Radio Broadcasting Technology
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The document provides an in-depth overview of radio broadcasting technology, including the nature of sound waves, characteristics of audio, and different modulation techniques such as AM and FM. It discusses the differences between analogue and digital radio, along with the various forms of radio broadcasting technology like ham radio and satellite radio. Additionally, it explains essential studio equipment and studio layout considerations for effective radio production.
![Understand Sound
´ Kind of Energy that is detected by ears
´ Travels in the form of waves
´ These waves make our eardrums vibrate
´ From the inner ear, nerve messages travel to
the brain
´ Frequencies 20 Hz to 20 K Hz: Audible range
´ High frequency sounds are high pitched &
reverse is called as hoarse sound
´ Noise gives an unpleasant sensation to the
ears
´ Main characteristics of Noise is loudness
© ARMT 2015-2019 [CC-BY-SA]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/radiobroadcastingtechnology-210630180131/85/Radio-Broadcasting-Technology-3-320.jpg)
![Nature and Characteristics of Audio
´ Audio is ‘hearing or audible sound’.
´ When it moves outward from its resting
position, it squeezes air molecules into a
compressed area, away from the sound
source. This is called compression.
´ As the vibrating membrane or string
moves inward from its normal resting
position, an area of lower than normal
atmospheric pressure is created called
rarefaction.
´ So sound waves are successive areas of
air compression or rarefaction.
´ Sound arrives at our ears in the form of
periodic variations in atmospheric
pressure called sound-pressure waves.
© ARMT 2015-2019 [CC-BY-SA]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/radiobroadcastingtechnology-210630180131/85/Radio-Broadcasting-Technology-4-320.jpg)
![Amplitude and Frequency
´ Amplitude of a wave is the height of a wave as measured from the highest point on the
wave (peak or crest) to the lowest point on the wave (trough).
´ Frequency refers to the number of waves that pass a given point in a given time period and
is often expressed in terms of hertz (Hz), or cycles per second.
© ARMT 2015-2019 [CC-BY-SA]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/radiobroadcastingtechnology-210630180131/85/Radio-Broadcasting-Technology-5-320.jpg)
![Spectrum
´ The radio spectrum is the part of
the electromagnetic spectrum
with frequencies from 30 Hz to 300
GHz.
´ Electromagnetic waves in this
frequency range, called radio
waves, are widely used in modern
technology, particularly in
telecommunication
´ The spectrum of a signal is the
range of frequencies contained in
the signal.
´ The bandwidth is the difference
between the lowest and
highest frequency in the
spectrum.
© ARMT 2015-2019 [CC-BY-SA]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/radiobroadcastingtechnology-210630180131/85/Radio-Broadcasting-Technology-6-320.jpg)
![Analogue Radio
´ Analogue means continuous and digital implies
discrete or discontinuous.
´ An analogue signal is a continuous signal in
which the information changes as a response to
certain changes in physical phenomenon.
´ An analogue audio signal is a smooth
continuously flowing representation of music or
sound.
´ Analogue audio is a representation of a series of
sound signals that changes continuously and
analogous to the air pressure waves of the sound.
´ It is a representation of the intensities of those
waves in a different form, such as voltage.
´ An analogue radio system sends a signal from a
large antenna to a smaller one on a radio carrier
wave.
© ARMT 2015-2019 [CC-BY-SA]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/radiobroadcastingtechnology-210630180131/85/Radio-Broadcasting-Technology-7-320.jpg)
![Digital Radio
´ The word digital implies something that uses a
digit or number to describe something.
´ Digital signal is a non-continuous signal
having discrete values.
´ It has only two values – On or Off or Ones and
Zeros
´ This is expressed using two digits 0 and 1,
called binary numbers. Each ‘0’ or ‘1’ is
called a ‘bit’, which is an abbreviation of the
term ‘binary digit’.
´ So, digital audio signal is represented by
multiple distinct events, also known as digital
samples.
© ARMT 2015-2019 [CC-BY-SA]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/radiobroadcastingtechnology-210630180131/85/Radio-Broadcasting-Technology-8-320.jpg)
![Types of Radio Broadcasting Technology
© ARMT 2015-2019 [CC-BY-SA]
Analogue
• FM (Frequency Modulation)
• AM (Amplitude Modulation)
• Ham Radio
Digital
• Digital Audio Broadcasting
• Satellite Radio
• Internet/ Web Radio
AM
LW
(Long-
wave &
range is 30
to 30 kHz. )
MW
(Medium-
wave &
range is
517 to 1650
KHz)
SW
(Short-
wave &
range is 3
to 30 MHz)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/radiobroadcastingtechnology-210630180131/85/Radio-Broadcasting-Technology-9-320.jpg)
![Amplitude Modulation
´ In AM, the modulation of the carrier wave
results in the creation of a wave with the
frequency characteristics of the radio
wave, but whose amplitude varies
according to the audio signal.
´ the output radio signal continues to have
the carrier wave’s frequency, but now has
an amplitude variation that resembles the
original audio.
´ AM broadcasting continues to be the
modulation technology used for MW and
SW radio broadcasting.
´ The key challenge of AM broadcasting is
that it is easily disturbed by natural
phenomena like lightning, or by the
sparkplugs from motor cars; or even high
tension electrical cables, which generate
strong magnetic fields around themselves.
© ARMT 2015-2019 [CC-BY-SA]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/radiobroadcastingtechnology-210630180131/85/Radio-Broadcasting-Technology-10-320.jpg)
![Frequency Modulation
´ Frequency Modulation, or FM, was a modulation technology that was developed
subsequent to the invention of AM. In the case of FM, the modulated wave
continues to have the same amplitude as the original carrier wave, but now has
variations in frequency that correspond to the frequencies of the audio signal
´ Frequency modulation provides excellent high fidelity audio, and the ability to
broadcast stereo audio – discrete signals for the left and right speakers – with
comparatively few complications. It is also not disturbed by atmospheric or
electrical phenomena, making it well suited to urban broadcasting.
© ARMT 2015-2019 [CC-BY-SA]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/radiobroadcastingtechnology-210630180131/85/Radio-Broadcasting-Technology-11-320.jpg)
![Medium Wave
´ An AM signal may be either long wave
(LW), medium wave (MW) or short wave (SW)
depending upon whether the frequency of the
carrier wave is low, medium or high.
´ Medium wave (MW) signals are transmitted
using amplitude modulation (AM) and the ter
ms are used interchangeably
´ For most of the world the frequencies used for
broadcasting are from 520 kHz up to 1611 kHz.
© ARMT 2015-2019 [CC-BY-SA]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/radiobroadcastingtechnology-210630180131/85/Radio-Broadcasting-Technology-12-320.jpg)
![Short Wave
´ Short waves, radio waves whose frequencies
range from about 3 to 25 megahertz (Mhz),
corresponding roughly to the high-
frequency band
´ When they impinge on certain layers of the
ionosphere, short waves are largely
reflected back toward the earth. By one or
more reflections between the earth and the
ionosphere, a short-wave radio signal can
be received at long distances from the
transmitter.
© ARMT 2015-2019 [CC-BY-SA]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/radiobroadcastingtechnology-210630180131/85/Radio-Broadcasting-Technology-13-320.jpg)
![Ham Radio
´ Amateur Radio (ham radio) is a popular
hobby and service that brings people,
electronics and communication together.
´ People use ham radio to talk across town,
around the world, or even into space, all
without the Internet or cell phones. It's fun,
social, educational, and can be a lifeline
during times of need.
´ According to an estimate made in 2011
by the American Radio Relay League,
two million people throughout the world
are regularly involved with amateur radio
© ARMT 2015-2019 [CC-BY-SA]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/radiobroadcastingtechnology-210630180131/85/Radio-Broadcasting-Technology-14-320.jpg)
![FM Radio
© ARMT 2015-2019 [CC-BY-SA]
´ FM broadcasting is a method of radio
broadcasting using frequency
modulation (FM).
´ Invented in 1933 by American engineer Edwin
Armstrong, wide-band FM is used worldwide
to provide high fidelity sound over
broadcast radio.
´ FM broadcasting is capable of higher
fidelity—that is, more accurate reproduction
of the original program sound—than other
broadcasting technologies](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/radiobroadcastingtechnology-210630180131/85/Radio-Broadcasting-Technology-15-320.jpg)
![Radio Transmission Equipment
´ Audio amplifiers: It is to reproduce input audio
signals at sound-producing output elements,
with desired volume and power levels—
efficiently, and at low distortion.
´ Transmitter: As its name implies, the
general purpose of a transmitter is to transmit
signals. A transmitter launches signals into the air
via a transmitting antenna.
´ Antenna: The main function of an antenna is to
take an electrical signal and transmit it in a radio
frequency, which propagates through the air.
© ARMT 2015-2019 [CC-BY-SA]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/radiobroadcastingtechnology-210630180131/85/Radio-Broadcasting-Technology-16-320.jpg)
![Studio Equipment
´ Microphone: A microphone converts sound energy to
electrical energy.
´ Three types of microphones:
´ Dynamic Mic
´ Ribbon Mic
´ Condenser Mic
´ Directional: Omni, Uni, Bi
´ Audio Mixer: It takes 2 or more audio signal as inputs,
mixes them and provides one or more output signals
´ Monitoring Speaker and Headphone
´ Digital Audio Work Station (DAW)
´ Field Recorder
© ARMT 2015-2019 [CC-BY-SA]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/radiobroadcastingtechnology-210630180131/85/Radio-Broadcasting-Technology-17-320.jpg)
![Studio Layout
´ Studio should be acoustically treated.
´ Acoustic is a science that deals with study of sound
wave
´ Application is involved in sound and noise control
´ Phenomena of Sound Propagation: reflection,
refraction, diffraction, reverberation
´ There are three types of spaces that a radio station
needs besides the transmission set up:
´ A broadcast studio (often also called the ‘live’ studio)
´ A production studio (often also called a ’recording’
studio)
´ An office and administrative space
Source: CCRT, CEMCA
© ARMT 2015-2019 [CC-BY-SA]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/radiobroadcastingtechnology-210630180131/85/Radio-Broadcasting-Technology-18-320.jpg)
![Transmission Chain
Audio inputs
through mics
or audio
player
Mixing the
inputs through
Audio Mixing
Console
Editing and
final mixing in
DAW
Amplifies the
audio input
through
Amplifier
The amplified
audio signal
passes through
a transmitter
The transmitter
sends the
signal through
coaxial cable
to the
Antenna
© ARMT 2015-2019 [CC-BY-SA]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/radiobroadcastingtechnology-210630180131/85/Radio-Broadcasting-Technology-19-320.jpg)
Radio Broadcasting Technology
- 1. Radio Broadcasting Technology Dr Ankuran Dutta Head, Dept of Communication and Journalism, Gauhati University Managing Trustee, Dr Anamika Ray Memorial Trust
- 2. This lecture is dedicated to Dr Anamika Ray
- 3. Understand Sound ´ Kind of Energy that is detected by ears ´ Travels in the form of waves ´ These waves make our eardrums vibrate ´ From the inner ear, nerve messages travel to the brain ´ Frequencies 20 Hz to 20 K Hz: Audible range ´ High frequency sounds are high pitched & reverse is called as hoarse sound ´ Noise gives an unpleasant sensation to the ears ´ Main characteristics of Noise is loudness © ARMT 2015-2019 [CC-BY-SA]
- 4. Nature and Characteristics of Audio ´ Audio is ‘hearing or audible sound’. ´ When it moves outward from its resting position, it squeezes air molecules into a compressed area, away from the sound source. This is called compression. ´ As the vibrating membrane or string moves inward from its normal resting position, an area of lower than normal atmospheric pressure is created called rarefaction. ´ So sound waves are successive areas of air compression or rarefaction. ´ Sound arrives at our ears in the form of periodic variations in atmospheric pressure called sound-pressure waves. © ARMT 2015-2019 [CC-BY-SA]
- 5. Amplitude and Frequency ´ Amplitude of a wave is the height of a wave as measured from the highest point on the wave (peak or crest) to the lowest point on the wave (trough). ´ Frequency refers to the number of waves that pass a given point in a given time period and is often expressed in terms of hertz (Hz), or cycles per second. © ARMT 2015-2019 [CC-BY-SA]
- 6. Spectrum ´ The radio spectrum is the part of the electromagnetic spectrum with frequencies from 30 Hz to 300 GHz. ´ Electromagnetic waves in this frequency range, called radio waves, are widely used in modern technology, particularly in telecommunication ´ The spectrum of a signal is the range of frequencies contained in the signal. ´ The bandwidth is the difference between the lowest and highest frequency in the spectrum. © ARMT 2015-2019 [CC-BY-SA]
- 7. Analogue Radio ´ Analogue means continuous and digital implies discrete or discontinuous. ´ An analogue signal is a continuous signal in which the information changes as a response to certain changes in physical phenomenon. ´ An analogue audio signal is a smooth continuously flowing representation of music or sound. ´ Analogue audio is a representation of a series of sound signals that changes continuously and analogous to the air pressure waves of the sound. ´ It is a representation of the intensities of those waves in a different form, such as voltage. ´ An analogue radio system sends a signal from a large antenna to a smaller one on a radio carrier wave. © ARMT 2015-2019 [CC-BY-SA]
- 8. Digital Radio ´ The word digital implies something that uses a digit or number to describe something. ´ Digital signal is a non-continuous signal having discrete values. ´ It has only two values – On or Off or Ones and Zeros ´ This is expressed using two digits 0 and 1, called binary numbers. Each ‘0’ or ‘1’ is called a ‘bit’, which is an abbreviation of the term ‘binary digit’. ´ So, digital audio signal is represented by multiple distinct events, also known as digital samples. © ARMT 2015-2019 [CC-BY-SA]
- 9. Types of Radio Broadcasting Technology © ARMT 2015-2019 [CC-BY-SA] Analogue • FM (Frequency Modulation) • AM (Amplitude Modulation) • Ham Radio Digital • Digital Audio Broadcasting • Satellite Radio • Internet/ Web Radio AM LW (Long- wave & range is 30 to 30 kHz. ) MW (Medium- wave & range is 517 to 1650 KHz) SW (Short- wave & range is 3 to 30 MHz)
- 10. Amplitude Modulation ´ In AM, the modulation of the carrier wave results in the creation of a wave with the frequency characteristics of the radio wave, but whose amplitude varies according to the audio signal. ´ the output radio signal continues to have the carrier wave’s frequency, but now has an amplitude variation that resembles the original audio. ´ AM broadcasting continues to be the modulation technology used for MW and SW radio broadcasting. ´ The key challenge of AM broadcasting is that it is easily disturbed by natural phenomena like lightning, or by the sparkplugs from motor cars; or even high tension electrical cables, which generate strong magnetic fields around themselves. © ARMT 2015-2019 [CC-BY-SA]
- 11. Frequency Modulation ´ Frequency Modulation, or FM, was a modulation technology that was developed subsequent to the invention of AM. In the case of FM, the modulated wave continues to have the same amplitude as the original carrier wave, but now has variations in frequency that correspond to the frequencies of the audio signal ´ Frequency modulation provides excellent high fidelity audio, and the ability to broadcast stereo audio – discrete signals for the left and right speakers – with comparatively few complications. It is also not disturbed by atmospheric or electrical phenomena, making it well suited to urban broadcasting. © ARMT 2015-2019 [CC-BY-SA]
- 12. Medium Wave ´ An AM signal may be either long wave (LW), medium wave (MW) or short wave (SW) depending upon whether the frequency of the carrier wave is low, medium or high. ´ Medium wave (MW) signals are transmitted using amplitude modulation (AM) and the ter ms are used interchangeably ´ For most of the world the frequencies used for broadcasting are from 520 kHz up to 1611 kHz. © ARMT 2015-2019 [CC-BY-SA]
- 13. Short Wave ´ Short waves, radio waves whose frequencies range from about 3 to 25 megahertz (Mhz), corresponding roughly to the high- frequency band ´ When they impinge on certain layers of the ionosphere, short waves are largely reflected back toward the earth. By one or more reflections between the earth and the ionosphere, a short-wave radio signal can be received at long distances from the transmitter. © ARMT 2015-2019 [CC-BY-SA]
- 14. Ham Radio ´ Amateur Radio (ham radio) is a popular hobby and service that brings people, electronics and communication together. ´ People use ham radio to talk across town, around the world, or even into space, all without the Internet or cell phones. It's fun, social, educational, and can be a lifeline during times of need. ´ According to an estimate made in 2011 by the American Radio Relay League, two million people throughout the world are regularly involved with amateur radio © ARMT 2015-2019 [CC-BY-SA]
- 15. FM Radio © ARMT 2015-2019 [CC-BY-SA] ´ FM broadcasting is a method of radio broadcasting using frequency modulation (FM). ´ Invented in 1933 by American engineer Edwin Armstrong, wide-band FM is used worldwide to provide high fidelity sound over broadcast radio. ´ FM broadcasting is capable of higher fidelity—that is, more accurate reproduction of the original program sound—than other broadcasting technologies
- 16. Radio Transmission Equipment ´ Audio amplifiers: It is to reproduce input audio signals at sound-producing output elements, with desired volume and power levels— efficiently, and at low distortion. ´ Transmitter: As its name implies, the general purpose of a transmitter is to transmit signals. A transmitter launches signals into the air via a transmitting antenna. ´ Antenna: The main function of an antenna is to take an electrical signal and transmit it in a radio frequency, which propagates through the air. © ARMT 2015-2019 [CC-BY-SA]
- 17. Studio Equipment ´ Microphone: A microphone converts sound energy to electrical energy. ´ Three types of microphones: ´ Dynamic Mic ´ Ribbon Mic ´ Condenser Mic ´ Directional: Omni, Uni, Bi ´ Audio Mixer: It takes 2 or more audio signal as inputs, mixes them and provides one or more output signals ´ Monitoring Speaker and Headphone ´ Digital Audio Work Station (DAW) ´ Field Recorder © ARMT 2015-2019 [CC-BY-SA]
- 18. Studio Layout ´ Studio should be acoustically treated. ´ Acoustic is a science that deals with study of sound wave ´ Application is involved in sound and noise control ´ Phenomena of Sound Propagation: reflection, refraction, diffraction, reverberation ´ There are three types of spaces that a radio station needs besides the transmission set up: ´ A broadcast studio (often also called the ‘live’ studio) ´ A production studio (often also called a ’recording’ studio) ´ An office and administrative space Source: CCRT, CEMCA © ARMT 2015-2019 [CC-BY-SA]
- 19. Transmission Chain Audio inputs through mics or audio player Mixing the inputs through Audio Mixing Console Editing and final mixing in DAW Amplifies the audio input through Amplifier The amplified audio signal passes through a transmitter The transmitter sends the signal through coaxial cable to the Antenna © ARMT 2015-2019 [CC-BY-SA]