Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques

Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques
(Diagnosis and Management of Problematic Soils)
Presented By :
Dr. R.K. Thakur
Assistant Professor (Soil Science)
College of Agriculture, Balaghat
Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya Jabalpur (M.P.)

◼ Over the past few decades, the Earth’s surface has witnessed
major changes in land use. These changes are likely to
continue, driven by demographic pressure or by climate
change.
◼ Therefore, monitoring tools are needed for maintaining a
sustainable ecological status, improving soil conservation
and water resource management. Floods, excess runoff, soil
erosion, and related contamination and disequilibrium of the
water and carbon cycles and other key issues that are
controlled and influenced by soil surface characteristics.
◼ Conventional soil sampling and laboratory analysis cannot
efficiently provide this information, because they are slow,
expensive, and could not retrieve all temporal and spatial
variabilities.
Introduction :-

◼ Thus, remote sensing has shown a high potential in soil
characteristics retrieving in the last three decades.
◼ Remote sensing provides us with a continuous and constant
source of information about the Earth, and Geographic
Information Systems (GIS) are a methodology for handling all
of this geographic data.
◼ These two disciplines has allowed to carry out large scale
analysis of the Earth's surface and, at the same time, provide
increasingly detailed knowledge on many planetary variables
and improve our understanding of its functioning.
◼ These analyses are essential for decision-making on the
sustainable management of natural resources, designing
networks of protected areas, and addressing the threats of
global change.
Introduction :-

Remote Sensing Technology :-
▪ Simple Definition : Observing (Sensing) the Object from
a Distance (Remote) or it is the science of obtaining
information of any objects or areas without physical
contact.
▪ Scientific Definition : Remote sensing is the noncontact
recording of information from the ultraviolet, visible,
infrared, and microwave regions of the electromagnetic
spectrum by means of instruments such as cameras,
scanners, lasers and the analysis of acquired
information by means of visual and digital image
processing.

These remote sensing studies concern particularly four soil
parameters (moisture, roughness, texture and temperature).
1. Soil moisture is a key parameter, influencing the manner
in which rainwater is shared between the phenomena of
evapo-transpiration, infiltration, and runoff.
2. Soil surface roughness is involved in the separation of
water flow into infiltration and runoff. Moreover,
monitoring the evolution of surface roughness is a way to
estimate erosion risk particularly in agricultural areas.
3. Soil texture is one of the most important soil properties
influencing most physical, chemical, and biological soil
processes. Hence, it is a key property for soil
management.
4. Soil temperature is a key parameter in the description of
evapo-transpiration and surface-atmosphere interface
processes

▪ It is a data-based management tool for assembling, storing,
retrieving, analyzing and displaying geographically referenced
information.
▪ GIS proved to be an effective tool in handling spatial data available
at different scales (e.g. maps derived from remotely sensed data
etc.), voluminous point data such as soil information, rainfall,
temperature etc.
▪ In India, GIS is being used in various fields such as for optimum
land use planning, planning for sustainable development of land
resources, assessment of crop water requirements, development
of wastelands etc.
▪ The efforts are going on to use GIS in developing measures for
reclamation / management of Salt-affected soils, quantification of
soil loss to suggest suitable conservation processes, evaluation of
soils for various purposes like horticulture, agro-forestry,
silvipasture, and aquaculture development.
Geographical Information System :-

▪ The integrated use of advanced computer technologies
with database can be used to assist decision makers for
future plans.
▪ Its vast applications in agriculture include data
inventory, analysis and management.
▪ Its applications have expanded rapidly in parallel with
advances in remote sensing and provides infrastructure
for the examination of complex spatial problems in new
and exciting ways
▪ It can provide analytical capability for precision
agriculture.
Application of remote sensing and GIS system :-

▪ It can allow fast and site-specific spatial data analysis for
district-wise crop-soil suitability, transport network
accessibility, planting/harvest scheduling, and identification
of areas prone to drought, flooding and erosion, soil fertility
mapping, cropped area estimation and yield forecasting.
▪ Some major application of GIS in Soil Science :
o Mapping of geo-referenced land attributes (soil types,
slopes, elevation, land use, climate), delineation of land
management, crop suitability analysis, soil fertility
mapping, among others.
o Soil resource inventory, Land capability classification,
Soil suitability assessment, Land productivity
assessment and quantification of soil loss, distribution of
wasteland and degraded land, distribution of salt
affected soil, acidic soil or other problematic soils etc.
Application of remote sensing and GIS system :-

1. Management of Salt Affected Soils :-
▪ A wide variety of satellite remote sensing data from
multi temporal Landsat – TM & ETM are now
available to earth resource scientists for generating
information for detection spectral salinity.
▪ The combination of remote sensing with the
Geographical Information System (GIS), are used for
variety data to delineate salt affected soil.
▪ The most commonly used technique for a salinity
index is the computation of different indices and
ratio images using infrared and visible spectral
bands in the electromagnetic spectrum.
RS and GIS for Management of problematic soils :-

2. Management of Eroded Soils :-
▪ The potential utility of remotely sensed data in the
form of aerial photographs and satellite sensors
data has been well recognized in mapping and
assessing landscape attributes controlling soil
erosion, such as physiography, soils, land use/land
cover, relief, soil erosion pattern.
▪ Remote Sensing can facilitate studying the factors
enhancing the process, such as soil type, slope
gradient, drainage, geology and land cover.
▪ Multi-temporal satellite images provide valuable
information related to seasonal land use dynamics.

2. Management of Eroded Soils :-
▪ Satellite data can be used for studying erosional
features, such as gullies, rainfall interception by
vegetation and vegetation cover factor.
▪ DEM (Digital Elevation Model) one of the vital inputs
required for soil erosion modelling can be created
by analysis of stereoscopic optical and microwave
(SAR) remote sensing data.
▪ The use of GIS technology as an aid to the soil
erosion inventory with reference to soil erosion
modelling and erosion risk assessment.

3. Assessment of Droughts and Floods :-
▪ Drought prediction : It can benefit from climate variability
predictions using coupled ocean/atmosphere models, survey
of snow packs, persistent anomalous circulation patterns in
the ocean and atmosphere, initial soil moisture, assimilation
of remotely sensed data into numerical prediction models
and amount of water available for irrigation.
▪ Remote Sensing for Floods : It is mostly used in the storm
scale using hydrodynamic models by monitoring the intensity,
movement, and propagation of the precipitation system to
determine how much, when, and where the heavy
precipitation is going to move during the next zero to three
hours (called NOWCASTING).
▪ Hydrological cycle — precipitation (rate and accumulations),
moisture transport, and surface/ soil wetness.

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