Review lecture 14 chapter 14
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The document discusses biosocial development during adolescence. It covers topics like the biological process of puberty being triggered by increases in hormones from the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. These changes cause physical transformations like growth spurts and development of primary and secondary sex characteristics. While the age of puberty varies, genetics influence when it typically occurs. Early or late puberty can impact social and emotional adjustment. The document also explores nutrition, brain development, sexuality and challenges faced by teenage parents.
Review lecture 14 chapter 14
- 1. PART V: Adolescence TOPIC 14: Biosocial Development
- 2. 2 1. Introduction 2. Fact or Fiction? 3. Puberty Begins 4. The Transformations of Puberty 5. Possible Problems 6. Closing Thoughts PART V: ADOLESCENCE TOPIC 14: Biosocial Development
- 3. Fact or Fiction? Fiction Fact 1. Although the sequence of puberty is variable, the age of onset is not. 2. The level of stress in a child’s family can influence the onset of puberty. 3. Girls and boys who mature earlier or later than their friends have a difficult time adjusting to puberty. 4. By the end of adolescence, cognitive ability is equal to that of a fully mature adult. Physical Development 3 PART V: Adolescence TOPIC 14: Biosocial Development
- 4. Hypothalamus Hormones Pituitary Adrenal glands Gonads (ovaries or testicles) Increase in many hormones, including testosterone and estrogen Growth spurt Primary sex characteristics Secondary sex characteristics Growth hormone (GH) Gonadotropin - releasing hormone HPA axis and HPG axis What is the biological sequence of puberty? hormone: An organic chemical substance; produced by one body tissue and conveyed via the bloodstream to another to affect some physiological function. Hormones 4 PART V: Adolescence TOPIC 14: Biosocial Development
- 5. Genes and Gender Body Fat 2/3 of variation in age of puberty is genetic, evident in families and ethnic groups Most girls reach at least 100 pounds (45 kilograms) before they can experience their first period What is the relationship between age and puberty? (Ge et al., 2007; Susman et al., 2010; van den Berg & Boomsma, 2007) (Berkey et al., 2000) Stress Although the link between stress and puberty is known, not every scientist agrees that stress causes early puberty (Ellis, 2004) Age and Puberty secular trend: long-term upward or downward direction of a certain set of statistical measurements. 5 When Will Puberty Start? Heidi van der Westhuizen/Getty Images PART V: Adolescence TOPIC 14: Biosocial Development
- 6. What are some effects of early- or late-arriving puberty? Early-maturing girls Tend to have lower self-esteem, more depression, and poorer body image than do other girls (Compian et al., 2009). Less exercise contributes to their difficulties (Davison et al., 2007). Those with older boyfriends are at increased risk for using drugs and alcohol (Wiechold et al., 2003). May face relational bullying and physical violence (Shreck et al., 2007). Early- and late-maturing boys Today, early maturing boys are more aggressive, law-breaking, and alcohol abusing than later-maturing boys (Biehl et al., 2007; Lynne et al, 2007). According to research from Finland, slow-developing boys tend to be more anxious, depressed, and afraid of sex (Lindfors et al., 2007). Too Early, Too Late 6Photo credits: Fancy Collection/SuperStock INDIVIDUALS SHOWN ARE MODELS- ILLUSTRATIVE PURPOSES ONLY. PART V: Adolescence TOPIC 14: Biosocial Development
- 7. When Will Puberty Start? 7 Video: 11 to 14 Years of Age: The Female Journey PART V: Adolescence TOPIC 14: Biosocial Development
- 8. When Will Puberty Start? 8 Video: 11 to 14 Years of Age: The Male Journey PART V: Adolescence TOPIC 14: Biosocial Development
- 9. Nutrition 9 Video: Overcoming Anorexia PART V: Adolescence TOPIC 14: Biosocial Development
- 10. Nutrition 10 Video: The Face of Anorexia PART V: Adolescence TOPIC 14: Biosocial Development
- 11. Growing Bigger and Stronger What are some differences in growth between boys and girls? Throwing Performance of Boys and Girls, Age 6 to 18 Ball throw for distance Meters Age (years) Source: Malina et al., 2004, p. 221. 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 Running Speed of Girls and Boys, Age 6 to 18 30-yard (27.4-m) dash Running time (seconds) 3 Age (years) Source: Malina et al., 2004, p. 222. 4 5 6 7 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 Boys Girls 11 PART V: Adolescence TOPIC 14: Biosocial Development
- 12. What are symptoms of the eating disorders anorexia and bulimia nervosa? Anorexia Bulimia Refusal to maintain a weight that is at least 85 percent of BMI. Intense fear of weight gain. Disturbed body perception and denial of the problem. Absence of menstruation (in adolescent and adult females). Bingeing and purging at least once a week for three months. Uncontrollable urges to overeat. A distorted perception of body size. Eating Habits and Body Image 12 FancyCollection/SuperStock INDIVIDUALS SHOWN ARE MODELS-ILLUSTRATIVE PURPOSES ONLY. PART V: Adolescence TOPIC 14: Biosocial Development
- 13. Brain Development 13 Video: Brain Growth, Infancy Through Age 18 PART V: Adolescence TOPIC 14: Biosocial Development
- 14. Sexual Maturation By percent, how many adolescents are sexually active and use condoms? Sources: Nic Gabhainn et al., 2009; MMWR, June 4, 2010 Country France Israel Canada United States England Russia Sexually Active (% of total) Used Condom at Last Intercourse (% of those sexually active) 20 14 23 41 29 33 84 72 78 68 83 75 Condom Use Among 15-Year-Olds (Tenth Grade) 14 © Mickael David/age fotostock PART V: Adolescence TOPIC 14: Biosocial Development
- 15. What are some hazards that teenage mothers face? Fact or Fiction? Fiction Fact1. What does early sex correlate with? 2. Compared with 100 years ago, how many teenage mothers are unwed? 3. What is the expense of raising a child today? 4. What about receiving help from the mothers of teenage mothers? 5. What other complication can teenage mothers face? Depression and drug use. 85 percent today, compared with 100 years ago when most teenage mothers were wed. Raising a child is more complex and expensive than in the past. Mothers of teenagers are usually employed and less available to help with their young daughters and new grandchildren. These days, sexually transmitted infections are more common and dangerous. Sex Too Soon 15 PART V: Adolescence TOPIC 14: Biosocial Development
- 16. Sex Too Soon 16 Video: A Young Mother in Brazil PART V: Adolescence TOPIC 14: Biosocial Development
- 17. Sex Too Soon 17 Video: A Young Mother in Nepal PART V: Adolescence TOPIC 14: Biosocial Development
- 18. Sex Too Soon 18 Video: A Young Mother in Uganda PART V: Adolescence TOPIC 14: Biosocial Development
- 19. Learning from Experience What are some learning benefits that occur due to physical growth during adolescence? Benefits of Adolescence More active reward center in brain and production of positive neurotransmitters Reactions become lightning fast with increased myelination and slower inhibition Synaptic brain growth occurs before another wave of pruning Prefrontal cortex of brain still developing 19 Photocredits:Topleft:JamieRoach/Shutterstock.com;BottomLeft:moodboard/SuperStock; Topright:shadow216/Shutterstock.com;Bottomright:BertholdTrenkel/GettyImages PART V: Adolescence TOPIC 14: Biosocial Development
- 20. How does the behavior of adolescents change as a result of some of the physical changes they experience during this phase of life? Closing Thoughts 20 PART V: Adolescence TOPIC 14: Biosocial Development
- 21. PART V: Adolescence TOPIC 14: Biosocial Development
Editor's Notes
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- #12: Instruction: Click to see a graph that shows performance. A growth spurt is the relatively sudden and rapid physical growth that occurs during puberty. Each body part increases in size on a schedule: Weight usually precedes height, and growth of the limbs precedes growth of the torso.
- #13: Instruction: Click to reveal the clinical diagnosis for each eating disorder . Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by self-starvation. Affected individuals voluntarily under-eat and often over-exercise, depriving vital organs of nutrition. Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by binge eating and subsequent purging, usually by induced vomiting and/or use of laxatives Click to see videos about anorexia.
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- #15: Instruction: Click each country to reveal the findings. Teenagers are more likely to use condoms than are older adults, who probably did not use them when they were young. In addition to teenage pregnancy and sexual abuse, the other major problem of teenage sex is sexually transmitted infections (STIs), which are diseases spread by sexual contact
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