Reading and Writing Skills_1st Sem_Quarter 1_Module 1
- 1. Reading and Writing Skills 1st Semester - Quarter 1 – Lesson1: Patterns and Properties of Written Text The eight patterns of development are: 1. Cause-Effect 2. Classification 3. Comparison-Contrast 4. Definition 5. Description 6. Narration 7. Persuasion 8. Problem-Solution A cause and effect present why something happens, what causes it, what are the effects, and how it is related to something else. It is a relationship between an action and a reaction where an action if taken, would result in a reaction. The cause is a reason for an action or condition that brings an effect while the effect is something that follows an antecedent (such as a cause or agent). A cause of, because of, for, due to, as, and since are cue words to signify a cause. On the other hand, some expressions that signify effect are, therefore, consequently, so, so that, thus, the explanation for, and accordingly. A classification pattern of written text groups or classifies items or things into their parts, types, kinds, or categories. The signal words to indicate that the classification pattern of written text is used are a part of, a kind of, a group of, a way of, a class of, an example of, divided into, and comprised of. The comparison involves the identification of similarities of at least two things, ideas, concepts, or persons being compared while contrast encompasses the identification of differences between or among two subjects or topics. To help you in making a comparison and contrast, signal words such as similarly, in like manner, and in the same way present similarities or comparison while expressions like on the contrary, the opposite, compared to, in contrast, although, unless, however, signify differences or contrast. Context clues are hints given by the author in a written text to help the reader grasp the meaning of the unfamiliar or unusual word. Definition text explains what something is in comparison to other members of its class, along with any limitations. It explains the nature of something and moves beyond a dictionary definition to deeply examine the word, idea, or concept as we use and understand it. It expounds the word, concept, or idea so that the reader. In dealing with definition as a pattern of written text, you will always encounter denotation and connotation. Denotation is the literal meaning of a word which means that consulting the dictionary is the best way for it while connotation is the feeling or idea that the word suggests to its literal meaning. It is an expression of how one perceives a word based on his/her background or experiences. Some expressions that signal a definition text are: contain, make- up, involves, is/are, means, is defined as, refers to, appears to be, as, and pertains to. When phrases like “because” or “that are” follow a word, these may be explanations. Meanwhile, definitions may follow an unfamiliar word. Terms like “is,” “means,” “is defined as,” and “refers to” are used with definitions. Description as a pattern of written texts refers to identifying concrete details about appearances, characteristics, and actions. Adjectives and adverbs are abundant in descriptive texts. Adjectives are used to denote quality, to indicate quantity or extent, or to specify a thing as distinct from something else, and adverbs used to modify verb, adjectives, or another adverb can be used to signal description. Narration deals with stories. When you write a narrative, you are expected to tell a story, whether it is real or imaginary. You use your creativity and imagination on how are you going to bring your characters to life in the minds of your readers. ELEMENTS OF NARRATIVE WRITING 1. Characters 5. Theme 2. Setting 6. Tone 3. Plot 7. Style 4. Point of View 8. Conflict Persuasion is a literary technique that writers use to present their ideas through reason and logic, to influence the audience. Persuasion may simply use an argument to persuade the readers, or sometimes may persuade readers to perform a certain action. Simply, it is an art of effective speaking and writing in which writers make their opinions believable to the audience through logic, by invoking emotions, and by proving their credibility.
- 2. Types of Persuasion Persuasion has three basic types: 1. Ethos It is linked with morality and ethics. In this method of persuasion, writers or speakers convince their audience of their goodwill and present themselves as trustworthy. To determine whether a writer is credible or not, the audience needs to understand his intention and his strong understanding of the subject. 2. Logos Logos comes from logic, therefore writers use logic, reasoning, and rationality to convince audiences of their perspectives. 3. Pathos The third method is pathos, which invokes and appeals to the emotions of the audience. This is contrary to logos, as it presents arguments without using logic or reasoning. Many writers consider love, fear, empathy, and anger as strong factors to influence the emotions of their audiences. A problem-solution text starts with a negative situation (a problem) and ends with a positive situation (a solution). They are in some ways similar to cause-effect in terms of structure. Problem-Solution consists of four key components: a situation, a problem, a solution, and an evaluation. • Situation: Identify the problem and explain why it is a problem and who should be responsible for it. • Problem: Explain the problem clearly. • Solution: Cite concrete solutions to the problem. Explain why it should be considered and why it is the best solution to the problem. You may also present series of steps or actions to be followed. • Evaluation: It is a part of the conclusion in which you have to highlight the problem and the value of your solution. Some key expressions that indicate a problem-solution text are: the problem/dilemma is, if/then, so that, solves, an answer to, and addresses the problem of.