PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ( By Erik Erikson)
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Erik Erikson proposed eight stages of psychosocial development that occur throughout the lifespan. Each stage is characterized by a conflict between positive and negative outcomes. For example, the first stage occurs in infancy and the conflict is between trust versus mistrust, depending on whether an infant's needs are reliably met. Erikson believed that how these conflicts are resolved at each stage influences personality development. The document provides details on Erikson's theory and the conflicts that characterize each of the eight stages of development.
PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ( By Erik Erikson)
- 1. PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ( By Erik Erikson) PRESENTED BY MAMOONA SHAHZAD MP/2012-27 /
- 2. Erik Erikson
- 3. Erik Erikson’s Life History • Born: 15 June 1902 • Developmental Psychologist • Known for his theory on psychosocial development • Served as professor at Harvard and Yale
- 4. cont….. 1. Born in Germany, an illegitimate child of Danish parents 2. This fact bothered him all his life 3. Dropped out of high school and spent time traveling in Europe and studying art
- 5. 4. Met Sigmund Freud and studied Psychoanalysis with Freud’s daughter, Anna Freud 5. Studied young people in different cultures 6. Became interested in how young people acquire a personal identity and how society helps shape it
- 7. • Erikson believed that personality emerges from an inner and outer conflicts • The crises arise at each of the eight stages of life.
- 8. Stage 1: Trust versus mistrust • Children are completely dependent on others – Trust: Established when babies given adequate warmth, touching, love, and physical care – Mistrust: Caused by inadequate or unpredictable care and by cold, indifferent, and rejecting parents
- 9. Stage Two: Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt • Autonomy: Doing things for themselves • Overprotective or ridiculing parents may cause children to doubt abilities and feel shameful about their actions
- 10. Stage Three: Initiative versus Guilt (3–5) • Initiative: Parents reinforce via giving children freedom to play, use imagination, and ask questions • Guilt: May occur if parents criticize, prevent play, or discourage a child’s questions
- 11. Guidelines for Teachers • Teacher should encourage initiative in pre-school children • Examples – Have a free choice time when children can select any activity or game – Have some costumes and props that go with stories the children enjoy. Encourage the children to act out the stories or make up new adventures for favorite characters
- 12. Stage Four: Industry versus Inferiority (6–12) • Industry: Occurs when child is praised for productive activities, such as painting and building • Inferiority: Occurs if child’s efforts are regarded as messy or inadequate
- 13. Guidelines for Teachers • Make sure that students have opportunities to set and work toward their goals • Examples – Begin with short assignments, then move to longer ones. Monitor student progress by setting up progress checkpoints – Have rewards for most improved, most helpful, most hardworking for providing support who seem discouraged
- 14. Stage Five (Adolescence): Identity versus Role Confusion • Identity: For adolescents; problems answering, “Who am I?” • Role Confusion: Occurs when adolescents are unsure of where they are going and who they are
- 15. Guidelines for Teachers • Give students many models for career choices and other adult roles • Examples – Invite guest speakers to describe how and why they choose their profession – Encourage them to talk to school counselors – Be tolerant with teenage and don’t impose strict dress and hair codes – Give students realistic feedback about themselves
- 16. Stage Six (Young Adulthood): Intimacy versus Isolation • Intimacy: Ability to care about others and to share experiences with them • Isolation: Feeling alone and uncared for in life
- 17. Stage Seven (Middle Adulthood): Generativity versus Stagnation • Generativity: Interest in guiding the next generation • Stagnation: When one is only concerned with one’s own needs and comforts
- 18. Stage Eight (Late Adulthood): Integrity versus Despair • Integrity: Self-respect; developed when people have lived richly and responsibly • Despair: Occurs when previous life events are viewed with regret; experiences heartache and remorse cont…..
- 19. Stage Eight (Late Adulthood): Integrity versus Despair 1. This phase occurs during old age and is focused on reflecting back on life. 2. Those who are unsuccessful during this phase will feel that their life has been wasted and will experience many regrets. The individual will be left with feelings of bitterness and despair.
- 20. Thanks for your precious