Reliability Study of Punching Shear Design of Column-Slab Connection according to the Saudi Building Code (SBC-304)

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 09 Issue: 04 | Apr 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2022, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 163
A STUDY OF LIFE CYCLE ENERGY ASSEMENT OF A MULTI-STORIED
RESIDENTIAL BUILDING IN PUNE REGION
Ar. Shraddha Narvekar1, Prof. Sudhanshu Pathak2
1Research Scholar, S.Y.M.arch Dr.D.Y.Patil College of Architecture
2Assistant professor, Department of Civil Engineering,D.Y.Patil College of Engineering Akurdi,Pune
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Abstract - In recent years climate change has become a growing concern all over the world, and because of this ithasbecomea
necessity to monitor the carbon emission in various industries. This study focuses on life cycle analysis of a 12 year old residential
building in Pune. It focuses on the energy utilized during its construction, the energy utilizedduring itscurrentphasewhichcan be
deemed as operational energy and its demolition energy during its end of life cycle. As the building is almost a decade old it lacks
many environment norms which are currently in use today. The primary aim of this study is to calculate the total energy
expenditure of the residential building and provide a definitive carbon foot print of the same. This study also focuseson providing
energy efficient solutions to reduce the carbon footprint and its dependency on natural resources
Key Words: Carbon Footprint, Energy efficient, Eco-friendly, Climate Change, Embodied Energy, Residentialbuilding,
Pune , Life Cycle Assessment, Construction Energy, Operational Energy, Demolition Energy.
1. INTRODUCTION
The construction industry is known to be the largest consumer of natural resources in the world. It is also a major contributor
in the emission of greenhouses gases. These GHG are an addition to the ongoing crisis of global warming. Out of total energy
generated worldwide 39% of the energy is consumed by the construction sector and it also emits 30% of carbon dioxide.(1).
The materials used during construction such as steel cement metals etc require tremendous amount of natural resources for
their production. The energy demand for production of such materials is very high. In recent years the construction industry
experienced an increase boom due to rapid urbanization.
Various smart cities schemes are being developed by the government to accommodate the influx of people migrating to cities
due to various job opportunities, comfortable lifestyle and easy accesstomanyfacilities.Accordingtoa surveydonefrom2016
to 2020 there is a demand of 1.98 million houses in the low income group whereas the supply is only about 25000 unit
(statista). Due to this there has been an increasing demand in construction materials and also generation of waste on
construction sites.
As the building has 3 phases such as construction, operation and demolition phase. It is observed that most of the energy is
consumed in the operation phase of the building.Thereforeithasbecomea necessitytodevelopandimplementmeasurewhich
can result in effectively reducing the carbon footprint of the building.
1.1 Need of this study
Climatechange and global warming are manmade calamitythat the world is facing today. Carbon emission acrosstheglobehas
been increasing at an alarming rate. It has becomea necessity to regulatethe carbon emission and GHG. Thereforeitisaneedof
hour to define and reduce thecarbon foot print of the building through Lifecycle analysis consideringitsmaintenanceperiodof
15 years. As there have been various studies conducted on carbon footprint across various parts of India. No study on carbon
footprint has been conducted in or around Pune region. This study focuses on multi storied residential building in Pune region.
This study analyses the life cycle of the residential building and also derives the carbon footprint of the same and provided
solution to reduce it.
1.2 Aim
The researcher focuses on life cycle assessment of G+7 residential building in Pune area and the total energy expenditure
during it life cycle and maintenance also providing eco-friendly to reduce the derived carbon footprint

1.3 Objectives
•To analyses various phases of a residential building
•To study the energy usage in various life stages of the residential building
•To derive carbon footprint of a residential building
•To provide effective energy efficient solutions
1.4. Research Questions
1. How much energy is utilized during the construction phase?
2. What are the embodied energy of the building materials used?
3. What is the operational energy of the building?
4. What is the demolition energy?
1.5. Methodology
The methodology is divided into 5 categories. The first category deals with preliminary analysis of the research topic. The
second category deals with literature review from various related published research papers. The third category deals with
data collection from the live case study. The fourth category analysis the data collected from the case study and provides
findings. The fifth category provides solutions and proposals. The last category concludes the entire research and defines
further scope of study.
Fig -1: Methodology flow chart
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Life Cycle Assessment Stages
Life cycle assessment of a building is divided into 4 stages which is further classified into various sub stages. These stages are
developed and provided by International Organisation for Standardisation(ISO)inISO14040and14044.Thereare4stagesin
life cycle assessment of a building they are
• Product stage - A1-A3
• Transportation stage –A4-A5
• Operation stage-B1-B7
• End of life stage – C1-C4

As shown in figure 2 the product stage includes from the extraction of raw materials, transportation of materials to
manufacturing plant and manufacturing of materials required for the construction of building. This stage also included
transportation of manufactured materials to required construction site.
The operation stage includes the total energy usage of during its life span for heating cooling and for various electrical
appliances. It also included the repair and maintenance of the building for every 15 years.
The end of life stage includes the energy required for demolition of the building, transportation of waste materials,processing
of waste materials and disposal of materials which cannot be recycled.
Fig -2: Life cycle assessment stages
2.1.1 Ecological footprint (EF)
The concept was developed by Mathis Wackernagel and William Rees almost two decades ago. It is a summation of complete
energy usage of a building during its life time. It is also an assessmentoftheimpactofa buildinginbiospherewhich determines
the EF of a building on the basis of its consumption of natural resources, emission of GHG , water usages etc.
2.2 Life Cycle energy of the Building (LCE)
LCE is defines as the total energy expenditure of the building during its lifetime. The summation of the energy utilised during
construction phase operation phase and demolition phase amounts to the totalenergyexpenditureofthebuilding.thefollowing
equation represents the formula for calculating LCE
LCE=CE(EE(I)+EE(R)+TE)+OE+DE
LCE = life cycle energy
CE = construction energy
EE (i) = initial embodied energy
EE(r) =recurring embodied energy
OE = operational energy
DE = Demolition energy
Construction energy (CE) is further subdivided into 2 parts which is EE(i) initial embodied energy EE(r)

Fig -3: life cycle ecological footprint of the building
2.3 Embodied energy of building materials (EE)
Embodied energy can be summarized as thetotalenergyexpenditurenecessaryforvariousprocesseslikeextraction,processing
and manufacturing of building materials. During the various processes which are required to produce building materials large
amounts of energy is required because of the energy consumption it generates tremendousamountsofCO2whichresultsinthe
emission of various GHG. Therefore the embodied energy is considered as the indicator of the total environment impact of the
building materials
The EE is further subdivided into 2 types namely
2.3.1. Initial Embodied Energy (EE(i))
The energy which is utilised during the initial development phase of the building is known as Initial embodied energy.
Following equation can be used for calculation the initial embodied energy
EE(i) = ∑m(x)M(x) + E(c),
where M(x) = energy content of the material per unit quantity;
m(x) = total quantity of building material used ;
E(c) = energy utilized at site for construction of building ;
EE(i) = building initial embodied energy.
2.3.2. Recurring embodied energy (EE(r))
It is the energy which is utilised for repair and maintenance of the building during its life span. As building materials have a life
span which is less compared to the life span of the building. The following equation is used for calculating recurring embodied
energy
EE(r) = ∑m(x)M(x) [L(b)/L(m(x)) − 1],
where L(b) = building life span;
EE(r) = recurring embodied energy of the building;
L(m(x)) = material life span.

Table -1: Embodied energy of various building materials
2.3.3 Transportation stage (TE)
The energy consumed while transporting required materials forconstructionofa buildingfromvariousplaces.Transportation
energy can be calculated by the given equation
TE= DC× FC
Where, DC = total distance travelled to and fro for hauling anddeliveringofconstructionmaterialsfrommanufacturingplantto
site,
FC =consumption of fuel in liters.
2.4 Operational energy (OE)
It is the energy which is consumed for heating, cooling and operating of machines in the building. Operational energy is
estimated by the given equation
OE = E(OA) × L(b),
Where,
L(b) = building life span;
E(OA) = yearly operating energy;
2.5 Demolition energy (DE)
It is the energy required for demolition of the building and transportationofwastegeneratedduringdemolitionofthebuilding.
The demolition energy can be calculated by the following formula.
DE=CE*10%
CE=construction energy.
Sr.no
Description
Embodied energy (mj/kg)
Indian data (BMPTC, 1995;
Reddy et al. 2003; Shukla et al.
2009)
LCE:inventory
Carbon and energy
(Hammond and jones 2008)
Base data
1 Cement 5.9-7.8 4.6 6.85
2 Sand 0.1-0.2 0.1 0.15
3 Coarse aggregates 0.4 0.1 0.4
4 Cement blocks 0.745 0.81 0.745
5 Rebar 28.2-42 24.6 35.1
6 Ceramic tiles 3.33 9 3.33
7 Putty - 5.3 5.3
8 Paint 144 68 144
9 Pvc 104-108 67.5 106
10 Glass 25.8 15 25.8

3. CASE STUDY
India is divided into 5 climatic zones namely Hot andDry, WarmandHumid,Temperate,Composite,andCold.Thescopeofthis
study is limited to residential building in Pune, Maharashtra. The climate of Pune is hot semi-arid bordering tropical wet and
dry. This study is limited to residential building in Pune region where the minimum winter temperature goes up to 8oC from
November to December and maximum summer temperature goes up to 42oC from March till June. Monsoon in Pune spans
from July to September. The EE, LCE and LCEF of the residential building has been calculated.
Fig -4: Various climatic zones of India
3.1 DETAILED INFORMATION OF CASE STUDY
PARAMETERS RESIDENTIAL BUILDING
Age of the building 12
Building occupants 336
No. of flats 84
Area(m2) 8848
Energy Consumption(kwh/day) 550-600
Water consumption (liters/day) 45360
Maintenance time 15
Building Life span 100
Structural Typology R.C.C
Table -2: Parameters of residential Building
The parameters of the residential building mentioned above has been constructed 12 years ago. The building is constructed
using R.C.C technology and the walls have been constructed using AAC(autoclave aerated concrete) blocks. The building
consists of 7 floors and the total area of the building is 8848 sq.mt with a deviation of 2%. It has 4 category of flats with
different area and room sizes. The building consists of mostly single family occupants. The building lacks major environment
friendly technologies which have been used in recent times.

The life span of any R.C.C structure is 100 years. For calculations of construction energy of the building the data was gathered
from the builders and the contractor office. The embodied energy of the materials used during construction is also analyzed.
Below table provides the transportation details of vehicles used and the total distance travelled by the vehicles for
transportation of construction materials from manufacturing plant to construction site.
Building materials Quantity
(Wmp/kg)
Number
of trips
Total distance
travelled
Fuel efficiency
(km/lit)
Fuel
consumption (lit)
Cement(LDV) 1,56,279 60 1248 7.43 167.96
Concrete blocks(MDV) 78513 25 700 3.25 215.38
Ceramic tiles(LDV) 102752 7 140 7.43 18.84
Table -3: Fuel consumption during transportation
The embodied energy of the building material was calculated from Table No.1. The operational energy of the building is
calculated according to the monthly electricity consumption of the residents of the building. Due to Covid-19 pandemic as
majority of the work places have a work from home policy so many resident are working from home because of this the
electricity consumption and demand has increased in the last 2 years. Before the pandemic the electricity consumption was
observed to be lower during the weekdays from 9am -7-pm and the demand increased on weekends. The electricity
consumption is observed to be high during summer because of temperature soaring above 400C and was lower in winters.
Sr.No. No.of
flats
Monthly electricity
consumption(kw)
Total electricity
consumption (kw/month)
Yearly electricity
consumption (kw/year)
Residential
building
84 200(avg) 16800 6132000
Table -4: Electricity consumption of residential building
As the buildings age is below 15 years no maintenance has been required so far.
4. RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
For total LCE the initial and recurring Embodied energy was calculated separately from the above given equations. The
operational energy was calculated by the electricity usage of the resident of the building and was multiplied by the no. of
years remaining for the end of the building. The below table shows the classification of the LCE of the building.
After the computation of all the energy the ecological footprint of the building was calculated by summation of all the above
listed energy which equal to 7555.4 tco2/e which comes around 0.85 tco2/e m2. To reduce the LCE and LCEF of the building
the following energy efficient solutions are provided,
Fig-5, 6: Energy distribution of the building

4.1 INSTALLATION OF SOLAR PANELS
There are various research concerning the reduction of life cycle energy of the building by installation of solar panels for
electricity generation. Solar powered water heating technology can also be helpful in reduction of LCE and LCEF. It has been
observed from various research papers that ecological footprint per m2 of solar photovoltaiccellsisaround0.0694 gha/m2.It
is noted that a “Grid connected rooftop solar photovoltaic “canhelpinreductionupto60%ofthetotal electrical energydemand
of the building. Maharashtra electricity board also is knowntoprovidesubsidiaryon electricitybillsofresidential building who
have ‘grid connected rooftop photovoltaic cells’ installed. Flat plate solar collector is the most basic and inexpensive solar
water heater to meet hot water demands of residential buildings. This technology can help in significantly reduction of LCE of
the residential buildings. Phase changing materials are rapidlygrowing technological advancebuildingmaterialswhichhelpin
reducing the electricity demand of the building all the while maintaining the thermal comfort of the building.
4.2. ENERGY EFFICIENT BUILDING MATERIALS
4.3 RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEMS.
As the building is more than a decade old it lacks the energy efficient technologies which are in use today one being rainwater
harvesting systems. Due to the scarcity of water faced in recent times rainwater harvesting has becomemandatory.Thewater
harvested can be used for flushing and gardening purposes. Rainwater harvesting systems reduces the dependency on
municipal water supply.
Fig-8: Stabilized mud blocks Fig-9: filler roof slabs
Fig-7: Solar powered water heater Fig-8: Solar cells
For reduction of LCE materials with low EE should be used in construction of the building. There are manysubstitutebuilding
materials with low EE which can prove to be an efficientreplacementofconventional building materialssuchasbrick,cements,
plaster etc. The substitute materials are filler roof slab, lime pozzolana cement (LP) , clay fly ash bricks , prefabricated roofing
systems, stabilized mud blocks etc.

5. CONCLUSION
The research paper is based on a single residential building in Pune. The ecological impact of the building during its entire life
span is analyzed in this research paper. Alternative building materials with low EE have been researched and studied in this
research paper which can help in reduction of total LCE and LCEF of the building. Thefollowingisthesummaryofthisresearch
paper:-
•Installation of Solar panel in the roof top of the building
•Installation of rainwater harvesting systems
•Usage of energy efficient building materials for maintenance of the building.
Reduction in LCE and LCEF has become a necessity in recent times due to climate change and various other factors. LCEA and
LCEF can be a value added decision making tool in the construction industry. Ecologically conscious decisions can be made by
calculating LCEA and LCEF of a project. Comparison of different materials and theirimpactsintheenvironmentcan bedone by
the stakeholders involved in the project which can help them decide to select alternative building materials which suits the
project as well as the environment. With this research and methods can help reduce ecological impact of materials in
environment and can lead towards sustainable development.
6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to thank my guide Mr.Sudhanshu Pathak sir forguidanceonselectionoftopicto framingobjectivesandrefining my
project topic. I would also like to extend thanks to the committee memberoftheresidential societyofwhomthecasestudywas
done.
REFERENCES
[1] Ashok Kumar , Pardeep Singh , Nishant Raj Kapoor , Chandan Swaroop Meena , Kshitij Jain , Kishor S. Kulkarni and
Raffaello Cozzolino “Ecological Footprint of Residential Buildings in Composite Climate of India—A Case Study”.
[2] Rosaliya Kurian , Kishor Sitaram Kulkarni , Prasanna Venkatesan Ramani , Chandan Swaroop Meena , Ashok Kumar
and Raffaello Cozzolino “Estimation of Carbon Footprint of Residential Building in Warm Humid Climate of India
through BIM”
[3] L. Pinky Devi Sivakumar Palaniappan.” A CASE STUDY ON LIFE CYCLE ENERGY USE OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDING IN
SOUTHERN INDIA”
[4] Jiaying Teng” Eco-footprint-based life-cycle eco-efficiency assessment of building projects”.
[5] M P Bhorkar , P Choudhary , A Chawhan , A Bijwe and K Devgade” Carbon footprint of a multi-storied residential
building during the construction process”
[6] Dilawar Husain , Ravi Prakash “Ecological Footprint Assessment and Reduction of an Academic Building in Shahdol
(India)”.
BIOGRAPHIES
Ar.Shraddha Narvekar. She has
completed B.arch in 2016 from
Mumbai university.
Currently pursuing M.arch in
construction management from
Pune University.
Prof.Sudhanshu Pathak.
Is currently professor in
Dr.D.Y.Patil College of engineering
from last 10 years

Reliability Study of Punching Shear Design of Column-Slab Connection according to the Saudi Building Code (SBC-304)

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