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The Protists Mader: Biology 8 th  Ed.
Outline General Biology Evolution Diversity Green Algae Red Algae Brown Algae Diatoms Dinoflagellates Diversity Protozoans Euglenoids Zooflagellates Pseudopods Ciliates Sporozoans Mader: Biology 8 th  Ed.
General Biology of the Protists Protists are classified in the domain Eukarya and the kingdom Protista. Most are unicellular, but have achieved a high level of complexity (multicellular). Autotrophs and heterotrophs Aquatic environment Asexual reproduction is common, but sexual reproduction can occur when the environment becomes stressful. Spores Cysts Mader: Biology 8 th  Ed.
Evolution of Protists Complexity and diversity of protists makes them difficult to classify. Cannot be classified as plants, animals, or fungi. Has been suggested protists could be split into as many as a dozen kingdoms. Mader: Biology 8 th  Ed.
Diversity of Protists Green Algae Green algae (phylum Chlorophyta). Chlamydomonas Unicellular 2 anterior flagella Eyespot Usually reproduces asexually Forms spores and zoospores when growth conditions are unfavorable. Mader: Biology 8 th  Ed.
Mader: Biology 8 th  Ed.
Green Algae Spirogyra found in masses on the surfaces of standing water like lakes and ponds.  called pond scum Unbranched, filamentous Helical chloroplast  Conjugation Algal bloom Mader: Biology 8 th  Ed.
Green Algae Multicellular  Filamentous Mostly marine Ulva (sea lettuce) Mader: Biology 8 th  Ed.
Edible Green Algae Mader: Biology 8 th  Ed. Caulerpa lentillifera C. racemosa  Codium reediae  Chlorella sp .
Red Algae Red Algae  (phylum Rhodophyta) Multicellular warmer seawater Accessory pigment phycobilins (phycoerythrin) Cell walls with calcium carbonate (corralline algae) Economic Importance Agar and carrageen Mader: Biology 8 th  Ed.
Edible Red Algae Mader: Biology 8 th  Ed. Porphyra sp. Gelidium sp.  (agar) Chondrus crispus   (carrageen)
Brown Algae Brown Algae  (phylum Phaeophyta) chlorophylls  a  and  c   carotenoid pigments: fucoxanthin and xanthophyll Laminarin Often observed on rocky coasts in north temperate zone. Largest Seaweeds Kelps (Laminaria)  Fucus Macrocystis Mader: Biology 8 th  Ed.
Brown Algae Mader: Biology 8 th  Ed.
The Diatoms Diatoms  (phylum Bacillariophyta) are the most numerous unicellular algae in the oceans Significant phytoplankton Cell wall has outer layer of silica. Cell wall composed of two valves, with the larger valve acting as a lid. Various shapes of their silicious tests or cell wall  Mader: Biology 8 th  Ed.
Economic  Importance of Diatoms Sources of food and O 2  for heterotrophs  deposits of these shells used as filtering aids, abrasives, cleansers, and paints world's oil and gasoline supply comes from diatom fossil beds  toothpaste  Environmental indicators of pollution  Mader: Biology 8 th  Ed.
DIATOMS Mader: Biology 8 th  Ed.
The Dinoflagellates Phylum Pyrrophyta  Unicellular and phytoplanktons Usually bounded by protective cellulose plates impregnated with silicates Typically contain two flagella Photosynthetic with chloroplasts vary in color Usually reproduce asexually Some genera may cause red tide Produce neurotoxins Mader: Biology 8 th  Ed.
Dinoflagellates Mader: Biology 8 th  Ed.
The Euglenoids Microscopic freshwater unicellular organisms Have two flagella and an eyespot (photoreceptor for detecting light) Bound by flexible pellicle Chloroplast and pyrenoid Longitudinal cell division asexual reproduction Mader: Biology 8 th  Ed.
Euglena Mader: Biology 8 th  Ed.
Mader: Biology 8 th  Ed.
The Zooflagellates Zooflagellates  (phylum Zoomastigophora) are colorless heterotrophs. Most are symbiotic and parasitic Well known for causing various diseases in humans. African sleeping sickness  ( Trypanosoma, vector tsetse fly) Giardia lamblia (  contaminated water) Trichonomas vaginalis  (sexually transmitted Mader: Biology 8 th  Ed.
Zooflagellates Mader: Biology 8 th  Ed.
Protists with Pseudopods Pseudopods  form when cytoplasm streams forward in a particular direction. Amoeboids  (phylum Rhizopoda) move and ingest their food with pseudopods Phagocytize food Foraminiferans  (phylum Foraminifera)- skeleton or test made of calcium carbonate  Radiolarians  (phlyum Actinopoda)- have siliceous tests. Mader: Biology 8 th  Ed.
Protists with Pseudopods
The Ciliates Ciliates  (phylum Ciliophora) are most complex of the protozoans. Hundreds of cilia beat in coordinated rhythm. Pellicle contain trichocysts Most are holozoic ( ingest and digest solid food) Divide by transverse binary fission during asexual reproduction. Macronucleus and micronucleus Sexual reproduction ( conjugation) -  High level of diversity Mader: Biology 8 th  Ed.
Ciliates
Paramecium Conjugation 1. Two paramecium individuals come in contact on their oral surface. 2. The micronuclei divide by meiosis to produce four haploid micronuclei. 3. Three micronuclei degenerate 4. The remaining micronucleus divides to form male and female pronuclei 5. Syngamy occurs 6. Male micronuclei are exchanged between conjugants. 7. Male and female pronuclei fuse and individuals separate 8. Old macronuclei are absorbed and replaced by new macronuclei
The Sporozoans Sporozoans  (phylum Apicomplexa) are nonmotile parasites. Most widespread human parasite is  Plasmodium vivax , the cause of one form of malaria. Mader: Biology 8 th  Ed.
Plasmodium vivax  Life Cycle Mader: Biology 8 th  Ed.

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Protist

  • 1. The Protists Mader: Biology 8 th Ed.
  • 2. Outline General Biology Evolution Diversity Green Algae Red Algae Brown Algae Diatoms Dinoflagellates Diversity Protozoans Euglenoids Zooflagellates Pseudopods Ciliates Sporozoans Mader: Biology 8 th Ed.
  • 3. General Biology of the Protists Protists are classified in the domain Eukarya and the kingdom Protista. Most are unicellular, but have achieved a high level of complexity (multicellular). Autotrophs and heterotrophs Aquatic environment Asexual reproduction is common, but sexual reproduction can occur when the environment becomes stressful. Spores Cysts Mader: Biology 8 th Ed.
  • 4. Evolution of Protists Complexity and diversity of protists makes them difficult to classify. Cannot be classified as plants, animals, or fungi. Has been suggested protists could be split into as many as a dozen kingdoms. Mader: Biology 8 th Ed.
  • 5. Diversity of Protists Green Algae Green algae (phylum Chlorophyta). Chlamydomonas Unicellular 2 anterior flagella Eyespot Usually reproduces asexually Forms spores and zoospores when growth conditions are unfavorable. Mader: Biology 8 th Ed.
  • 7. Green Algae Spirogyra found in masses on the surfaces of standing water like lakes and ponds. called pond scum Unbranched, filamentous Helical chloroplast Conjugation Algal bloom Mader: Biology 8 th Ed.
  • 8. Green Algae Multicellular Filamentous Mostly marine Ulva (sea lettuce) Mader: Biology 8 th Ed.
  • 9. Edible Green Algae Mader: Biology 8 th Ed. Caulerpa lentillifera C. racemosa Codium reediae Chlorella sp .
  • 10. Red Algae Red Algae (phylum Rhodophyta) Multicellular warmer seawater Accessory pigment phycobilins (phycoerythrin) Cell walls with calcium carbonate (corralline algae) Economic Importance Agar and carrageen Mader: Biology 8 th Ed.
  • 11. Edible Red Algae Mader: Biology 8 th Ed. Porphyra sp. Gelidium sp. (agar) Chondrus crispus (carrageen)
  • 12. Brown Algae Brown Algae (phylum Phaeophyta) chlorophylls a and c carotenoid pigments: fucoxanthin and xanthophyll Laminarin Often observed on rocky coasts in north temperate zone. Largest Seaweeds Kelps (Laminaria) Fucus Macrocystis Mader: Biology 8 th Ed.
  • 13. Brown Algae Mader: Biology 8 th Ed.
  • 14. The Diatoms Diatoms (phylum Bacillariophyta) are the most numerous unicellular algae in the oceans Significant phytoplankton Cell wall has outer layer of silica. Cell wall composed of two valves, with the larger valve acting as a lid. Various shapes of their silicious tests or cell wall Mader: Biology 8 th Ed.
  • 15. Economic Importance of Diatoms Sources of food and O 2 for heterotrophs deposits of these shells used as filtering aids, abrasives, cleansers, and paints world's oil and gasoline supply comes from diatom fossil beds toothpaste Environmental indicators of pollution Mader: Biology 8 th Ed.
  • 17. The Dinoflagellates Phylum Pyrrophyta Unicellular and phytoplanktons Usually bounded by protective cellulose plates impregnated with silicates Typically contain two flagella Photosynthetic with chloroplasts vary in color Usually reproduce asexually Some genera may cause red tide Produce neurotoxins Mader: Biology 8 th Ed.
  • 19. The Euglenoids Microscopic freshwater unicellular organisms Have two flagella and an eyespot (photoreceptor for detecting light) Bound by flexible pellicle Chloroplast and pyrenoid Longitudinal cell division asexual reproduction Mader: Biology 8 th Ed.
  • 22. The Zooflagellates Zooflagellates (phylum Zoomastigophora) are colorless heterotrophs. Most are symbiotic and parasitic Well known for causing various diseases in humans. African sleeping sickness ( Trypanosoma, vector tsetse fly) Giardia lamblia ( contaminated water) Trichonomas vaginalis (sexually transmitted Mader: Biology 8 th Ed.
  • 24. Protists with Pseudopods Pseudopods form when cytoplasm streams forward in a particular direction. Amoeboids (phylum Rhizopoda) move and ingest their food with pseudopods Phagocytize food Foraminiferans (phylum Foraminifera)- skeleton or test made of calcium carbonate Radiolarians (phlyum Actinopoda)- have siliceous tests. Mader: Biology 8 th Ed.
  • 26. The Ciliates Ciliates (phylum Ciliophora) are most complex of the protozoans. Hundreds of cilia beat in coordinated rhythm. Pellicle contain trichocysts Most are holozoic ( ingest and digest solid food) Divide by transverse binary fission during asexual reproduction. Macronucleus and micronucleus Sexual reproduction ( conjugation) - High level of diversity Mader: Biology 8 th Ed.
  • 28. Paramecium Conjugation 1. Two paramecium individuals come in contact on their oral surface. 2. The micronuclei divide by meiosis to produce four haploid micronuclei. 3. Three micronuclei degenerate 4. The remaining micronucleus divides to form male and female pronuclei 5. Syngamy occurs 6. Male micronuclei are exchanged between conjugants. 7. Male and female pronuclei fuse and individuals separate 8. Old macronuclei are absorbed and replaced by new macronuclei
  • 29. The Sporozoans Sporozoans (phylum Apicomplexa) are nonmotile parasites. Most widespread human parasite is Plasmodium vivax , the cause of one form of malaria. Mader: Biology 8 th Ed.
  • 30. Plasmodium vivax Life Cycle Mader: Biology 8 th Ed.