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Muhammad Ashib Altaf will present on various topics related to computer processors including the central processing unit (CPU), control unit, arithmetic logic unit (ALU), registers, processor speed, and types of processors. The CPU contains an ALU and control unit as its basic components. The ALU performs arithmetic and logical operations while the control unit selects and interprets instructions, coordinating the execution of operations by activating other parts of the computer system. Processor speed is measured by its clock cycle time, with shorter cycles enabling faster processing.
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- 2. Introduction : Name : Muhammad Ashib Altaf. Registration number : F12-1028-(A)
- 3. Presentation Topics Central Registers Processing Unit (CPU) Instruction Set Control Unit (CU) Processor Speed Arithmetic Logic Unit Types of (ALU) Processor
- 4. Central Processing Unit (CPU) • The brain of computer system. • Performs all major calculations and comparisons. • Activates and controls the operations of other units of a computer system. • Two basic components are: 1. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) 2. Control Unit (CU)
- 5. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) : • In computing, an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is a digital circuit that performs arithmetic and logical operations. • Now, modern microprocessors, microcontrollers and CPUs have very powerful and very complex ALUs, also a CPU may contain up to more than 4 ALUs.
- 6. Operations of Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) : • The ALU (Arithmetic/Logic Unit) performs. • Mathematical operations (+, -, x, /, ^,…) • Logic operations (=, <, >, and, or, not, ...)
- 7. Control Unit: • One of the two basic components of CPU. • Acts as the central nervous system of a computer system. • Selects and interprets program instructions, and coordinates execution. • Has some special purpose registers and a decoder to perform these activities.
- 8. Basic Cycle of Control Unit :
- 9. Structure of the Control Unit : • PC (Program Counter): ◦stores the address of next instruction to fetch • IR (Instruction Register): ◦stores the current instruction. • Instruction Decoder: ◦Decodes instruction and activates necessary circuitry
- 10. Functions of the control unit
- 11. Registers: • Special memory units , called registers are used to hold information on a temporary bases as the instructions are interpreted and executed by the CPU. • Registers are part of the CPU of a computer. • The length of a register , also known Word Size , equals the numbers of bits it can store. • CPU with 32bit register can process data twice larger than one with 16bit register.
- 12. Functions of commonly used Registers:
- 13. CPU and main memory connected via a bus 2-13
- 14. Processor Speed: • A computer has a built-in system Clock that emits millions of regularly spaced electric pulses per second(known as clock cycles) • It takes one cycle to perform a basic operation, such as moving a byte of data from one memory location to another.
- 15. Processor Speed: • Normally, several clock cycles are required to Fetch, Decode, and Execute a single program instruction. • Shorter the clock cycle, Faster the processor.