![Radar Systems Course 40
Introduction 10/1/2009
IEEE New Hampshire Section
Radar Observables
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![Radar Systems Course 43
Introduction 10/1/2009
IEEE New Hampshire Section
Radar Observables
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![Radar Systems Course 66
Introduction 10/1/2009
IEEE New Hampshire Section
Review – Signals and Systems, and
Digital Signal Processing
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Radar 2009 a 1 introduction
- 1. IEEE New Hampshire Section Radar Systems Course 1 Introduction 10/1/2009 Radar Systems Engineering Lecture 1 Introduction Dr. Robert M. O’Donnell IEEE New Hampshire Section Guest Lecturer
- 2. Radar Systems Course 2 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section Outline • Background • Radar basics • Course overview
- 3. Radar Systems Course 3 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section Outline • Background – Some pre-radar history – How radar works The one viewgraph, no math answer! – The early days of radar – Two examples from World War II Air defense in “The Battle of Britain” Summer 1940 The role of radar in stopping the German V-1 “Buzz Bomb” attacks on Britain V-1 The first cruise missile About 9,000 V_1’s fired at Britain • Radar basics • Course overview
- 4. Radar Systems Course 4 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section The Uncertainty of Warfare Omaha Beach 1944 Courtesy of National Archives. Iwo Jima 1945 Courtesy of US Marine Corp, Courtesy of National Archives.
- 5. Radar Systems Course 5 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section Pre-Radar Aircraft Detection – Optical Systems • Significant range limitation – Attenuation by atmosphere • Narrow field of view – Caused by very small wavelength • Clouds Cover limits operational usefulness – Worldwide - 40-80% of the time Courtesy of National Archives. Courtesy of US Army Signal Corps. Courtesy of UK Government
- 6. Radar Systems Course 6 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section Prevalence of Cloud Cover 0 50 100 % Percent Courtesy of NASA Infrared and Optical Radiation Opaque to Clouds ISCCP - Total Cloud Cover 1983-1990
- 7. Radar Systems Course 7 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section Pre-Radar Aircraft Detection – Acoustic Systems • Developed and used in first half of 20th century • Attributes – Limited Range approximately 10+ miles – Limited field of view – Ambient background noise limited (weather, etc) • Used with searchlights at night Courtesy of US Army Signal Corps. Courtesy of US Army Signal Corps. Courtesy of Wikimedia Japanese Acoustic Detection System US Acoustic Detection Systems
- 8. Radar Systems Course 8 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section Sound Mirrors Dunge, Kent, UK • Used for aircraft detection (pre-World War II) • Short detection range (less than 15 miles) – Tactically useful for detecting slow WW1 Zeppelins – Not useful for detecting faster WW2 German bombers Width of Aperture 200 ft 30 ft 20 ft Courtesy of s__i in Wikimedia
- 9. Radar Systems Course 9 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section How Radar Works- The Short Answer! • An electromagnetic wave is transmitted by the radar. • Some of the energy is scattered when it hits a distant target • A small portion of the scattered energy, the radar echo, is collected by the radar antenna. • The time difference between: when the pulse of electromagnetic energy is transmitted, and when the target echo is received, is a measure of how far away the target is. c R2 =τ Courtesy of NOAA
- 10. Radar Systems Course 10 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section How Radar Works- The Short Answer! • An electromagnetic wave is transmitted by the radar. • Some of the energy is scattered when it hits a distant target • A small portion of the scattered energy, the radar echo, is collected by the radar antenna. • The time difference between: when the pulse of electromagnetic energy is transmitted, and when the target echo is received, is a measure of how far away the target is. Trust me, its going to get a lot more complicated ! Courtesy of NOAA
- 11. Radar Systems Course 11 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section Outline • Background – Some pre-radar history – How radar works The one viewgraph, no math answer! – The early days of radar – Two examples from World War II Air defense in “The Battle of Britain” Summer 1940 The role of radar in stopping the German V-1 “Buzz Bomb” attacks on Britain V-1 The first cruise missile About 9,000 V_1’s fired at Britain • Radar basics • Course overview
- 12. Radar Systems Course 12 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section The Early Days of Radar • Sir Robert Watson-Watt – Considered by many “the inventor of radar” – Significant early work occurred in many other countries, including the United States (1920sand 1930s) – After experimental verification of the principles, Watson-Watt was granted a patent in 1935 – Leader in the development of the Chain Home radar systems Chain Home, Chain Home Low Ground Control Intercept and Airborne Intercept Radar • Tizard Mission • MIT Radiation Laboratory Sir Robert Watson-Watt Courtesy of Wikimedia
- 13. Radar Systems Course 13 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section The Early Days of Radar • Sir Robert Watson-Watt • “Tizard Mission” (British Technical & Scientific Mission to US) – Seven British radar experts and a “Black Box” sent to US in Fall of 1940 – Contained cavity magnetron and “nearly everything Britain knew about radar” – Possession of cavity magnetron technology was critical to Allied war radar development • MIT Radiation Laboratory Original British 10 cm 10 kW Pulsed magnetron Courtesy of Eli Brookner
- 14. Radar Systems Course 14 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section The Early Days of Radar • Sir Robert Watson-Watt • Tizard Mission • MIT Radiation Laboratory (operated between 1940 & 1945) – Developed and fielded advanced radar systems for war use – Exploited British 10 cm cavity magnetron invention – Grew to almost 4000 persons (9 received the Nobel Prize) – Designed almost half of the radars deployed in World War II – Created over 100 different radar systems ($1.5B worth of radar) Building 20- Home of MIT Radiation Laboratory Courtesy of Massachusetts Institute of Technology SCR-584 (circa World War 2) Fire Control Radar Courtesy of Department of Defense
- 15. Radar Systems Course 15 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section Outline • Background – Some pre-radar history – How radar works The one viewgraph, no math answer! – The early days of radar – Two examples from World War II Air defense during “The Battle of Britain” Summer 1940 The role of radar in stopping the German V-1 “Buzz Bomb” attacks on Britain V-1 The first cruise missile About 9,000 V-1’s fired at Britain • The basics / the big picture • Course overview
- 16. Radar Systems Course 16 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section Chain Home Radar System Deployment Began 1936 Chain Home Radar Coverage circa 1940 (21 Early Warning Radar Sites) Sept 2006 Photograph of Three Chain Home Transmit Towers, near Dover Courtesy of Robert Cromwell. Used with permission. Dover Radar Site Courtesy of MIT Lincoln Laboratory Used with permission
- 17. Radar Systems Course 17 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section Chain Home Radar System • Wavelength – 10 to 15 m • Frequency – 20 to 30 MHz • Antenna – Dipole Array on Transmit – Crossed Dipoles on Receive • Azimuth Beamwidth – ~ 100o • Peak Power – 350 kW • Detection Range – ~160 nmi on JU-88 German Bomber Chain Home Radar Parameters Typical Chain Home Radar Site Courtesy of MIT Lincoln Laboratory Used with permission
- 18. Radar Systems Course 18 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section Chain Home Transmit & Receive Antennas 360' 240' 215' 95' 45' 0' λ/2 λ/2 Main Antenna Gap Filler Antenna Two Transmitter Towers One Receiver Tower Transmit Antenna Receive Antenna Courtesy of MIT Lincoln Laboratory Used with permission
- 19. Radar Systems Course 19 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section Chain Home Radar System Receiver / Detection Operator Goniometer Chain Home Transmitter Chain Home Receiver Hut Courtesy of United Kingdom Government. Courtesy of J M Briscoe
- 20. Radar Systems Course 20 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section Chain Home Radar Operations Operation Room at Air Group 10 Plotting Area in Chain Home Radar Receiver Room Courtesy of United Kingdom Government.
- 21. Radar Systems Course 21 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section “Chain Home Low” Radar • Twenty four Chain Home Low radar’s were added to fill coverage gaps at low elevation angles (< 2°) – Their low frequency 200 MHz lessened multipath lobing effects relative to Chain Home (20-30 MHz) • Detection range 25 mi at 500 ft Chain Home Low Transmitter Chain Home Low Antenna 32 Dipole Array Courtesy of United Kingdom Government.
- 22. Radar Systems Course 22 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section Radar and “The Battle of Britain” • The Chain Home Radar – British “Force Multiplier” during the Battle of Britain” • Timely warning of direction and size of German aircraft attacks allowed British to – Focus their limited numbers of interceptor aircraft – Achieve numerical parity with the attacking German aircraft • Effect on the War – Germany was unable to achieve Air Superiority – Invasion of Great Britain was postponed indefinitely Approximate Chain Home Radar Coverage Sept 1940 (21 Early Warning Radar Sites) Courtesy of MIT Lincoln Laboratory Used with permission
- 23. Radar Systems Course 23 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section Outline • Background – Some pre-radar history – How radar works The one viewgraph, no math answer! – The early days of radar – Two examples from World War II Air defense during “The Battle of Britain” Summer 1940 The role of radar in stopping the German V-1 “Buzz Bomb” attacks on Britain V-1 The first cruise missile About 9,000 V_1’s fired at Britain • The basics / the big picture • Course overview
- 24. Radar Systems Course 24 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section V-1 “Buzz Bomb” – The Threat V-1 Cruise Missile Characteristics Propulsion Ramjet Speed 390 mph Altitude 2-3000 ft Range 250 km Guidance gyrocompass / autopilot Warhead 850 kg HE No. Launched 9,000 No. Impacted London Area 2,400 Courtesy of Ben pcc Used with permission.
- 25. Radar Systems Course 25 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section The SCR 584 Fire-Control Radar SCR-584 Wavelength 10 cm (S-Band) Frequency 3,000 MHz Magnetron 2J32 Peak Power 250 kW Pulse Width 0.8µsec PRF 1707 Hz Antenna Diameter 6 ft Beamwidth 4° Azimuth Coverage 360° Maximum Range 40 mi Range Accuracy 75 ft Azimuth Accuracy 0.06° Elevation Accuracy 0.06° SCR-584 Parameters Courtesy of Department of Defense
- 26. Radar Systems Course 26 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section The SCR 584 Fire-Control Radar SCR-584 (40th Anniversary of MIT Rad Lab) Wavelength 10 cm (S-Band) Frequency 3,000 MHz Magnetron 2J32 Peak Power 250 kW Pulse Width 0.8µsec PRF 1707 Hz Antenna Diameter 6 ft Beamwidth 4° Azimuth Coverage 360° Maximum Range 40 mi Range Accuracy 75 ft Azimuth Accuracy 0.06° Elevation Accuracy 0.06° SCR-584 Parameters Courtesy of MIT Lincoln Laboratory
- 27. Radar Systems Course 27 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section Radar Proximity Fuze Modern Radar Proximity Fuze V-53 Radar Proximity Fuze (Cutaway) Circa 1985 Circa mid 1940s Courtesy of US Navy Must operate under very high g forces Micro transmitter in fuze emits a continuous wave of ~200 MHz Receiver in fuze detects the Doppler shift of the moving target Fuze is detonated when Doppler signal exceeds a threshold Direct physical hit not necessary for destruction of target Operation of Radar Proximity Fuze Radar Proximity Fuze Revolutionized AAA and Artillery Warfare Courtesy of Robert O’Donnell
- 28. Radar Systems Course 28 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section World War 2 Air Defense System British 3.7” AAA GunSCR-584 Fire Control Radar US 90 mm AAA Gun M9 Predictor When deployed on British coast, V-1 “kill rate” jumped to 75%, when this integrated system was fully operational in 1944 Radar Proximity Fuze Courtesy of Department of Defense Courtesy of US Army Courtesy of US Army Courtesy of US Navy Courtesy of US Navy
- 29. Radar Systems Course 29 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section Outline • Background • Radar basics – Utility and positive / negative attributes of radar – What radars measure – Block diagram of a radar system – Different Radar wavelengths / frequencies – Descriptive classifications of radars Military, civilian, other • Course overview
- 30. Radar Systems Course 30 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section Utility and Positive Attributes of Radar • Long range detection and tracking of targets – 1000’s of miles • All weather and day/night operation • Wide area search capability • Coherent operation enables – Simultaneous reliable target detection and rejection of unwanted “clutter” objects – Target imaging (fixed and moving) – Very fast beam movement with electronic scanning of antennas ( microseconds) – Ability to adaptively shape antenna beam to mitigate interference and jamming • “Relatively lossless, straight line propagation at microwave frequencies
- 31. Radar Systems Course 31 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section Negative Attributes / Challenges of Radar • Long range detection requires – Large and heavy antennas – High power transmitters – Significant power usage – $$$$$ • Radar beams not propagate well – through the Earth, water, or heavy foliage – around obstacles • Vulnerable to jamming, and anti-radiation missiles • Target can detect that it is being illuminated • Target can locate the radar in angle-space • The echo from some targets is becoming very small – Low observable technology
- 32. Radar Systems Course 32 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section Surveillance and Fire Control Radars Courtesy of Raytheon. Used with permission. Courtesy of Raytheon. Used with permission. Courtesy of Raytheon. Used with permission. Courtesy of Raytheon. Used with permission. Photo courtesyPhoto courtesy of ITTof ITT Corporation.Corporation. Used withUsed with permission.permission. Courtesy of Global Security. Used with permission. Courtesy of NATO.Courtesy of US Air Force Used with permission. Courtesy of US Navy.
- 33. Radar Systems Course 33 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section Airborne Radars Courtesy of Northrop Grumman.Courtesy of Northrop Grumman. Used with permissionUsed with permission.. Courtesy of US Air Force. Courtesy of US Air Force. Courtesy of US Navy. Courtesy of Raytheon Used with permission Courtesy of US Air Force. Courtesy of Boeing Used with permission Courtesy of Northrop Grumman.Courtesy of Northrop Grumman. Used with permission.Used with permission.
- 34. Radar Systems Course 34 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section Instrumentation Radars Courtesy of MIT Lincoln Laboratory. Used with permission Courtesy of Lockheed Martin Used with permission . Courtesy of MIT Lincoln Laboratory. Used with permission Courtesy of MIT Lincoln Laboratory. Used with permission Courtesy of MIT Lincoln Laboratory. Used with permission Courtesy of MIT Lincoln Laboratory. Used with permission
- 35. Radar Systems Course 35 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section CourtesyCourtesy of Northrop Grumman.of Northrop Grumman. Used with permission.Used with permission. Courtesy of NOAA Courtesy of Dept of DefenseCourtesy of Dept of Defense Courtesy of Target Corporation Courtesy of U. S. Army Civil Radars Courtesy of FAA Courtesy of MIT Lincoln Laboratory Used with permission
- 36. Radar Systems Course 36 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section More Civil Radars Courtesy of NASA Courtesy of NASA Courtesy of NASA Courtesy of NASACourtesy ofCourtesy of RaymarineRaymarine.. Used with permission.Used with permission. Courtesy ofCourtesy of akseabirdakseabird.... More Civil Radars
- 37. Radar Systems Course 37 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section Outline • Background • Radar basics – Utility and positive / negative attributes of radar – What radars measure – Block diagram of a radar system – Different Radar wavelengths / frequencies – Descriptive classifications of radars Military, civilian, other • Course overview
- 38. Radar Systems Course 38 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section Pulsed Radar Terminology and ConceptsPower Duty cycle = Average power = Peak power * Duty cycle Peakpower Time Pulse length Pulse repetition interval (PRI) Pulse length Pulse repetition interval Pulse repetition frequency (PRF) = 1/(PRI) Continuous wave (CW) radar: Duty cycle = 100% (always on) Target Return
- 39. Radar Systems Course 39 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section Pulsed Radar Terminology and ConceptsPower Duty cycle = Average power = Peak power * Duty cycle Peakpower Time Pulse length Pulse repetition interval (PRI) Pulse length Pulse repetition interval Pulse repetition frequency (PRF) = 1/(PRI) Continuous wave (CW) radar: Duty cycle = 100% (always on) Target Return 1 MW 100 kW 10% 100 μsec 1 msec 1 kHz 1 μW
- 40. Radar Systems Course 40 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section Radar Observables Transmitted Signal: Received Signal: ( ) ( ) ( )tf2jexptAts 0T π= ( ) ( ) ( )[ ]tff2jexptAts D0R +πτ−α= c R2 0 =τ λ == V2 c fV2 f 0 D Time Delay Doppler FrequencyAmplitude Depends on RCS, radar parameters, range, etc. 0R Transmitted Signal Received Signal Target Angle Azimuth and Elevation ( ) VtRtR 0 −= V
- 41. Radar Systems Course 41 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section Doppler Shift ( ) Vc VTR2 Tt 0 B + − += Vc R2 t 0 A + = tVRtc 0 Δ−=Δ 0R Transmit pulse A B V Location at t = 0 Location at t = Δt • This peak leaves antenna at time t = 0, when aircraft at R0 • The peak A arrives at target at time Δt • Aircraft moving with radial velocity V • The period of the transmit pulse is T, and f0 = 1/T and c = λ/T = λf0 • Note: or • Time when peak A arrives back at radar • Time when peak B arrives back at radar Vc R t 0 + =Δ T T
- 42. Radar Systems Course 42 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section Doppler Shift (continued) • The period of the transmitted signal is T and the received echo is TR = TB-TA or • For then ⎥ ⎥ ⎥ ⎦ ⎤ ⎢ ⎢ ⎢ ⎣ ⎡ − + =⎥ ⎦ ⎤ ⎢ ⎣ ⎡ − + =⎥ ⎦ ⎤ ⎢ ⎣ ⎡ + − = c V 1 c V 1 f Vc Vc ff Vc Vc TT 00RR λ +=+= +≈ +⎟ ⎠ ⎞ ⎜ ⎝ ⎛ −+= − << V2 f/c V2 f f/c V2 ff ... c V c V 1 c V 1 1 cV 0 D 0 0R 2 + Approaching targets - Receding targets Radial Velocity Christian Andreas Doppler (1803 - 1853)
- 43. Radar Systems Course 43 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section Radar Observables Transmitted Signal: Received Signal: ( ) ( ) ( )tf2jexptAts 0T π= ( ) ( ) ( )[ ]tff2jexptAts D0R +πτ−α= c R2 0 =τ λ == V2 c Vf2 f 0 D Time Delay Doppler FrequencyAmplitude Depends on RCS, radar parameters, range, etc. ( ) VtRtR 0 −= Transmitted Signal Received Signal Target Angle Azimuth and Elevation + Approaching targets - Receding targets
- 44. Radar Systems Course 44 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section Outline • Background • Radar basics – Utility and positive / negative attributes of radar – What radars measure – Block diagram of a radar system – Different Radar wavelengths / frequencies – Descriptive classifications of radars Military, civilian, other • Course overview
- 45. Radar Systems Course 45 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section Pulse Compression Receiver Clutter Rejection (Doppler Filtering) A / D Converter Block Diagram of Radar System Antenna Propagation Medium Target Radar Cross Section Transmitter General Purpose Computer Tracking Data Recording Parameter Estimation Waveform Generation Detection Power Amplifier T / R Switch Signal Processor Computer Thresholding User Displays and Radar Control Photo Image Courtesy of US Air Force
- 46. Radar Systems Course 46 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section Outline • Background • Radar basics – Utility and positive / negative attributes of radar – What radars measure – Block diagram of a radar system – Different Radar wavelengths / frequencies – Descriptive classifications of radars Military, civilian, other • Course overview
- 47. Radar Systems Course 47 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section Radar Frequency Bands Frequency (Hz) Wavelength 109 1013 1015 1017107 1011 1019 100 m 1 m 1 cm 100 µm 1 µm 10 nm 1 Å 0.01 Å Microwave X-rays UltravioletInfra-red Visible Light Radio TV Gamma-rays 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 X-BandC-BandS-BandL-Band UHF VHF Ku K Ka W Allocated Frequency (GHz) Logarithmic Scales Linear Scale Millimeter Bands Microwave Band ~3 cm ~2 m ~10 cm ~5.5 cm~23 cm~435 cm
- 48. Radar Systems Course 48 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section Standard Radar Bands* & Typical Usage HF 3 – 30 MHz VHF 30 – 300 MHz UHF 300 MHz – 1 GHz L-Band 1 – 2 GHz S-Band 2 – 4 GHz C-Band 4 – 8 GHz X-Band 8 – 12 GHz Ku-Band 12 – 18 GHz K-Band 18 – 27 GHz Ka-Band 27 – 40 GHz W-Band 40 – 100+ GHz Search Radars Courtesy of MIT Lincoln Laboratory Used with permission . UHF - VHF ALTAIR UHF UEWR – Fylingsdales, UK Courtesy of spliced . GNU *From IEEE Standard 521-2002
- 49. Radar Systems Course 49 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section Standard Radar Bands* & Typical Usage HF 3 – 30 MHz VHF 30 – 300 MHz UHF 300 MHz – 1 GHz L-Band 1 – 2 GHz S-Band 2 – 4 GHz C-Band 4 – 8 GHz X-Band 8 – 12 GHz Ku-Band 12 – 18 GHz K-Band 18 – 27 GHz Ka-Band 27 – 40 GHz W-Band 40 – 100+ GHz Tracking Radars Courtesy of MIT Lincoln Laboratory Used with permission . C-Band MOTR MQP-39 X-Band Haystack Radar Courtesy of Lockheed Martin Used with permission . *From IEEE Standard 521-2002
- 50. Radar Systems Course 50 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section Standard Radar Bands* & Typical Usage HF 3 – 30 MHz VHF 30 – 300 MHz UHF 300 MHz – 1 GHz L-Band 1 – 2 GHz S-Band 2 – 4 GHz C-Band 4 – 8 GHz X-Band 8 – 12 GHz Ku-Band 12 – 18 GHz K-Band 18 – 27 GHz Ka-Band 27 – 40 GHz W-Band 40 – 100+ GHz Search & Track Radars L-Band TPS-77 S-Band AEGIS SPY-1 C-Band Patriot MPQ-53 Courtesy of US MDA Used with permission. *From IEEE Standard 521-2002 Courtesy of Lockheed Martin Used with permission. Courtesy of US Navy Used with permission.
- 51. Radar Systems Course 51 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section Standard Radar Bands* & Typical Usage HF 3 – 30 MHz VHF 30 – 300 MHz UHF 300 MHz – 1 GHz L-Band 1 – 2 GHz S-Band 2 – 4 GHz C-Band 4 – 8 GHz X-Band 8 – 12 GHz Ku-Band 12 – 18 GHz K-Band 18 – 27 GHz Ka-Band 27 – 40 GHz W-Band 40 – 100+ GHz Missile Seekers Courtesy of US Army. Used with permission. *From IEEE Standard 521-2002
- 52. Radar Systems Course 52 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section Standard Radar Bands* & Typical Usage HF 3 – 30 MHz VHF 30 – 300 MHz UHF 300 MHz – 1 GHz L-Band 1 – 2 GHz S-Band 2 – 4 GHz C-Band 4 – 8 GHz X-Band 8 – 12 GHz Ku-Band 12 – 18 GHz K-Band 18 – 27 GHz Ka-Band 27 – 40 GHz W-Band 40 – 100+ GHz Range Instrumentation Radars Courtesy of MIT Lincoln Laboratory Used with permission . Reagan Test Site Kwajalein *From IEEE Standard 521-2002
- 53. Radar Systems Course 53 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section Outline • Background • Radar basics – Utility and positive / negative attributes of radar – What radars measure – Block diagram of a radar system – Different Radar wavelengths / frequencies – Descriptive classifications of radars Military, civilian, other • Course overview
- 54. Radar Systems Course 54 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section Classification Systems for Radars By Function Surveillance Track Fire Control – Guidance Discrimination By Mission Air Traffic Control Air Defense Ballistic Missile Defense Space Surveillance Airborne Early Warning (AEW) Ground Moving Target Indication (GMTI) By Name Pave Paws Cobra Dane Sentinel Patriot Improved Hawk Aegis ALCOR Firefinder TRADEX Haystack Millstone By Platform Ground Ship Airborne Space By Waveform Format Low PRF Medium PRF High PRF CW (Continuous Wave) By Military Number FPS-17 FPS- 85 FPS-118 SPS-48 APG-68 TPQ-36 TPQ-37 MPQ-64 By Antenna Type Reflector Phased Array (ESA) Hybrid-Scan By Range Long Range Medium Range Short Range By Frequency VHF-Band UHF-Band L-Band S-Band C-Band X-Band KU-Band KA-Band Other Solid State Synthetic Aperture (SAR) MTI GMTI By Waveform Pulsed CW Frequency Modulated CW Phase Coded Pseudorandom Coded
- 55. Radar Systems Course 55 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section Classification Systems for Radars By Function Surveillance Track Fire Control – Guidance Discrimination By Mission Air Traffic Control Air Defense Ballistic Missile Defense Space Surveillance Airborne Early Warning (AEW) Ground Moving Target Indication (GMTI) By Platform Ground Ship Airborne Space By Waveform Format Low PRF Medium PRF High PRF CW (Continuous Wave) By Military Number FPS-17 FPS- 85 FPS-118 SPS-48 APG-68 TPQ-36 TPQ-37 MPQ-64 By Antenna Type Reflector Phased Array (ESA) Hybrid-Scan By Range Long Range Medium Range Short Range By Frequency VHF-Band UHF-Band L-Band S-Band C-Band X-Band KU-Band KA-Band Other Solid State Synthetic Aperture (SAR) MTI GMTI By Waveform Pulsed CW Frequency Modulated CW Phase Coded Pseudorandom Coded By Name Pave Paws (FPS-115) Cobra Dane(FPS-108) Sentinel (MPQ-64) Patriot (MPQ-53) Improved Hawk (MPQ-48) Aegis (SPY-1) ALCOR Firefinder (TPQ-37) TRADEX Haystack Millstone
- 56. Radar Systems Course 56 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section Joint Electronic-Type Designation System First Letter Installation A - Piloted Aircraft B - Underwater Mobile (submarine) D - Pilotless Carrier F - Fixed Ground G - General Ground Use K - Amphibious M - Ground Mobile P - Human Portable S - Water (surface ship) T - Transportable (ground) U - General Utility (multi use) V - Vehicle (ground) W - Water Surface and Underwater combined Z - Piloted/Pilotless Airborne Second Letter Type of Equipment A - Invisible Light, Infrared) C - Carrier (electronic wave or signal) D - Radiac (Radioactivity Detection, ID, and Computation) E - Laser F - Fiber Optics G - Telegraph or Teletype I - Interphone and Public Address J - Electromechanical or inertial wire covered K - Telemetering L - Countermeasures M - Meteorological N - Sound in Air P - Radar Q - Sonar and Underwater Sound R - Radio S - Special or Combination T - Telephone (Wire) V - Visual, Visible Light W - Armament (not otherwise covered) X - Fax or Television Y - Data Processing Z - Communications Third letter Purpose A - Auxiliary Assembly B - Bombing C - Communications (two way) D - Direction Finding, Reconnaissance and Surveillance E - Ejection and/or Release G - Fire Control or Searchlight Directing H - Recording and/or Reproducing K - Computing L - no longer used. M - Maintenance or Test N - Navigation Aid P - no longer used. Q - Special or Combination R - Receiving or Passive Detecting S - Detecting, Range and Bearing, Search T - Transmitting W - Automatic Flight or Remote Control X - Identification or Recognition Y - Surveillance (target detecting and tracking) and Control (fire control and/or air control) Highlighted in blue italics are typical radar Installations and Purposes AN/XYZ-1 or XYZ-1
- 57. Radar Systems Course 57 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section Joint Electronic-Type Designation System First Letter Installation A - Piloted Aircraft B - Underwater Mobile (submarine) D - Pilotless Carrier F - Fixed Ground G - General Ground Use K - Amphibious M - Ground Mobile P - Human Portable S - Water (surface ship) T - Transportable (ground) U - General Utility (multi use) V - Vehicle (ground) W - Water Surface and Underwater combined Z - Piloted/Pilotless Airborne Second Letter Type of Equipment A - Invisible Light, Infrared) C - Carrier (electronic wave or signal) D - Radiac (Radioactivity Detection, ID, and Computation) E - Laser F - Fiber Optics G - Telegraph or Teletype I - Interphone and Public Address J - Electromechanical or inertial wire covered K - Telemetering L - Countermeasures M - Meteorological N - Sound in Air P - Radar Q - Sonar and Underwater Sound R - Radio S - Special or Combination T - Telephone (Wire) V - Visual, Visible Light W – Armament (not otherwise covered) X - Fax or Television Y - Data Processing Z - Communications Third letter Purpose A - Auxiliary Assembly B - Bombing C - Communications (two way) D - Direction Finding, Reconnaissance and Surveillance E - Ejection and/or Release G - Fire Control or Searchlight Directing H - Recording and/or Reproducing K - Computing L - no longer used. M - Maintenance or Test N - Navigation Aid P - no longer used. Q - Special or Combination R - Receiving or Passive Detecting S - Detecting, Range and Bearing, Search T - Transmitting W - Automatic Flight or Remote Control X - Identification or Recognition Y - Surveillance (target detecting and tracking) and Control (fire control and/or air control) Example AN/TPS-43 or TPS-43 Installation - T – Transportable (ground) Equipment Type - P - Radar Purpose - S – Detecting (and/or range and bearing), search Courtesy of US Air Force
- 58. Radar Systems Course 58 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section Joint Electronic-Type Designation System First Letter Installation A - Piloted Aircraft B - Underwater Mobile (submarine) D - Pilotless Carrier F - Fixed Ground G - General Ground Use K - Amphibious M - Ground Mobile P - Human Portable S - Water (surface ship) T - Transportable (ground) U - General Utility (multi use) V - Vehicle (ground) W - Water Surface and Underwater combined Z - Piloted/Pilotless Airborne Second Letter Type of Equipment A - Invisible Light, Infrared) C - Carrier (electronic wave or signal) D - Radiac (Radioactivity Detection, ID, and Computation) E - Laser F - Fiber Optics G - Telegraph or Teletype I - Interphone and Public Address J - Electromechanical or inertial wire covered K - Telemetering L - Countermeasures M - Meteorological N - Sound in Air P - Radar Q - Sonar and Underwater Sound R - Radio S - Special or Combination T - Telephone (Wire) V - Visual, Visible Light W - Armament (not otherwise covered) X - Fax or Television Y - Data Processing Z - Communications Third letter Purpose A - Auxiliary Assembly B - Bombing C - Communications (two way) D - Direction Finding, Reconnaissance and Surveillance E - Ejection and/or Release G - Fire Control or Searchlight Directing H - Recording and/or Reproducing K - Computing L - no longer used. M - Maintenance or Test N - Navigation Aid P - no longer used. Q - Special or Combination R - Receiving or Passive Detecting S - Detecting, Range and Bearing, Search T - Transmitting W - Automatic Flight or Remote Control X - Identification or Recognition Y - Surveillance (target detecting and tracking) and Control (fire control and/or air control) Example AN/FPS-16 or FPS-16 Installation - F – Fixed Ground Equipment Type - P - Radar Purpose - S – Detecting and/or range, and bearing, search Courtesy of US Air Force
- 59. Radar Systems Course 59 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section Joint Electronic-Type Designation System First Letter Installation A - Piloted Aircraft B - Underwater Mobile (submarine) D - Pilotless Carrier F - Fixed Ground G - General Ground Use K - Amphibious M - Ground Mobile P - Human Portable S - Water (surface ship) T - Transportable (ground) U - General Utility (multi use) V - Vehicle (ground) W - Water Surface and Underwater combined Z - Piloted/Pilotless Airborne Second Letter Type of Equipment A - Invisible Light, Infrared) C - Carrier (electronic wave or signal) D - Radiac (Radioactivity Detection, ID, and Computation) E - Laser F - Fiber Optics G - Telegraph or Teletype I - Interphone and Public Address J - Electromechanical or inertial wire covered K - Telemetering L - Countermeasures M - Meteorological N - Sound in Air P - Radar Q - Sonar and Underwater Sound R - Radio S - Special or Combination T - Telephone (Wire) V - Visual, Visible Light W - Armament (not otherwise covered) X - Fax or Television Y - Data Processing Z - Communications Third letter Purpose A - Auxiliary Assembly B - Bombing C - Communications (two way) D - Direction Finding, Reconnaissance and Surveillance E - Ejection and/or Release G - Fire Control or Searchlight Directing H - Recording and/or Reproducing K - Computing L - no longer used. M - Maintenance or Test N - Navigation Aid P - no longer used. Q - Special or Combination R - Receiving or Passive Detecting S - Detecting, Range and Bearing, Search T - Transmitting W - Automatic Flight or Remote Control X - Identification or Recognition Y - Surveillance (target detecting and tracking) and Control (fire control and/or air control) Example AN/SPY-1 or SPY-1 (a.k.a. AEGIS) Installation - S – Water (Surface Ship) Equipment Type - P - Radar Purpose - Y – Surveillance and Control (fire control and air control) Courtesy of US NavyCourtesy of US Navy
- 60. Radar Systems Course 60 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section Joint Electronic-Type Designation System First Letter Installation A - Piloted Aircraft B - Underwater Mobile (submarine) D - Pilotless Carrier F - Fixed Ground G - General Ground Use K - Amphibious M - Ground Mobile P - Human Portable S - Water (surface ship) T - Transportable (ground) U - General Utility (multi use) V - Vehicle (ground) W - Water Surface and Underwater combined Z - Piloted/Pilotless Airborne Second Letter Type of Equipment A - Invisible Light, Infrared) C - Carrier (electronic wave or signal) D - Radiac (Radioactivity Detection, ID, and Computation) E - Laser F - Fiber Optics G - Telegraph or Teletype I - Interphone and Public Address J - Electromechanical or inertial wire covered K - Telemetering L - Countermeasures M - Meteorological N - Sound in Air P - Radar Q - Sonar and Underwater Sound R - Radio S - Special or Combination T - Telephone (Wire) V - Visual, Visible Light W – Armament (not otherwise covered) X - Fax or Television Y - Data Processing Z - Communications Third letter Purpose A - Auxiliary Assembly B - Bombing C - Communications (two way) D - Direction Finding, Reconnaissance and Surveillance E - Ejection and/or Release G - Fire Control or Searchlight Directing H - Recording and/or Reproducing K - Computing L - no longer used. M - Maintenance or Test N - Navigation Aid P - no longer used. Q - Special or Combination R - Receiving or Passive Detecting S - Detecting, Range and Bearing, Search T - Transmitting W - Automatic Flight or Remote Control X - Identification or Recognition Y - Surveillance (target detecting and tracking) and Control (fire control and/or air control) Example AN/MPQ-64 or MPQ-64 (a.k.a. Sentinel) Installation - M – Ground, Mobile Equipment Type - P - Radar Purpose - Q – Special or Combination of Purposes Courtesy of RaytheonCourtesy of Raytheon Used with permission.Used with permission.
- 61. Radar Systems Course 61 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section Outline • Background • Radar basics • Course overview – One viewgraph for each lecture topic
- 62. Radar Systems Course 62 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section Course Outline - Part 1 • Prelude • Introduction • Review of Electromagnetism • Review of Signals and Systems, and Digital Signal Processing • The Radar Equation • Atmospheric Propagation Effects • Detection of Signals in Noise • Radar Cross Section • Antennas – Basics and Mechanical Scanning Techniques • Antennas – Electronic Scanning and Hybrid Techniques • Radar Clutter
- 63. Radar Systems Course 63 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section Course Outline – Part 1 (continued) • Radar Waveforms and Pulse Compression Techniques • Clutter Rejection Techniques – Basics and MTI (Moving Target Indication) • Clutter Rejection Techniques – Pulse Doppler Processing • Adaptive Processing • Airborne Pulse Doppler Radar • Radar Observable Estimation • Target Tracking • Transmitters • Receivers
- 64. Radar Systems Course 64 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section Course Outline - Part 2 • Electronic Counter Measures (ECM) • Radar Design Considerations • Radar Open Systems Architecture (ROSA) • Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Techniques • Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar (ISAR) Techniques • Over-the-Horizon Radars • Weather Radars • Space Based Remote Sensing Radars • Air Traffic Control, Civil, and Marine Radars • Ground Penetration Radars • Range Instrumentation Radars • Military Radar Systems The total length of each topic will vary from about 30 minutes to up to possibly 2 hours. The video stream for most topics will be broken up into a few “easily digestible” pieces, each 20-30 minutes in length.
- 65. Radar Systems Course 65 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section Review - Electromagnetism James Clerk Maxwell Maxwell’s Equations Integral Form Differential Form → → →→ → →→ → → + ∂ ∂ =×∇ ∂ ∂ −=×∇ =⋅∇ ρπ=⋅∇ J t D H t B E 0B 4D Plane Wave Solution No Sources Vacuum Non-Conducting Medum ( ) ( ) )jwtrk(j )jwtrk(j eBt,rB eEt,rE −⋅ → −⋅ → →→ →→ = = o o r r →→→→ →→ → →→ → → →→ →→ →→ μ=ε= ⋅ ⎟⎟ ⎟ ⎠ ⎞ ⎜⎜ ⎜ ⎝ ⎛ + ∂ ∂ =⋅ ⋅ ∂ ∂ −=⋅ =⋅ ρ=⋅ ∫∫∫ ∫ ∫∫ ∫∫ ∫∫∫∫∫ HBED SdJ t D sdH Sd t B sdE 0SdB dVSdD Electric Field Magnetic Field x y z λ
- 66. Radar Systems Course 66 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section Review – Signals and Systems, and Digital Signal Processing ( ) ( ) ( ) ττ−τ= ∫ ∞ ∞− dthxty Continuous-time System Discrete Linear Time Invariant System [ ]ny[ ]nx Continuous Linear Time Invariant System ( )tx ( )ty ( )tx Discrete-time System [ ]nx [ ] [ ] [ ]khknxny k ∑ ∞ −∞= −= A/D Converter Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) Other Topics Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) Convolution Sampling Theorem - Aliasing Digital Filters Low pass, High Pass, Transversal) Filter Weighting ( ) [ ] nj n enxX ω− ∞ −∞= ∑=ω
- 67. Radar Systems Course 67 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section Radar Range Equation Transmitted Pulse Received Pulse Target Cross Section σ Antenna Gain G Transmit Power PT Figure by MIT OCW. Distance from Radar to Target ( ) LBTkR4 GP N S ns 43 22 t π σλ = Radar Range Equation R
- 68. Radar Systems Course 68 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section Propagation Effects on Radar Performance • Atmospheric attenuation • Reflection off of Earth’s surface • Over-the-horizon diffraction • Atmospheric refraction Radar beams can be attenuated, reflected and bent by the environment Radar beams can be attenuated, reflected and bent by the environment Courtesy of MIT Lincoln Laboratory Used with permission
- 69. Radar Systems Course 69 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section Detection of Signals in Noise False Alarm Due to Noise Correctly Detected Target Missed Target Detection Range (Time after Transmit Pulse) ReceivedPower Noise Level
- 70. Radar Systems Course 70 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section Radar Cross Section (RCS) Incident Power Density Reflected Power σx = RCS Radar Cross Section (RCS, or σ) is the effective cross- sectional area of the target as seen by the radar Measured in m2, or dBsmMeasured in m2, or dBsm ( Watts/m2 m2 Watts )
- 71. Radar Systems Course 71 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section Antennas – Fundamentals and Mechanical Scanning Techniques Gain . Directional Antenna ALTAIR Antenna Courtesy of MIT Lincoln Laboratory Used with permission 2 A4 G λ π =
- 72. Radar Systems Course 72 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section Antennas – Electronic Scanning Techniques Patriot Radar (MPQ-53) AEGIS Radar (SPY-1) Courtesy of US NavyCourtesy of US Navy Courtesy of US MDACourtesy of US MDA Courtesy of MIT Lincoln Laboratory Used with permission
- 73. Radar Systems Course 73 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section342636_10.PPT RMO 6-22-2000 Radar echo is composed of: • Backscatter from target of interest • Receiver noise • Atmospheric noise • Interference From other radars Jammers • Backscatter from unwanted objects Ground Sea Rain Chaff Birds Ground traffic Radar Clutter Naval Air Defense Scenario Courtesy of MIT Lincoln Laboratory Used with permission
- 74. Radar Systems Course 74 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section Radar Waveforms and Pulse Compression Techniques Basic Pulsed CW Waveform + + + + + - - + - + - + Pulse Compression Waveforms Binary Phase Coded Waveform Linear Frequency Modulated Waveform The spectral bandwidth (resolution) of a radar pulse can be increased, if it is modulated in frequency or phase B2 c 2 Tc R ==Δ B 1 T =
- 75. Radar Systems Course 75 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section Radar Signal Processing I Basics and MTI (Moving Target Indication) Techniques Unprocessed Radar Backscatter Filter Input Filter Output Two Pulse MTI Filter Figure by MIT OCW. Use low pass Doppler filter to suppress clutter backscatter Courtesy of FAA N,3,2,1 V....VVV 1NN,34,23,12 VV....VVVVVV −−−−− PPI Display
- 76. Radar Systems Course 76 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section Radar Signal Processing II Pulse Doppler Processing Input Output 0 20 40 60 80 100 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 Radial Velocity (kts) Magnitude(dB) Doppler Filter Bank Pulse Doppler Processing optimally rejects moving clutter with a number of pass band Doppler filters Courtesy of FAA Courtesy of FAA
- 77. Radar Systems Course 77 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section Radar Signal Processing II Pulse Doppler Processing Input Output Pulse Doppler Processing optimally rejects moving clutter with a number of pass band Doppler filters Courtesy of FAA Courtesy of FAA 0 20 40 60 80 100 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 Radial Velocity (kts) Magnitude(dB) Doppler Filter Bank
- 78. Radar Systems Course 78 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section Radar Signal Processing III Adaptive Processing • Want to adjust antenna steering weights to maximize detection in the direction of the wanted target, while putting nulls in the direction of jamming and clutter? • The same methods may be used to weight the received signal in the time domain, so that targets are optimally detected and the unwanted clutter (rain, chaff, etc) are rejected by low Doppler filter sidelobes. Beam Steering Computer Σ Array Output x1 x2 x3 x4 w1 w2 w3 w4 • Steering Direction • Element positions
- 79. Radar Systems Course 79 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section Radar Signal Processing III • Goal: calculate and set antenna weights so that Antenna gain in the target’s direction is maximized, while antenna sidelobes are minimized (nulls) in the direction of jamming and clutter • Doppler processing uses these techniques to maximize detection at the Doppler of the target, while placing low sidelobes at the Doppler frequencies of clutter Adaptive Processing 1V 1w BSCBSC BSCBSCBSC BSC BSC Beam Steering Computer (BSC) Steering Commands to N Elements Sum Array Output 2V 3V 4V 5V NV1NV − 2w 3w 4w 5w Nw1Nw −
- 80. Radar Systems Course 80 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section Airborne Pulse Doppler Processing Courtesy of MIT Lincoln Laboratory Used with permission
- 81. Radar Systems Course 81 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section Tracking Tracker Input Tracker Output RangeRange Cross-Range Courtesy of MIT Lincoln Laboratory Used with permission
- 82. Radar Systems Course 82 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section Transmitters Tubes or T/R Modules ? Answer: Both have their place! X-Band Traveling Wave Tube Courtesy of Raytheon Used with permission.Courtesy of Raytheon Used with permission. Haystack Radar PAVE PAWS Radar PAVE PAWS UHF T/R Module Courtesy of Raytheon. Used with permission. Courtesy of MIT Lincoln Laboratory. Used with permission. Courtesy of MIT Lincoln Laboratory. Used with permission.
- 83. Radar Systems Course 83 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section Sea Clutter Rain Clutter Chaff Clutter MIT Lincoln Laboratory Electronic Counter Measures (ECM) • Clutter and jamming mask targets, desensitize radar • Challenge: restore noise-limited performance in hostile environments • Clutter and jamming mask targets, desensitize radar • Challenge: restore noise-limited performance in hostile environments Jamming
- 84. Radar Systems Course 84 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section Radar Design Considerations Track Performance Power Phased Array vs. Dish Frequency COST Beamwidth Field of View Search Performance Radar Parameters Example : 90% PD, PFA = 10-6 at 1000 km on 1 m2 target Constraints Transportability Volume Weight Weather (Sea State) Maintainability Reliability Availability Life Cycle Cost Upfront Cost Aperture Size ECM Capability “A Curse of Dimensionality”
- 85. Radar Systems Course 85 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section Radar Open Systems Architecture (ROSA) • Traditional Radar System Architecture – Custom development – Proprietary HW, SW and interfaces Antenna Exciter Receiver Receiver Signal Processor Exciter es COTS Custom es Signal Processor Main Computer Main Computer Origin 2000 Origin 2000 Origin 2000 Origin 2000 • Radar Open Systems Architecture (ROSA) – Radar functions are organized as rational, accessible, modular subsystems – Industry standard interfaces – COTS HW, open source operating system and S/W Architecture based on modular independent functions connected through well defined open systems interfaces Architecture based on modular independent functions connected through well defined open systems interfaces Software rehost Hardware obsolescence Evolutionary product improvements
- 86. Radar Systems Course 86 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Techniques SAR Image of Golf Course Spotlight Scan Mode Area Imaged Courtesy of MIT Lincoln Laboratory Used with permission
- 87. Radar Systems Course 87 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Techniques SAR Image of Golf Course Spotlight Scan Mode Area Imaged Courtesy of MIT Lincoln Laboratory Used with permission
- 88. Radar Systems Course 88 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar (ISAR) Techniques Simulated Range-Doppler Image of SkylabPhotograph of Skylab Courtesy of NASA Courtesy of MIT Lincoln Laboratory Used with permission
- 89. Radar Systems Course 89 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section Over-the-Horizon Radars OTH Radar Beam Paths • Typically operate at 10 – 80 m wavelengths (3.5 – 30 MHz) • OTH Radars can detect aircraft and ships at very long ranges (~ 2000 miles) Example Relocatable OTH Radar (ROTHR) Courtesy of Raytheon.Courtesy of NOAA
- 90. Radar Systems Course 90 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section Weather Radars NEXRAD (aka WSR-88) Weather map for Hurricane Bertha 1996 Courtesy of NOAACourtesy of NOAA Courtesy of NOAACourtesy of NOAA
- 91. Radar Systems Course 91 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section Space Based Remote Sensing Radars Magellan Radar SAR Map of Venus Courtesy of NASA Courtesy of NASA
- 92. Radar Systems Course 92 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section Air Traffic Control & Other Civil Radars Courtesy of Northrop Grumman.Courtesy of Northrop Grumman. Used with permission.Used with permission. Courtesy of FAACourtesy of FAA Courtesy of Target CorporationCourtesy of Target Corporation Courtesy ofCourtesy of neonbubbleneonbubble
- 93. Radar Systems Course 93 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section Ground Penetrating Radars Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) Ground Penetrating Radar Data From Burial Ground 10 Depth(m) -3 Horizontal Position (m) 0 20 0 Courtesy of seabird Courtesy of Tapatio
- 94. Radar Systems Course 94 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section Range Instrumentation Radars Courtesy of Lockheed Martin. Used with permission. Courtesy of US Air Force Courtesy of MIT Lincoln Laboratory. Used with permission.
- 95. Radar Systems Course 95 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section Military Radar Systems Courtesy of Raytheon. Used with permission. Courtesy of Raytheon. Used with permission. Courtesy of US Air Force. Courtesy of Northrop Grumman. Used with permission. Courtesy of US Navy. Courtesy of Wikimedia.
- 96. Radar Systems Course 96 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section Problems • A radar sends a short pulse of microwave electromagnetic energy directed towards the moon. Some of the energy scatters off of the moon’s surface and returns to the radar. What is the round trip time? If the target was an aircraft 150 nmi. distant, what is the round trip time? • A radar transmits a pulse of width of 2 microseconds. What is the closest 2 targets can be and still be resolved? • You are traveling 75 mph in your new bright red Ferrari. A nearby policeman, using his hand held X-Band (frequency = 9,200 MHz) speed radar, transmits a CW signal from his radar, which then detects the Doppler shift of the echo from your car. Assuming that you are speeding directly towards his speed trap, how many Hz is the frequency of the received signal shifted by the Doppler effect? Is the Doppler shift positive or negative?
- 97. Radar Systems Course 97 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section Summary • As I hope you can see, we are going to cover a lot of ground in the course • Good Luck in the journey ! • The next 2 lectures will be rather quick reviews of some topics that you should have facility with to get the most out of this course – First Review lecture Electomagnetics – Second Review Lecture Signals and Systems Digital Signal Processing
- 98. Radar Systems Course 98 Introduction 10/1/2009 IEEE New Hampshire Section References 1. Skolnik, M., Introduction to Radar Systems, McGraw-Hill, New York, 3rd Ed., 2001 2. Nathanson, F. E., Radar Design Principles, McGraw-Hill, New York, 2nd Ed., 1991 3. Toomay, J. C., Radar Principles for the Non-Specialist, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1989 4. Buderi, R., The Invention That Changed the World, Simon and Schuster, New York, 1996 5. Levanon, N., Radar Principles, Wiley, New York, 1988 6. Ulaby, F. T., Fundamentals of Applied Electromagnetics, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, 5th Ed., 2007