The document discusses the Pythagorean theorem and distance formula. It defines the Pythagorean theorem equation as a^2 + b^2 = c^2, where a and b are the legs of a right triangle and c is the hypotenuse. An example problem demonstrates using the theorem to solve for the missing side of a right triangle. The distance formula is defined as the square root of (x2-x1)^2 + (y2-y1)^2, and an example shows labeling points and plugging them into the formula to calculate the distance between two points.