provides an introduction to the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) process for a software engineering course. It describes the typical stages of the SDLC, including planning, requirements analysis, design, development, testing, deployment, and maintenance. It then focuses on explaining the Waterfall model as one common SDLC process model, outlining its sequential phases and noting that it works best for projects with well-defined requirements and is not suitable for complex or long-term projects.
Process Models
- 1. Introduction to Software Engineering (CSC291) Instructor Humaira Afzal Lecturer humairaafzal@ciitlahore.edu.pk 1
- 2. SDLC SDLC, Software Development Life Cycle is a process used by software industry to design, develop and test high quality software. The SDLC aims to produce a high quality software that meets or exceeds customer expectations, reaches completion within times and cost estimates. 2
- 3. SDLC A typical Software Development life cycle consists of the following stages: 1. Planning and Requirement Analysis 2. Defining Requirements 3. Designing the product architecture 4. Building or Developing the Product 5. Testing the Product 6. Deployment in the Market and Maintenance 3
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- 5. 5 Software Process/SDLC Models “A software process model is an abstract representation of a software (i.e. a roadmap)” Following are the most important and popular SDLC models followed in the industry: • Waterfall Model • Iterative Model • Spiral Model • V-Model • Incremental Model The other related methodologies are Agile Model, RAD Model – Rapid Application Development and Prototyping Models.
- 6. Waterfall Model • The first published model of the software development process. • Because of the cascade from one phase to another, this model is known as ‘Waterfall Model’. • It is also referred to as linear-sequential life cycle model. • It is very simple to understand and use. • Each phase must be completed before the next phase can begin and there is no overlapping in the phases. 6
- 7. Waterfall Model The sequential phases in Waterfall model are: Requirement Gathering and analysis: All possible requirements of the system to be developed are captured in this phase and documented in a requirement specification doc. • System’s services • Constraints • Goals System Design: The requirement specifications from first phase are studied in this phase and system design is prepared. System Design helps in specifying hardware and system requirements and also helps in defining overall system architecture. 7
- 8. Waterfall Model Implementation and unit testing: With inputs from system design, the system is first developed in small programs called units, which are integrated in the next phase. Each unit is developed and tested for its functionality which is referred to as Unit Testing. Integration and Testing: All the units developed in the implementation phase are integrated into a system after testing of each unit. Post integration the entire system is tested for any faults and failures. 8
- 9. Waterfall Model Deployment of system: Once the functional and non functional testing is done, the product is deployed in the customer environment or released into the market. Maintenance: There are some issues which come up in the client environment. To fix those issues patches are released. Also to enhance the product some better versions are released. Maintenance is done to deliver these changes in the customer environment. 9
- 10. Waterfall Model All these phases are cascaded to each other in which progress is seen as flowing steadily downwards (like a waterfall) through the phases. The next phase is started only after the defined set of goals are achieved for previous phase and it is signed off, so the name "Waterfall Model". In this model phases do not overlap. 10
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- 12. Waterfall Model Application Every software developed is different and requires a suitable SDLC approach to be followed based on the internal and external factors. Some situations where the use of Waterfall model is most appropriate are: • Requirements are very well documented, clear and fixed • Product definition is stable • Technology is understood • There are no ambiguous requirements • The project is short 12
- 13. Waterfall Model Advantages 13 • Documentation is produced at each phase • Simple and easy to understand and use. • Phases are processed and completed one at a time. • Works well for smaller projects where requirements are very well understood. • Clearly defined stages. • Well understood milestones. • Easy to arrange tasks. • Process and results are well documented.
- 14. Waterfall Model disadvantages • Not a good model for complex and object-oriented projects. • Poor model for long and ongoing projects. • Risk and uncertainty is high with this process model. • It is difficult to measure progress within stages. 14 • Difficult to accommodate changing customer requirements after the process is underway • Appropriate only when the requirements are well-understood
- 15. Challenges • In practice , Development stages overlap.. • Software process is not a simple linear model.. • In case of error and the need for new functionality.. 15